辽宁数种蜘蛛记述：（蜘蛛目：光盔蛛科：栅蛛科）

本文记述采用辽宁的四种蜘蛛,其中辽宁刺足蛛Ｐｈｒｕｒｏｌｉｔｈｕｓ ｌｉａｏｎｉｎｇｅｎｓｉｓ为一新种,其余３种为我国新纪录－－羽刺足蛛Ｐｈ．ｐｅｎｎａｔｕｓ,悦目刺足蛛Ｐｈ．ｐｅｎｎａｔｕｓ、悦目刺足蛛Ｐｈ．ｆｅｓｔｉｖｕｓ（光盔蛛科Ｌｉｏｃｒａｎｉｄａｅ）和济州新安蛛Ｎｅｏａｎｔｉｓｔｅａ ｑｕｅｌｐａｒｔｅｎｓｉｓ（栅蛛科Ｈａｈｎｉｉｄａｅ）。     

中国珠足甲螨属一新种及珠足甲螨属和孔珠足甲螨属的新纪录（蜱螨亚纲：甲螨亚目：珠甲螨科）

本文记述中国珠足甲螨属ＢｅｌｂａＶｏｎＨｅｙｄｅｎ的一新种角珠足甲螨Ｂ．ｃｏｒｎｕｔａｓｐ．ｎｏｖ,珠足甲螨属和孔珠足甲螨属中国６个新纪录种：南方珠足甲螨Ｂ．ａｓａｋａｗａｉＥｎａｍｉ、俄罗斯珠足甲螨Ｂ．Ｂｕｌａｎｏｖａ－Ｚａｃｈｖａｔｋｉｎａ,疣珠足甲螨Ｂ．ｖｅｒｒｕｃｏｓａＢ．－Ｚ．,塞氏珠足甲螨Ｂ．ｓｅｌｌｎｉｃｋｉＢ．－Ｚ．,棒珠足甲螨Ｂ．ｃｏｒｙｎｏｐｕｓ（Ｈｅｒｍａｎｎ）和刺孔珠足甲螨Ｐｏｒｏｂｅｌｂａｓｐｉｎｏｓａ（Ｓｅｌｌｎｉｃｋ）,并对上述部分种类作了补充描述。     

中国南方珠甲螨属种类纪要（蜱螨亚纲：甲螨亚目：珠甲螨科）

本文记述我国南方土壤甲螨珠甲螨属Ｄａｍａｅｕｓ Ｋｏｃｈ种类共９种,其中包括５新种：矩刺珠甲螨Ｄ．ｓｐｉｎｉｇｅｒ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．,短毛洙甲螨Ｄ．ｂｒｅｖｉｓｅｔｕｓ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．,姚氏珠甲螨Ｄ．ｙａｏｉ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．,巨突珠甲螨Ｄ．ｅｘｓｅｒｔｕｓ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．,鞭毛珠甲螨Ｄ．ｆｌａｇｅｌｌａｔｕｓ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．;１个中国新纪录盔珠甲螨Ｄ．ａｒｍａｔｕｓ（Ａｏｋｉ）;２项新组合：将ａｒｍ     

云南多刺蚁属二新种记述：膜翅目：蚁科

在云南省发现多刺 属Ｐｏｌｙｒｈａｃｈｉｓ Ｓｍｉｔｈ２新种,即;驼背多刺景Ｐ．ｃｙｐｈｏｎ－ｏｔａ,ｓｐ．ｎ．和巴卡多刺蚁Ｐ．ｂａｋａｎａ ｓｐ．ｎ驼背多刺义隶属于驼背多刺蚁亚属Ｃｙｒｔｏｍｙｒｍａ Ｆｏｒｅｌ。巴卡多刺义隶属于六刺多刺蚁亚属Ｍｙｒｍｈｏｐｌａ Ｆｏｒｅｌ。巴氏多刺蚁发现于西双版纳自然保护区热带雨林中。     

我国刺鞘牙甲属四新种(鞘翅目：牙甲科)

我国的刺鞘牙甲属BerosusLeach昆虫前人共记载过4种,包括在两个亚属内,即：费氏刺鞘牙甲B.（Enoplurus）fairmaireiZaitz．、印度刺鞘牙甲B.（E．）indicusMotsh．、路氏刺鞘牙甲B.（E．）lewisiusSharp和柔毛刺鞘牙甲从（s．str．）pulchellusM'Leay。本文增加4新种,即齿腹刺鞘牙甲B.（s．str．）dentatisWuetPu,黄氏刺鞘牙甲B.（E．）huangiJiaetPu,云南刺鞘牙甲B.（E．）yunnanensisJiaetPu和黑背刺鞘牙甲B.（E．）atrodorsusJiaetPu。全部模式标本保存于中山大学昆虫学研究所。我国刺鞘牙甲属BerosusLeach种检索表l（4…     

中国马珠足甲螨属一新种(蜱螨亚纲:甲螨亚目:马珠足甲螨科)

本文记述马珠足甲螨属一新种,歧马珠足甲螨Ｍａｃｈａｄｏｂｅｌｂａ ｂｉｆｕｒｃａｔａ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．采于云南勐仑热带植物园枯枝落叶层。模式标本保存于白求恩医科大学生物教研室。马珠足甲螨科系中国首次报道。     

云南省石纹螳属一新种（螳螂目：螳科）

本文记述采自云南西双版纳的石纹螳属一新种,云南石纹螳Ｈｕｍｂｅｒｔｉｅｌｌａ ｙｕｎｎａｎｅｎｓｉｓ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．,本种与老挝石纹螳Ｈｕｍｂｅｒｔｉｅｌｌａ ｌａｏｓａｎａ Ｂｅｉｅｒ近似,但额盾片具一条连续的黑色横带,前胸背板近后缘处具２个较明显的瘤状突起,前足胫节具１１枚内列刺而与后者相区别。     

中国纳天牛属二新种记述（鞘翅目：天牛科）

纳天牛属 Ｎｅｄｉｎｅ Ｔｈｏｍ ｓｏｎ, １８６４ 隶属于棒角天牛族 Ｒｈｏｄｏｐｉｎｉ,全球已知３种,分布于东南亚,我国尚无记录。该属的主要特征是触角显较体长,下沿有较密的缨毛,第２节与第４节近等长;体背相当拱隆略呈纺锤形;足较长,腿节呈棒状,后足腿节甚长,几伸达鞘翅末端,后足第１跗节近等长于第２、３节之和。新种模式标本保存于西南农业大学植物保护系昆虫标本馆。１． 刺翅纳天牛 Ｎｅｄｉｎｅ ｓｕｂｓｐｉｎｏｓａ, 新种 （图１～４）新种与 Ｎｅｄｉｎｅ ｌｏｎｇｉｐｅｓ Ｔｈｏｍ ｓｏｎ, １８６４ 较接近,主要区别为体红褐色而非灰褐色,鞘翅基部中央具１角状瘤突,鞘翅隐现３条灰白色绒毛横带而非被一色绒毛等。正模♂,云南付宁剥隘,１９７９－ Ⅴ－ ２,尹耀宜采;副模１♂,采集记录同正模。２． 麻斑纳天牛 Ｎｅｄｉｎｅ ｓｐａｒａｔｉｓ, 新种 （图５～８）本新种与刺翅纳天牛 Ｎ． ｓｕｂｓｐｉｎｏｓａ ｓｐ． ｎｏｖ． 的主要区别为体被均匀一致的绒毛,鞘翅无基瘤及淡色横带,触角下沿具更密而长的缨毛;雄性外生殖器的阳基侧突较短,中茎侧面中部具横凹陷等。正模♂,云南墨江,１９８０－ Ⅵ－ ５,刘芬采。     

山东危害槐树的三刺角蝉属一新种：同翅目：角蝉科：露盾角蝉亚科

本文记述在山东省危害槐树ＳｏｐｈｏｒａｊａｐｏｍｉｃａＬｉｎｎａｅｕｓ的三刺角蝉属Ｔｒｉｃｅｎｔｒｕｓ１新种；槐树三刺角蝉Ｔｒｉｃｅｎｔｒｕｓｓｏｐｈｏｒａｅｓｓｐｎｏｖ，其寄主除槐树外，还有龙爪槐Ｓ．ｊａｐｏｎｉｃａｆ．ｐｅｎｄｕｌａＬｏｎｄ．刺槐ＲｏｂｒｉｎｉａｐｓｅｕｄｏａｃａｃｉａＬｉｎｎ，紫穗槐ＡｍｏｒｐｈａｆｒｕｔｉｃｏｓａＬｉｎｎ，模式标本保存于西北农业大学昆虫博物馆。     

巨刺螨属二新种记述（蜱螨亚纲：巨刺螨科）

本文报道巨刺螨属二新种：１．川贵巨刺螨Ｍａｃｒｏｎｙｓｓｕｓｃｈｕａｎｇｕｉｅｎｓｉｓｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．采自贵州紫云和四川南江的菊头蝠Ｒｈｉｎｏｌｏｐｈｕｓｓｐ．和大蹄蝠Ｈｉｐｐｏｓｉｄｅｒｏｓａｒｍｉｇｅｒ体上;２．德昌巨刺螨Ｍ．ｄｅｃｈａｎｇｅｎｓｉｓｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．采自四川德昌的中菊头蝠Ｒ．ａｆｆｉｎｉｓ体上。     

Concentration of 17 trace elements in serum and whole blood of plains viscachas (Lagostomus maximus) by ICP-MS, their reference ranges, and their relation to cataract

The reference ranges of the trace elements Al, As, Be, B, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Li, Rb, Se, Sr, and Zn were determined by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) in sera of a group of free-ranging plains viscachas of the pampa grasslands of Argentina. The values were compared with those of a small group of captive plains viscachas of the Zurich Zoo with diabetes and bilateral cataracts. In addition, a method for digestion of whole-blood samples is described for the trace element determination. Significant differences in the concentration of trace elements in the two groups of animals are discussed. No correlation was found between the levels of selenium and of other trace elements compared to the formation of cataracts.     

Molecular phylogeny of the gobioid fishes (Teleostei: Perciformes: Gobioidei)

The phylogeny of groups within Gobioidei is examined with molecular sequence data. Gobioidei is a speciose, morphologically diverse group of teleost fishes, most of which are small, benthic, and marine. Efforts to hypothesize relationships among the gobioid groups have been hampered by the prevalence of reductive evolution among goby species; such reduction can make identification of informative morphological characters particularly difficult. Gobies have been variously grouped into two to nine families, several with included subfamilies, but most existing taxonomies are not phylogenetic and few cladistic hypotheses of relationships among goby groups have been advanced. In this study, representatives of eight of the nine gobioid familes (Eleotridae, Odontobutidae, Xenisthmidae, Gobiidae, Kraemeriidae, Schindleriidae, Microdesmidae, and Ptereleotridae), selected to sample broadly from the range of goby diversity, were examined. Complete sequence from the mitochondrial ND1, ND2, and COI genes (3573 bp) was used in a cladistic parsimony analysis to hypothesize relationships among the gobioid groups. A single most parsimonious topology was obtained, with decay indices indicating strong support for most nodes. Major phylogenetic conclusions include that Xenisthmidae is part of Eleotridae, and Eleotridae is paraphyletic with respect to a clade composed of Gobiidae, Microdesmidae, Ptereleotridae, Kraemeriidae, and Schindleriidae. Within this five-family clade, two clades are recovered. One includes Gobionellinae, which is paraphyletic with respect to Kraemeriidae, Sicydiinae, Oxudercinae, and Amblyopinae. The other contains Gobiinae, also paraphyletic, and including Microdesmidae, Ptereleotridae, and Schindleriidae. Previous morphological evidence for goby groupings is discussed; the phylogenetic hypothesis indicates that the morphological reduction observed in many goby species has been derived several times independently.     

Floral elaiophore structure in four representatives of the Ornithocephalus clade (Orchidaceae: Oncidiinae)

Background and Aims A significant number of species assigned to the Neotropical orchid sub-tribe Oncidiinae reward insect pollinators with oil produced in floral glands termed elaiophores. The latter may be glabrous (epithelial elaiophores) or hirsute (trichomal elaiophores). Although the detailed anatomy and ultrastructure of epithelial elaiophores have been studied for a number of genera, such as Oncidium Sw., Gomesa R. Br. and Trichocentrum Poepp. & Endl., hitherto, trichomal elaiophores have been investigated only for a single species of Oncidiinae, Ornithocephalus ciliatus Lindl. Furthermore, this is the only representative of the Ornithocephalus clade to be investigated to date. Here, an examination is made of the elaiophore anatomy and ultrastructure of a further four species currently assigned to this clade (Ornithocephalus gladiatus Hook., Phymatidium falcifolium Lindl., Zygostates grandiflora (Lindl.) Mansf. and Zygostates lunata Lindl.) and the results compared with those obtained for other Oncidiinae. Methods Elaiophore structure was examined for all species at three stages of flower development: closed bud, first day of anthesis and final stage of anthesis, using light microscopy, fluorescence microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and histochemistry. Key Results Elaiophores of O. gladiatus occur upon the lateral lobes of the labellum and display characters intermediate between those of typical epithelial and trichomal elaiophores, in that they are largely glabrous, consisting mainly of cuboidal epidermal cells, but bear short, unicellular hairs proximally. By contrast, the elaiophores of all the other species investigated occur on the callus and are of the trichomal type. In P. falcifolium, these unicellular hairs are capitate. In all species, oil secretion commenced at the closed floral bud stage. Ultrastructurally, the mainly trichomal elaiophores of the four representatives of the Ornithocephalus clade closely resembled the epithelial elaiophores of other Oncidiinae, in that their cells displayed an organelle complement typical of lipid-secreting cells. However, in some taxa, a number of noteworthy characters were present. For example, the elaiophore cuticle of O. gladiatus and P. falcifolium was bi-layered, the outer layer being lamellate, the inner reticulate. The cuticle of Z. grandiflora and Z. lunata was also lamellate, but here, a reticulate layer was absent. Accumulation of secreted oil resulted in the localized distension of the cuticle. Cuticular cracks and pores, however, were absent from all species. The walls of the secretory cells of Z. grandiflora were also atypical in that they had short protuberances or ingrowths, and contained cavities which are thought to be involved in the secretory process. Conclusions Of the species investigated, most displayed similar anatomical organization, their trichomal elaiophores occurring on the labellar callus. They, thus, differ from many other members of the Oncidiinae, where epithelial elaiophores are found either on the callus, or on the lateral lobes of the labellum. However, ultrastructurally, all elaiophores, whether those of representatives of the Ornithocephalus clade, or those of other oil-secreting Oncidiinae, possessed a similar complement of organelles, regardless of whether the elaiophores were trichomal or epithelial. In view of the latter, and the similar chemical composition of oils derived from all Oncidiinae investigated to date, it is probable that position and type of elaiophore, and possibly the structure of the overlying cuticle, play an important role in pollinator selection in these oil-secreting orchids.     

Phylogenetic relationships and character evolution in New Zealand and selected Australian Gnaphalieae (Compositae) inferred from morphological and anatomical data

Most of the estimated 70–80 species of New Zealand Gnaphalieae are endemic. Those of Anaphalioides , Ewartia , Helichrysum , Leucogenes , Rachelia and Raoulia belong to a putatively monophyletic group which is supported by analysis of nuclear ITS DNA sequences and is virtually confined to New Zealand. All species of Craspedia , Euchiton , Ozothamnus and Pseudognaphalium are excluded from this group. A phylogenetic analysis of 42 species of Gnaphalieae, using 57 morphological, anatomical and palynological characters, was conducted to test the monophyly of this group and to seek evidence of generic relationships. The analysis does not resolve basal relationships among the Gnaphalieae studied here. The putative monophyletic New Zealand group is not retrieved. Monophyly is supported for each of Euchiton , Leucogenes , the whipcord species of Helichrysum , the pulvinate species of Raoulia , and Raoulia subg. Raoulia (excluding the aberrant R. cinerea ), but not for Anaphalioides or Raoulia s.l. There are these two distinct groups in Raoulia s.l. but also a substantial number of isolated species. The sole New Zealand species of Ewartia is not a sister species to Australian Ewartia . The Australian species Ewartia planchonii is the sister species to Euchiton rather than to the other Australian species of Ewartia .  © 2003 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society , 2003, 141 , 183–203.     

略论棕榈科与新分出的省藤科的系统分类、演化、区系地理及主要的经济用途

棕榈科原省藤亚科因其子房壁及外果皮被倒生、螺旋状排列的鳞片所覆盖,而区别于其他亚科,因而独立分出成一新科--省藤科。作者讨论了棕榈科的祖先种可能在石炭纪时,自原始裸子植物开以顿目在分化、衍生出苏铁目祖先种的进化干上,于白垩纪时分化出的一个分支。在棕榈科的祖先种出现不久后,在其进化的分支上,于白垩纪后期又分化出一旁支,成为棕榈科的姊妹科--省藤科的祖先种。从两祖先种分别再分化、衍生出现今分布地球上该二科的属与种。两科、尤其前者是被子植物、尤其是单子叶植物中最原始的类群之一。作者还提出棕榈科象牙椰亚科与贝叶棕亚科是该科最原始或较原始的两类群;槟榔亚科和腊材榈亚科是较进化的两类群;而水椰亚科祖先种可能源于象牙椰亚科的祖先种,但又演化为该科最进化与特化的类群。省藤科省藤亚科略比鳞果榈亚科原始。作者讨论了两科为泛热带分布的科,指出两科的"现代分布区"在南北两半球热带地区,少数种还延伸分布到两半球暖亚热带、甚至达中亚热带地区,分布区边缘最北达日本中部、中国长江流域及黄河下游的南部,美国加利佛尼亚州与佛罗里达州和地中海北部;最南达智利中部和新西兰南部;而"现代分布中心"在热带与暖亚热带的亚洲,中、南美洲,大洋洲及非洲的东、南、西部;但分布区的"密集中心"则在热带亚洲、热带中及南美洲、南太平洋群岛及非洲东南部。作者还介绍了近50年我国南方引种驯化成功的两科植物近400种(见^*图谱),其中少数为耐寒的种类,有的种已引种到长江流域或更北的地区。引种的大部分种都有其重要的经济用途,包括:1. 食用,如淀粉和树液可制"西米"或制糖,酿酒、醋或作饮料;果或种子榨油,供食用或工业用;某些种的嫩芽作蔬菜,甚至种子代咖啡饮用;2. 药用,有消炎、止血、活血、驱虫、抗癌等用;3. 建筑、工艺与日用品,包括不少种的树干供建普通房子、桥梁、小船;少数种可提制工业用蜡;许多种的纤维制高级缆绳和编织品;还制工艺品与日用品等;4. 代表热带景观的园林工程、绿化及美化环境的观赏树和人行道树及建造园林景观生态类型的树种等。     

Comparative morphology and evolutionary pathways of the mouthparts in spore-feeding Staphylinoidea (Coleoptera)

This study surveys the external morphology of the mouthparts in the guild of spore‐feeders among the coleopterous superfamily Staphylinoidea, evaluating the influence of different phylogenetic and ecological starting points on the formation of their mouthparts. Our emphasis is on a scanning electron microscope analysis (SEM) of the involved trophic structures in spore‐feeding larvae and adults of the Ptiliidae, Leiodidae and Staphylinidae, describing the fine structure of their main functional elements. Functionally, mouthpart structures resemble brushes, brooms, combs, rakes, rasps, excavators, knives, thorns, cram‐brushes, bristle troughs, blocks and differently structured grinding surfaces. Their different involvement in the various aspects of the feeding process (i.e. food gathering, transporting, channelling and grinding) is deduced from our SEM analyses plus direct video observations. We infer five different patterns of food transport and processing, discriminating adults of ptiliids, leiodids plus staphylinids (excluding some aleocharines), several aleocharine staphylinids, and the larvae of leiodids and staphylinids. The structural diversity of the mouthparts increases in the order from (1) Ptiliidae, (2) Leiodidae towards (3) Staphylinidae, reflecting the increasing systematic and ecological diversity of these groups. Comparisons with non‐spore‐feeders show that among major lineages of staphylinoids, shifts from general microphagy to sporophagy are not necessarily constrained by, nor strongly reflected in, mouthpart morphology. Nevertheless, in several of these lineages the organs of food intake and grinding have experienced particular fine‐structural modifications, which have undergone convergent evolution, probably in response to specialized mycophagy such as spore‐feeding. These modifications involve advanced galeal rakes, galeal or lacinial ‘spore brushes’ with arrays of stout bristles, reinforced obliquely ventrad orientated prosthecal lobes and the differentiations of the molar grinding surfaces into stout teeth or tubercles. In addition, several staphylinids of the tachyporine and oxyteline groups with reduced mandibular molae have evolved secondary trituration surfaces, which in some aleocharines are paralleled by considerable re‐constructions of the labium–hypopharynx.     

利用培养特征和生理特性鉴别担子菌菌种的研究

担子菌菌种多是菌丝型的培养物,在长期保藏中如发生错误也较难辨别。本文报道了以培养特征和生理特性作为保藏的担子菌菌种的特征集要,并根据集要制定出鉴别他们的检索表。通过对48属、71种、142株菌种的实验结果,利用培养特征和生理特性鉴别保藏的担子菌菌种是可行的。     

The Chemotaxonomy of Chinese Species of the Genus Aconitum L. (Ranunculaceae)

On the basis of biosynthsis, distribution of diterpenoid alkaloids as well as morphological evolution of Chinese species L. (Ranunculaceae), chemotaxonomy of the genus Aconitum is discussed: 1, Subgen. Lycoctonum, containing lycoctonine-type alkaloids and Subgen. Aconitum containing aconitine-type alkaloids, were probably differetiated at the early stage of evolution of the genus Aconitum and evolved respectively in their own ways. 2, In Subgen. Aconitum: (1) Ser. Bullatifolia, containing mainly atisine-, veatchine-type alkaloids, and amino, alcohol and ester base of aconitine-type, and distributed in Hengduan Mountain and Jingsha River valley, where is the centre of modern differentiation of species of Aconitum, is probably a series from which Chinese species of the genus Aconitum were derived; (2) Ser. Inflata, containing mainly aconitine, mesaconitine and bypaconitine, is an advanced group; (3) Ser. Grsndituberosa, containing mainly aconitine and songorine, is related to Ser. Bulatifolia; (4) Ser. stylosa and Ser. volubilia, containing mainly yunaconitine and other anisyl ester alkaloids form another advanced branch. 3, Ser. Tangutica and A. naviculare of Ser. Rotaundifolia, containing atisine and lactone-type alkaloids may be a specialized group in high mountains and have occurred at early stage of evolution of the genus Aconitum. 4, Subgen. Gymnaconitum, containing atisine-type alkaloids and amino alcohol of aconitine type, may als be a specialized group in high mountains. 5, A. franchetii Finet. et Gagnep. mainly containing ester bases of aconitine-typeand closed to A. chasmanthum Stapf, is best placed into Ser. Ambigua.