转基因植物的生态风险评价

自从１９８３年第一株转基因植物诞生以来,至今各种类型的转基因植物进入大田试验的已不计其数,近１０种转基因作物的产物已经商品化。与此同时,转基因植物向环境释放后可能带来的生态风险问题也越来越受到人们的重视。关于转基因植物的生态风险或对环境的危害,科学家提出了不同的概念和测试方法。生态毒理学的经验以及８０年代发展起来的,为作环境决策用的生态风险评价的经验可以借鉴以作转基因植物生态风险的评价。本文介绍了转基因植物对农田生态系统和自然生态系统可能带来的危害以及从基因、基因组、个体、种群以至生态系统等各级水平上危害测试的方法。对风险的判断作了详细的论述,对风险的管理也作了概略的介绍,并对生态风险评价当前发展的水平进行了讨论。     

复合性状转基因植物的应用现状与安全评价

复合性状转基因植物能够同时表达两个或多个外源基因,可以满足种植者多元化需求和带来多重效益,成为目前转基因植物研发及应用的一个重要趋势。世界各国由于监管理念不同,对育种复合后代的遗传稳定性和基因互作的看法不同,对复合性状转基因植物的安全评价采取了不同的模式。综述了目前复合性状转基因植物的应用现状、不同国家的评价模式,并提出了我国对复合性状转基因植物安全评价的建议。     

利用决策树方法建立转基因植物环境生物安全评价诊断平台

转基因技术及其产品是解决世界粮食问题的重要途径之一, 但是包括食品和环境安全在内的转基因生物安全评价是转基因技术及其产品商品化应用的前提和保证。现有的人为生物安全评价方法存在着一定的不足, 难以应对数量日益增加和内容日趋复杂的转基因产品的安全评价需求, 因此找寻一种客观和高效的评价方法势在必行。决策树(decision tree)方法是现今广泛使用的数据挖掘和分析的决策方法之一, 通过将需要解答问题的层层分解并分别解决, 最终得到理想的决策结果, 在处理复杂问题方面具有独特的优势。本文旨在通过介绍决策树的概念、特性、种类及其构建方法, 探索将决策树方法应用于建立转基因植物环境生物安全评价诊断平台的可行性, 并分析构建的诊断平台在高效、准确和客观地进行转基因植物环境生物安全评价, 以及对新一代转基因产品环境安全性的预测和普及环境安全知识等方面的优势, 为进一步推动转基因技术的发展和转基因产品的安全利用奠定基础。     

转基因植物的食品安全性问题及评价策略

转基因植物经历了20年的快速发展,已经成为21世纪农业的重要支柱之一。转基因植物从诞生以来,其食用安全性一直是科学界、政府和广大消费者关心的焦点问题。各类转基因安全事件层出不穷,严重影响着转基因产业的发展。本文从营养、毒性、过敏性、抗生素抗性、非期望效应等五个方面系统总结了转基因植物食用安全的问题,详细介绍了转基因植物食用安全评价的六大原则以及国际与国内对转基因植物食用安全性评价的内容,最后介绍了我国的转基因植物安全管理体系。以期使读者对转基因植物食用安全问题有一个系统全面的了解。     

转基因植物的安全性评价

目前转基因植物及其产品已进入商业化阶段,在发展农业生物基因工程技术的同时,应对农业生物遗传体从实验研究到商品化生产进行全程安全性评价和监控管理,从而有效保障人类和环境的安全。     

转基因植物的基因漂流风险

讨论了近10年有关转基因植物漂流方面的5个主要研究领域,转基因进入相关植物野生种或近缘种中的实证性研究,以花粉为煤体的基因漂流特性研究,基因漂流实验和风险评价方法研究,基因漂流风险安全性评价标准的争论和基因漂流的长期生态效应研究,提出了目前应进一步开展的研究课题。     

转基因植物环境安全性研究进展

随着转基因植物在全球范围内的广泛种植,其环境安全性问题也日益受到重视。对转基因植物的环境安全性问题进行了综述,主要从转基因植物的杂草化、基因漂移、对非靶标和靶标生物的影响等方面阐述了转基因植物对生态环境的影响。     

转基因植物的环境及食品安全性

本文就国际上转基因植物的环境安全性和食品安全性作了评述,描述了已积累的科学数据和经验,并对存在的问题,安全性评估和监控的总趋势作了讨论。     

生物工程实验室与转基因植物的安全性评价

本阐述了生物技术和生物安全的科学涵义,对生物工程实验室以及转基因植物潜在的生物安全问题做了详尽的说明,并提出了相应的防范措施和建议,对生物工程特别是转基因植物的前景进行了分析展望。     

转基因植物的环境及食品安全性

本文就国际上转基因植物的环境安全性和食品安全性作了评述,描述了已积累的科学数据和经验,并对存在的问题、安全性评估和监控的总趋势作了讨论。     

转基因植物环境监测进展

近20年来,转基因植物的商业化应用规模越来越大,而转基因生物安全问题依然是转基因植物产业进一步发展的最主要制约因素。转基因植物在商业化应用之前虽然预先进行了风险评估,但是,包括环境监测在内的风险管理措施是确保转基因植物安全应用的必要手段。在转基因作物大规模应用近20年之后,其在靶标生物抗性、对生物多样性的影响、基因漂移、在生态系统中的长期存留等方面产生的环境风险已经渐渐显现出来,表明风险评估无法为转基因植物应用提供足够的安全保障,还必须通过开展系统而长期的环境监测,明确转基因植物在生产应用后的实际环境影响。联合国环境规划署和欧盟等已经制定了转基因植物环境监测的法规和技术指南,一些国家实施了系统的转基因植物环境监测。对转基因植物所产生的环境风险以及环境监测应包括的内容进行了综述。     

Assessing environmental risks of transgenic plants

By the end of the 1980s, a broad consensus had developed that there were potential environmental risks of transgenic plants requiring assessment and that this assessment must be done on a case-by-case basis, taking into account the transgene, recipient organism, intended environment of release, and the frequency and scale of the intended introduction. Since 1990, there have been gradual but substantial changes in the environmental risk assessment process. In this review, we focus on changes in the assessment of risks associated with non-target species and biodiversity, gene flow, and the evolution of resistance. Non-target risk assessment now focuses on risks of transgenic plants to the intended local environment of release. Measurements of gene flow indicate that it occurs at higher rates than believed in the early 1990s, mathematical theory is beginning to clarify expectations of risks associated with gene flow, and management methods are being developed to reduce gene flow and possibly mitigate its effects. Insect pest resistance risks are now managed using a high-dose/refuge or a refuge-only strategy, and the present research focuses on monitoring for resistance and encouraging compliance to requirements. We synthesize previous models for tiering risk assessment and propose a general model for tiering. Future transgenic crops are likely to pose greater challenges for risk assessment, and meeting these challenges will be crucial in developing a scientifically coherent risk assessment framework. Scientific understanding of the factors affecting environmental risk is still nascent, and environmental scientists need to help improve environmental risk assessment.     

转基因植物释放后在环境中成为杂草的风险性

随着转基因植物释放规模的增大,转基因植物对环境的影响,特别是转基因植物是否会成为不可控制的杂草等问题已引起人们的关注。本文对近年来在转基因植物相关野生种的近缘性;发生杂交的适合性;授粉模式;种子扩散模式等方面转基因扩散机制的研究进展以及减少转基因扩散的有关措施进行了综述。     

抗病毒基因工程与转基因植物释放的环境风险评估

全面介绍了抗病毒转基因植物释放的风险性，包括重组（ｒｅｃｏｍｂｉｎａｔｉｏｎ）、衣壳转移（ｔｒａｎｓｃａｐ－ｓｉｄａｔｉｏｎ）和协生作用（ｓｙｎｅｒｇｉｓｍ）等，并指出，我国应对抗病毒转基因植物释放产生的风险进行系统评估，在缺乏对可能产生的风险的认识之前，应控制进行大规模的田间试验。     

Gene flow assessment in transgenic plants

In most of the important crops in the world, gene flow between cultivars and between wild and weedy relatives has always taken place. Factors influencing this gene flow, such as the mating system, mode of pollination, mode of seed dispersal and the particular characteristics of the habitat where the crops grow, are difficult to evaluate and in consequence, the quantification of gene flow is not easy. Transgene flow from engineered crops to other cultivars or to their wild and weedy relatives is one of the major concerns in relation to the ecological risks associated with the commercial release of transgenic plants. With transgenic crops it is important to quantify this gene flow and to try to establish strategies to control or minimise it, taking into account the possible ecological effect of the newly introduced genes, whether advantageous or disadvantageous. The use of transgenic plants has proven to be an effective tool to quantify the gene flow to other cultivars of the same species or to wild and weedy relatives in all crops analysed. Here we review the major studies in this area, and conclude that the potential risk of gene flow has to be assessed case by case and caution is necessary when making general conclusions.     

Environmental risk assessment of transgenic miraculin-accumulating tomato in a confined field trial in Japan

The commercial use of genetically modified (GM) crops requires prior assessment of the risks to the environment when these crops are grown in the field or distributed. Assessments protocols vary across countries and GM crop events, but there is a common need to assess environmental biosafety. In this study, we conducted an environmental risk assessment in a confined field of GM tomato plants that can produce miraculin, a taste-altering protein that causes sour tastes to be perceived as sweet, for practical use in Japan. The evaluation was conducted for 1) competitiveness (the ability to compete with wild plants for nutrients, sunlight, and growing areas and prevent their growth) and 2) the production of toxic substances (the ability to produce substances that interfere with the habitat and growth of wild plants, animals, and microorganisms). Investigations of plant morphology and growth characteristics as well as tolerance to low temperature during early growth and overwintering for assessment endpoints related to competitiveness showed no biologically meaningful difference between GM tomato and non-GM tomato. In addition, harmful substances in plant residues and root secretions were assessed by the plow-in method, succeeding crop test and soil microflora tests, and it was determined that GM tomato does not exhibit an increase in harmful substances. Based on these results, it was concluded that GM miraculin-accumulating tomato is comparable to conventional tomato and is unlikely to have unintended adverse effects in the natural environment of Japan.     

A new approach for environmental risk assessment

Environmental problems, such as global warming, the limited supply of sustainable energy, the depletion of natural resources, hazardous emissions released into the atmosphere and waste, are increasing global concerns. Therefore, individuals, communities, and businesses need to address environmental protection and sustainability. Environmental impact assessments are needed to identify, mitigate, and control aspects that affect the environment or a company's products, services, or activities. In this study, a general environmental aspect and impact assessment approach, which can be applied to any company that is involved in the production or service sector, is created. An environmental impact pattern that consists of 10 main and 32 sub-categories was formed based on the ISO 14001, environmental studies and field applications. The developed approach was applied to the dyeing units of a manufacturing firm. Sixteen environmental aspects were identified and assessed using the environmental impact template via the environmental failure mode and effect analysis (E-FMEA) method. The developed-approach can be applied to each sector, which will enable us to perform a detailed analysis of the environmental aspects in the environmental impact category. This approach provides a checklist for the environmental impact studies of businesses and has been pioneered as an effective method for company resources to improve their environmental performance.     

Environmental risk assessment of releases of transgenic plants containing virus-derived inserts

Sequences derived from the genomes of plant viruses are being used to provide virus resistance in transgenic crop plants. Although the environmental hazards associated with the release of such plants have been discussed widely, it has not been possible to reach generally acceptable conclusions about their safety. A case-by-case approach to the risk assessment of real examples is recommended as a means of building up confidence and of indicating areas of uncertainty. A logical framework for risk assessment is suggested, a key feature of which is identification of the viruses in the release environment that may infect the transgenic plants. Each of these is considered in relation to each of the three main classes of hazard (transcapsidation, recombination and synergism), and the risk associated with each event is analysed.     

转基因植物的环境生物安全：转基因逃逸及其潜在生态风险的研究和评价

转基因作物的商品化生产和大规模环境释放在带来巨大利益的同时,也引起了全球对其生物安全问题的广泛关注和争议,其中转基因通过花粉介导的基因漂移逃逸到非转基因作物及其野生近缘种,进而导致的潜在环境和生态风险就是备受争议的生物安全问题之一。转基因植物的环境生物安全涉及两方面关键问题：如何科学评价转基因植物商品化种植以后带来的环境和生态影响;如何利用环境生物安全的研究成果来制定科学有效的风险监测和管理措施。对转基因逃逸及其潜在生态风险的科学评价应包括三个重要环节：（1）检测转基因的逃逸的频率;（2）检测转基因逃逸后的表达和遗传规律;（3）确定逃逸后的转基因对野生近缘种群体适合度的影响及其进化潜力,本文将围绕对转基因逃逸及其潜在环境风险的科学评价,以转基因水稻为案例来对转基因逃逸带来生态影响的研究好评价的进展进行简要介绍,并对目前依据风险评价研究成果制定的各种管理策略进行了讨论。只有提高对转基因生物环境安全研究和评价的水平,并制定有效的风险监测和管理措施,才能为我国转基因技术的发展和转基因产品的商品化应用保驾护航。