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1.
A toluene-degrading microbial consortium was enriched directly in a BTEX-contaminated aquifer under sulfate-reducing conditions using in situ microcosms consisting of toluene-loaded activated carbon pellets. Degradation of toluene and concomitant sulfide production by the consortium was subsequently demonstrated in laboratory microcosms. The consortium was physiologically and phylogenetically characterized by isotope tracer experiments using nonlabeled toluene, [13C]-α-toluene or [13C7]-toluene as growth substrates. Cells incubated with [13C]-α-toluene or [13C7]-toluene incorporated 8–15 at.%13C and 51–57 at.%13C into total lipid fatty acids, respectively, indicating a lower specific incorporation of 13C from [13C7]-toluene. In order to identify the toluene-assimilating bacteria, the incorporation of carbon from both [13C]-α-toluene and [13C7]-toluene into rRNA was analyzed by stable isotope probing. Time and buoyant density-resolved 16S rRNA gene-based terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism profiles, combined with cloning and sequencing, revealed that an uncultured bacterium (99% sequence similarity) related to the genus Desulfocapsa was the main toluene-degrading organism in the consortium. The ratio of the respective terminal restriction fragments changed over time, indicating trophic interactions within this consortium.  相似文献   

2.
Nitrate addition to oil field waters stops the biogenic formation of sulfide because the activities of nitrate-reducing bacteria (NRB) suppress the activities of sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB). In general, there are two types of NRB — the heterotrophic NRB and the chemolithotrophic NRB. Within the latter group are the nitrate-reducing, sulfide-oxidizing bacteria (NR-SOB). To date, no study has specifically addressed the roles of these different NRB in controlling sulfide concentrations in oil field produced waters. This study used different culture media to selectively enumerate heterotrophic NRB and NR-SOB by most probable number (MPN) methods. Produced waters from three sulfide-containing western Canadian oil fields were amended with nitrate as an electron acceptor, but no exogenous electron donor was added to the serum bottle microcosms. Changes in the chemical and microbiological characteristics of the produced waters were monitored during incubation at 21°C. In less than 4 days, the sulfide was removed from the waters from two of the oil fields (designated P and C), whereas nearly 27 days were required for sulfide removal from the water from the third oil field (designated N). Nitrate addition stimulated large increases in the number of the heterotrophic NRB and NR-SOB in the waters from oil fields P and C, but only the NR-SOB were stimulated in the water from oil field N. These data suggest that stimulation of the heterotrophic NRB is required for rapid removal of sulfide from oil field-produced waters. Received 25 March 2002/ Accepted in revised form 10 June 2002  相似文献   

3.
Abstract Bacterial sulfate reduction and transformations of thiosulfate were studied with radiotracers in a Microcoleus chthonoplastes -dominated microbial mat growing in a hypersaline pond at the Red Sea. The study showed how a diel cycle of oxygen evolution affected respiration by sulfate-reducing bacteria and the metabolism of thiosulfate through oxidative and reductive pathways. Sulfate reduction occurred in both oxic and anoxic layers of the mat and varied diurnally, apparently according to temperature rather than to oxygen. Time course experiments showed that the radiotracer method underestimated sulfate reduction in the oxic zone due to rapid reoxidation of the produced sulfide. Extremely high reduction rates of up to 10 μmol cm−3 d−1 were measured just below the euphotic zone. Although thiosulfate was simultaneously oxidized, reduced and disproportionated by bacteria in all layers of the mat, there was a shift from predominant oxidation in the oxic zone to predominant reduction below. Concurrent disproportionation of thiosulfate to sulfate and sulfide occurred in all zones and was an important pathway of the sulfur cycle in the mat.  相似文献   

4.
Abstract Small inverse isotope effects of 1–3‰ were consistently observed for the oxidation of sulfide to elemental sulfur during anaerobic photometabolism by Chromatium vinosum . The inverse fractionation can be accounted for by an equilibrium isotope effect between H2S and HS, and may indicate that C. vinosum (and other photosynthetic bacteria) utilizes H2S rather than HS as the substrate during sulfide oxidation.  相似文献   

5.
Abstract The vertical zonation of light, O2, H2S, pH, and sulfur bacteria was studied in two benthic cyanobacterial mats from hypersaline ponds at Guerrero Negro, baja California, Mexico. The physical-chemical gradients were analyzed in the upper few mm at ≥ 100 μm spatial resolution by microelectrodes and by a fiber optic microprobe. In mats, where oxygen produced by photosynthesis diffused far below the depth of the photic zone, colorless sulfur bacteria ( Beggiatoa sp.) were the dominant sulfide oxidizing organisms. In a mat, where the O2–H2S interface was close to the photic zone, but yet received no significant visible light, purple sulfur bacteria ( Chromatium sp.) were the dominant sulfide oxidizers. Analysis of the spectral light distribution heare showed that the penetration of only 1% of the incident near-IR light (800–900 nm) into the sulfide zone was sufficient for the development of Chromatium in a narrow band of 300 μm thickness. The balance betweem O2 and light penetration down into the sulfide zone thus deterined in mcro-scale which type of sulfur bacteria becamed dominant.  相似文献   

6.
Abstract A defined 3-chlorobenzoate-degrading methanogenic consortium was constructed by recombining key organisms isolated from a 3-chlorobenzoate-degrading methanogenic sludge enrichment. The organisms comprise a three-tiered food chain which includes: (1) reductive dechlorination of 3-chlorobenzoate; (2) oxidation of benzoate to acetate, H2 and CO2; (3) removal of H2 plus CO2 by conversion into methane. The defined consortium, consisting of a dechlorinating organism (DCB-1), a benzoate degrader (BZ-1) and a lithotrophic methanogen ( Methanospirillum strain PM-1) grew well in a basal salts medium supplemented with 3-chlorobenzoate (3.2 mM) as the sole energy source. The chlorine released from the aromatic ringe was recovered in stoichiometric amounts as the chloride ion. The reducing power required for reductive dechlorination was obtained from the hydrogen produced in the acetogenic oxidation of benzoate. One-third of the benzoate-derived hydrogen was recycled via the reductive dechlorination of 3-chlorobenzoate, indicating that the consortium operated as a food web rather than a food chain.  相似文献   

7.
Aims:  To isolate and identify linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS)-degrading bacteria from Río de la Plata and adjacent waters, and to assay their degradation capability as a consortium and as single organisms.
Methods and Results:  A consortium consisting of four bacterial strains: Aeromonas caviae (two strains), Pseudomonas alcaliphila and Vibrio sp. was identified by 16S rRNA analysis. Isolates grown as a consortium produced higher biomass from LAS and CO2 release (mineralization) than individual cultures, and degraded 86% of LAS (20 mg l−1), whereas pure strains degraded between 21% and 60%. Bacterial desulfonation from LAS was evidenced in the consortium and A. caviae strains. A complete disappearance of LAS (10 mg l−1) was accomplished, and LAS levels of 50 and 100 mg l−1 led to a pronounced decrease in the biodegradation extent and inhibition of culture growth.
Conclusions:  A bacterial consortium capable of complete LAS degradation was isolated from the Río de la Plata and adjacent waters. This consortium was more efficient for LAS degradation than individual cultures, and was sensitive to high LAS concentrations.
Significance and Impact of the Study:  The autochthonous consortium with high effectiveness on LAS biodegradation is a useful tool for LAS depletion from these polluted ecosystems.  相似文献   

8.
Abstract: Black band disease is caused by a horizontally migrating microbial consortium which overgrows and kills reef-building corals in many areas of the world. The cyanobacterium Phormidium corallyticum , the sulfide-oxidizing bacterium Beggiatoa sp., fungi, and sulfate-reducing bacteria dominate the consortium, which is generally several mm to 1 cm in width and ca. 1 mm in thickness. Microelectrode measurements revealed photosynthetically produced O2-supersaturation in upper layers during day, although conditions at the band-coral interface were consistently anoxic and, at night, sulfide-rich. Diel distributions of oxygen and sulfide resembled those from cyanobacterial mats in sulfur springs, intertidal mats and hypersaline lagoons.  相似文献   

9.
Fixation of molecular nitrogen by Methanosarcina barkeri   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
Abstract Methanosarcina barkeri cells were observed in ammonia-free anaerobic acetate enrichments for sulfate-reducing bacteria. The capacity of Methanosarcina to grow diazotrophically was proved with a pure culture in mineral media with methanol. The cell yields with N2 or NH4+ ions as nitrogen source were 2.2 g and 6.1 g dry weight, respectively, per mol of methanol. Growth experiments with 15N2 revealed that 84% of the cell nitrogen was derived from N2. Acetylene was highly toxic to Methanosarcina and only reduced at concentrations lower than 100 μmol dissolved per 1 of medium. Assimilation of N2 and reduction of acetylene were inhibited by NH4+ ions. The experiments show that N2 fixation occurs not only in eubacteria but also in archaebacteria. The ecological significance of diazotrophic growth of Methanosarcina is discussed.  相似文献   

10.
Microbial control of biogenic production of hydrogen sulfide in oil fields was studied in a model system consisting of pure cultures of the nitrate-reducing, sulfide-oxidizing bacterium (NR-SOB) Thiomicrospira sp. strain CVO and the sulfate-reducing bacterium (SRB) Desulfovibrio sp. strain Lac6, as well as in microbial cultures enriched from produced water of a Canadian oil reservoir. The presence of nitrate at concentrations up to 20 mM had little effect on the rate of sulfate reduction by a pure culture of Lac6. Addition of CVO imposed a strong inhibition effect on production of sulfide. In the absence of added nitrate SRB we were able to overcome this effect after an extended lag phase. Simultaneous addition of CVO and nitrate stopped the production of H2S immediately. The concentration of sulfide decreased to a negligible level due to nitrate-dependent sulfide oxidation activity of CVO. This was not prevented by raising the concentration of Na-lactate, the electron donor for sulfate reduction. Similar results were obtained with enrichment cultures. Enrichments of produced water with sulfide and nitrate were dominated by CVO, whereas enrichments with sulfate and Na-lactate were dominated by SRB. Addition of an NR-SOB enrichment to an SRB enrichment inhibited the production of sulfide. Subsequent addition of sufficient nitrate caused the sulfide concentration to drop to zero. A similar response was seen in the presence of nitrate alone, although after a pronounced lag time, it was needed for emergence of a sizable CVO population. The results of the present study show that two mechanisms are involved in microbial control of biogenic sulfide production. First, addition of NR-SOB imposes an inhibition effect, possibly by increasing the environmental redox potential to levels which are inhibitory for SRB. Second, in the presence of sufficient nitrate, NR-SOB oxidize sulfide, leading to its complete removal from the environment. Successful microbial control of H2S in an oil reservoir is crucially dependent on the simultaneous presence of NR-SOB (either indigenous population or injected) and nitrate in the environment.  相似文献   

11.
Acetate, propionate, and butyrate, collectively referred to as volatile fatty acids (VFA), are considered among the most important electron donors for sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) and heterotrophic nitrate-reducing bacteria (hNRB) in oil fields. Samples obtained from a field in the Neuquén Basin, western Argentina, had significant activity of mesophilic SRB, hNRB, and nitrate-reducing, sulfide-oxidizing bacteria (NR-SOB). In microcosms, containing VFA (3 mM each) and excess sulfate, SRB first used propionate and butyrate for the production of acetate, which reached concentrations of up to 12 mM prior to being used as an electron donor for sulfate reduction. In contrast, hNRB used all three organic acids with similar kinetics, while reducing nitrate to nitrite and nitrogen. Transient inhibition of VFA-utilizing SRB was observed with 0.5 mM nitrite and permanent inhibition with concentrations of 1 mM or more. The addition of nitrate to medium flowing into an upflow, packed-bed bioreactor with an established VFA-oxidizing SRB consortium led to a spike of nitrite up to 3 mM. The nitrite-mediated inhibition of SRB led, in turn, to the transient accumulation of up to 13 mM of acetate. The complete utilization of nitrate and the incomplete utilization of VFA, especially propionate, and sulfate indicated that SRB remained partially inhibited. Hence, in addition to lower sulfide concentrations, an increase in the concentration of acetate in the presence of sulfate in waters produced from an oil field subjected to nitrate injection may indicate whether the treatment is successful. The microbial community composition in the bioreactor, as determined by culturing and culture-independent techniques, indicated shifts with an increasing fraction of nitrate. With VFA and sulfate, the SRB genera Desulfobotulus, Desulfotignum, and Desulfobacter as well as the sulfur-reducing Desulfuromonas and the NR-SOB Arcobacter were detected. With VFA and nitrate, Pseudomonas spp. were present. hNRB/NR-SOB from the genus Sulfurospirillum were found under all conditions.  相似文献   

12.
The effect of microbial control of souring on the extent of corrosion was studied in a model system consisting of pure cultures of the nitrate-reducing, sulfide-oxidizing bacterium (NR-SOB) Thiomicrospira sp. strain CVO and the sulfate-reducing bacterium (SRB) Desulfovibrio sp. strain Lac6, as well as in an SRB consortium enriched from produced water from a Canadian oil reservoir. The average corrosion rate induced by the SRB consortium (1.4 g x m(-2) x day(-1)) was faster than that observed in the presence of strain Lac6 (0.2 g x m(-2) x day(-1)). Examination of the metallic coupons at the end of the tests indicated a uniform corrosion in both cases. Addition of CVO and 10 mM nitrate to a fully grown culture of Lac6 or the SRB consortium led to complete removal of sulfide from the system and a significant increase in the population of CVO, as determined by reverse sample genome probing. In the case of the SRB consortium addition of just nitrate (10 mM) had a similar effect. When grown in the absence of nitrate, the consortium was dominated by Desulfovibrio sp. strains Lac15 and Lac29, while growth in the presence of nitrate led to dominance of Desulfovibrio sp. strain Lac3. The addition of CVO and nitrate to the Lac6 culture or nitrate to the SRB consortium accelerated the average corrosion rate to 1.5 and 2.9 g x m(-2) x day(-1), respectively. Localized corrosion and the occurrence of pitting were apparent in both cases. Although the sulfide concentration (0.5-7 mM) had little effect on corrosion rates, a clear increase of the corrosion rate with increasing nitrate concentration was observed in experiments conducted with consortia enriched from produced water.  相似文献   

13.
Abstract Simultaneous measurements of sulfate reduction and acetate oxidation using 35S and 14C tracers showed that acetate was the main energy substrate for the sulfate-reducing bacteria in Lake Eliza sediments. Sulfate reduction rates calculated from acid-volatile sulfide data only, correlated with acetate oxidation at around 0.5:1. However, the rates calculated from acid-volatile plus pyrite sulfur data correlated with acetate oxidation at a ratio of around 1:1. Molybdate completely inhibited sulfate reduction but acetate oxidation was not totally inhibited. From 10 to 15% of acetate oxidation was not attributable to the sulfate-reducing bacteria. There was rapid accumulation of acetate, within the first 12 h of incubation. Acetate, propionate and butyrate accumulated in the presence of molybdate.  相似文献   

14.
Cysteine is commonly employed as the medium reductant for ruminal bacteria, but many ruminal bacteria can use cysteine as a source of nitrogen as well as sulfur. The objective of the present study was to test a combination of dithiothreitol and sulfide as possible reductant substitutes for cysteine in anaerobic media containing ammonia as the nitrogen source. The type of reductant (cysteine versus dithiothreitol-sulfide) and ammonia concentration did not alter growth rates of Prevotella ruminicola strain B,4 (P>0.15). However, growth rates in dithiothreitol-sulfide reduced media varied tremendously between individual organisms ranging from 0.10 h−1 for Ruminococcus flavefaciens to 1.6 h−1 for Streptococcus bovis grown in 1 mM NH3-N. At both 1 and 11 mM NH4Cl, Str. bovis strain JB1 exhibited the greatest growth rate followed by Str. bovis strain C277. Megasphaera elsdenii strain T81 and Ruminococcus flavefaciens strain FD1 had the lowest growth rates at both NH4Cl concentrations. Increasing NH4Cl concentration from 1 to 11 mM resulted in increased growth rates for Ruminobacter amylophilus strains H18 and 70 and Str. bovis strain C277 (P<0.05), and decreased growth rates for S. ruminantium subsp. lactilytica strain HD4 and Str. bovis strain JB1 (P<0.01). These results indicate that dithiothreitol and sulfide can be combined as reductants in nitrogen-free basal media for most ruminal bacterial species.  相似文献   

15.
Abstract Anaerobic bacteria are known to catalyze the removal of a variety of aromatic substituents, including -COOH, -OH, -OCH3, -CH3, and halogens. We investigated whether reductive dehalogenation was related to other types of aryl substituent removal reactions. A dehalogenating bacterial consortium was tested for its ability to use benzoic acids substituted in the 3 position with the functional groups listed above. In addition to dehalogenation, the enrichment (as well as the dehalogenating pure culture) was able to transform 3-methoxybenzoic acid to 3-hydroxybenzoic acid without a lag. This reaction exhibited Michaelis-Menten kinetics with an apparent K m of 5 μM. To test the hypothesis that the two reactions were related, we developed a mathematical model incorporating a competitive inhibition term to account for the influence of one substrate on the degradation of the other. However, experimental evidence showed no significant difference in the rates of 3-chlorobenzoic acid or 3-methoxybenzoic acid degradation in either the presence or absence of the other substrate. In addition, an anaerobe known to degrade methoxylated aromatic substrates was not able to transform chlorinated analogues. Finally, the isolated dechlorinating organism, strain DCB-1 was able to transform 3-methoxybenzoic acid in the presence of 1 mM thiosulfate, but the dehalogenation of 3-chlorobenzoic acid under these conditions was completely inhibited. Therefore, it is unlikely that a relationship exists between dehalogenation and other anaerobic aromatic substituent removal mechanisms.  相似文献   

16.
Aims:  The bacterial diversity in a sequencing batch biofilm reactor (SBBR) treating landfill leachate was studied to explain the mechanism of nitrogen removal.
Methods and Results:  The total microbial DNA was extracted from samples collected from landfill leachate and biofilm of the reactor with the removal efficiencies of NH4+-N higher than 97% and that of chemical oxygen demand (determined by K2Cr2O7, CODCr) higher than 86%. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) fingerprints based on total community 16S rRNA genes were analyzed with statistical methods, and excised DNA bands were sequenced. The results of phylogenetic analyses revealed high diversity within the SBBR biofilm community, and DGGE banding patterns showed that the community structure in the biofilm remained stable during the running period.
Conclusions:  A coexistence of nitrifiers, including ammonia-oxidizing bacteria and nitrite-oxidizing bacteria, denitrifiers, including aerobic or anaerobic denitrifying bacteria and Anammox bacteria were detected, which might be the real matter of high removal efficiencies of NH4+-N and CODCr in the reactor.
Significance and Impact of the Study:  The findings in this study indicated that PCR-DGGE analysis could be used for microbial community detection as prior method, and the SBBR technique could provide preferable growing environment for bacteria with N removal function.  相似文献   

17.
Abstract A methanotrophic nitrifying consortium was previously obtained from a humisol which showed CH4-dependent nitrification. Although the methanotroph could not be obtained in pure culture, three other members of the consortium have been isolated: An obligately methylotrophic Methylobacillus (Is-1) which grows only on CH3OH and does not nitrify; a Pseudomonas (Is-2) which grows on Is-1 culture filtrate and produces NO2, NO3 and N2O from NH2OH, and NO3 from NO2; and a second Pseudomonas (Is-3) which produces NO3 from NH4+ or NO2, and N2O from NH2OH. A model is proposed for the trophic relations and nitrogen transformations in the consortium which may apply to some natural systems.  相似文献   

18.
Abstract: Different reduced sulfur compounds (H2S, FeS, S2O32−) were tested as electron donors for dissimilatory nitrate reduction in nitrate-amended sediment slurries. Only in the free sulfide-enriched slurries was nitrate appreciably reduced to ammonia (     ), with concomitant oxidation of sulfide to S0 (     ). The initial concentration of free sulfide appears as a factor determining the type of nitrate reduction. At extremely low concentrations of free S2− (metal sulfides) nitrate was reduced via denitrification whereas at higher S2− concentrations, dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonia (DNRA) and incomplete denitrification to gaseous nitrogen oxides took place. Sulfide inhibition of NO- and N2O- reductases is proposed as being responsible for the driving part of the electron flow from S2− to NH4+.  相似文献   

19.
Aims:  To assess the ability of five probiotic bacteria to bind aflatoxin B1 and to determine the key role of teichoic acids in the binding mechanism.
Methods and Results:  The strains were incubated in aqueous solutions containing aflatoxin B1 (AFB1). The amount of free toxin was quantified by HPLC. Stability of the bacteria–aflatoxin complex was evaluated by repeated washes with buffer. In order to understand the binding process, protoplasts, spheroplasts and cell wall components of two strains were analysed to assess their capacity to bind AFB1. Additionally, the role of teichoic acids in the AFB1 binding process was assessed. Lactobacillus reuteri strain NRRL14171 and Lactobacillus casei strain Shirota were the most efficient strains for binding AFB1. The stability of the AFB1–bacteria complex appears to be related to the binding ability of a particular strain; AFB1 binding was also pH-dependent. Our results suggest that teichoic acids could be responsible for this ability.
Conclusions:  Our results provide information concerning AFB1 binding by previously untested strains, leading to enhanced understanding of the mechanism by which probiotic bacteria bind AFB1.
Significance and Impact of the Study:  Our results support the suggestion that some probiotic bacteria could prevent absorption of aflatoxin from the gastrointestinal tract.  相似文献   

20.
Abstract Samples of water, sediment and bacterial mat from hot springs in Grændalur and Hveragerdi areas in southwestern Iceland were screened at 70°C and 80°C for thermophilic denitrifying bacteria by culturing in anaerobic media containing nitrate or N2O as the terminal oxidant. The springs ranged in temperature from 65–100°C and included both neutral (pH 7–8.5) and acidic (pH 2.5–4) types. Nitrate reducing bacteria (nitrate → nitrite) and denitrifiers (nitrate → N2) were found that grew at 70°C but not at 80°C in nutrient media at pH 8. Samples from neutral springs that were cultured at pH 8 failed to yield a chemolithotrophic, sulfur-oxidizing and nitrate-reducing bacterium, and samples from acidic springs that were cultured at pH 3.5 seemed entirely to lack dissimilatory, nitrate-utilizing bacteria. No sample yielded an organism capable of growth solely by N2O respiration. The denitrifiers appeared to be Bacillus . Two such Bacillus strains were examined in pure culture and found to exhibit the unusual denitrification phenotype described previously for the mesophile, Pseudomonas aeruginosa , and one other strain of thermophilic Bacillus . The phenotype is characterized by the ability to grow by reduction of nitrate to N2 with N2O as an intermediate but a virtual inability to reduce N2O when N2O was the sole oxidant.  相似文献   

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