福建省两栖类物种多样性评估

地区性物种多样性评价是当前全球生物多样性研究的重要组成部分。本文采用G-F指数对福建省两栖类物种多样性进行评估,同时利用弦距离类间平均连锁的方法对福建省22个县（市）和5个两栖动物地理省进行聚类分析。结果表时：福建省各县（市）的两栖类物种多样性差异较大,其中武夷山市两栖类物种多样性的G指数,F指数和G-F指数分别为2.978,4.863和0.388。处于华中区的3个地理省（闽北、闽东和闽西地理省）首先聚类,而后与处于华南区的闽中地理省聚类,最后与闽南地理省合并。聚类结果与福建省两栖动物地理区划大体一致,但个别县（市）不太相符,作者建议将大田县划归在华中区的闽西地理省。     

中国瓢蜡蝉科昆虫区系分析(半翅目:蜡蝉总科)

为了解中国瓢蜡蝉科昆虫的区系结构及起源特性,本文对中国已知瓢蜡蝉科昆虫3族45属187种进行区系分析,结果表明:中国瓢蜡蝉科昆虫在世界动物地理区划中计3式区系型;东洋界区系型呈现主导优势,计179种,占总数95.72%;中国动物地理区划中计14式区系型,其中华南区系型所占比重最大,计121种,占总数64.71%;华南区成为现生中国瓢蜡蝉的集中与分化中心,并与华中区的联系最强;中国瓢蜡蝉科昆虫具有较强的北方起源性,这与大陆漂移和板块运动密切相关,且燕山运动等地质事件造就了该类昆虫属种水平的分异与演化;该科族级水平演化关系为:瓢蜡蝉族Issini Spinola,1839最为原始,铲头瓢蜡蝉族Parahiraciini ChengYang,1991次之,球瓢蜡蝉族Hemisphaeriini Melichar,1906最为进化;通过聚类分析,中国瓢蜡蝉科昆虫区系可分成3个区:即A区(东北区+华北区+蒙新区)、B区(华南区+华中区+西南区)和C区(青藏区),这可能与中国动物地理区划复杂的地理环境以及瓢蜡蝉自身飞行能力较差等原因相关。     

History of the geographic ranges and migration routes of ticks in the genus Dermacentor Koch, 1844 (Ixodidae)

The mutually checking parasitological and zoogeographic criteria for the issue in question made it possible to express the viewpoint and present supporting data on the origin and spread of Dermacentor ticks. Their origin was dated back to Oligocene (38 mln years ago). Having appeared in Angar Mainland, the ticks spread by land in Europe, North America (Miocene, 25 mln years ago) and Africa (Pliocene, 5 mln years ago). The list of species according to zoogeographic regions is given.     

Zoogeographic analysis of the subfossil macrozoobenthos of the Commander-Aleutian Islands in the Middle and Late Holocene

The invertebrate remains from occupation layers of three ancient Aleutian settlements on Adak Island (Aleutian Islands) were studied to reconstruct the dynamics of the zoogeographic structure of invertebrate species in the Middle and Late Holocene. The radiocarbon age of the oldest deposit is about 7000 BP. The modern littoral macrozoobenthos of the Bering and Mednyi islands (Commander Islands) and Adak Island (Aleutian Islands) was studied. It was found that the overall zoogeographic structure of the macrozoobenthos in the studied regions has not changed significantly over the last 7000 years; however, the ratio of species and their populations varied depending on the dynamics of climate conditions.     

Zoogeography and biodiversity of the freshwater fishes of Southeast Asia

The ichthyofauna of the freshwater system of Southeast Asia is extremely diverse. A recent estimate of about 1000 species is probably an understatement. More than 10 new species are being added to the list annually. The distribution pattern of the Southeast Asian freshwater fishes can be divided into five zoogeographic regions. The first one is the Salween basin in Burma, with fishes mainly of the Indian subcontinent origin such as Amblypharyngodon atkinsoni, Bangana almorae and Brachydanio jayarami. The second zoogeographic area is the Mekong, Chao Phraya and Mae Khlong drainages which harbour fishes typical of the mainland of Southeast Asia such as Acanthorhodeus deignani, Barbichthys nitidus and Cirrhinus siamensis. The Malay Peninsula is the third region whose species composition is heavily influenced by the Siamese (such as Homaloptera smithi, Tuberoschistura baenzigeri and Botia beauforti) and Indonesian (such as Botia hymenophysa, Luciocephalus pulcher and Parosphromenus deissneri) elements. The islands of Sumatra, Borneo and Java are the fourth zoogeographic area of fish distribution. These islands show a high degree of endemism, especially in fishes of the family Belontiidae. Finally, the freshwater system of the Philippines is the last zoogeographic region of Southeast Asia. The area is characterized by the presence of closely related species of the cyprinids especially in Lake Lanao. Currently, high diversity of these freshwater fishes is being threatened by land development, such as deforestation, road construction and land expansion for plantation. Recent studies in the Gombak River basin show the extermination of 41 per cent of native fish species from 1969 to 1990. This is probably due to the construction of highways, logging, as well as land clearing for agriculture.     

The frog fauna of Groote Eylandt, Northern Territory, Australia

The results are reported of a survey of the frog fauna of Groote Eylandt in the Gulf of Carpentaria in northern Australia. The fauna includes 13 species representing the families Hylidae and Leptodactylidae. The zoogeographic implications of the absence of certain species widely distributed on the mainland are discussed.     

Global diversity of copepods (Crustacea: Copepoda) in freshwater

The zoogeographic distributions of the 2,814 species of copepods reported from freshwater are analysed. Faunal diversity is compared between zoogeographic regions: the Palaearctic region has more than double the species richness of the next most diverse region, the Neotropical. Historical factors affecting levels of diversity are identified. More than 90% of all freshwater copepods are endemic to a single-zoogeographic region and endemic genera occur in all regions except Antarctica. Species that are not endemic to a single region include the highly vagile and cosmopolitan species occurring in four or more regions. The greatest faunal connectivity, as identified by Sørensen’s Index, is between Palaearctic and Nearctic regions, and identifies the Holarctic taxa. Key human-related issues, such as the role of copepods as vectors for human parasites and the losses caused by parasitic copepods in commercial aquaculture, are mentioned.     

Macrozoobenthos of two different catchment areas of the tatra mountain lakes with a special reference on the effects of acidification

The structure of macrozoobenthos of two different high-mountain Tatra lakes, namely Starolesnianske pleso (strongly acidified) and Ni?né Terianske pleso (reference site) is described. The latter is characterised by a large catchment and total area, and is relatively deep with strong inlet and outlet. It is not affected by acidification. Univoltine species of mayflies, stoneflies and caddisflies dominate in the littoral, mainly scrapers. Predators are represented by stoneflies. Shredders dominate in the lake outlet. From the zoogeographic point of view, Carpathian endemites and Central European species prevail. Forty percent of species are sensitive to acidification. The former has a smaller catchment and total area, and is relatively shallow, without inlet. It is strongly affected by acidification. Semivoltine species, mainly predators (beetles) and shredders prevail. From the zoogeographic point of view Palaearctic species dominate. Species sensitive to acidification are missing. Emergence of water insects has two peaks during spring and fall circulation.     

A Review of the Distribution and Phylogenetic Relationships of Bristletails of the Genus Charimachilis Wygodz. (Archaeognatha,Machilidae) with Descriptions of Larvae of Ch. caucasica Kapl. and of a New Species from Belgorod Province

Entomological Review - A review of phylogenetic relationships of species of the genus Charimachilis based on comparative analysis of zoogeographic distribution and plesiomorphic and apomorphic...     

江西省两栖类动物多样性与地理区划

本研究整合近年来江西省两栖类动物物种分布新纪录,对江西省两栖类动物多样性进行编目整理。结果表明,近年来江西省新增23种两栖类物种分布新纪录,两栖类动物累计达2目8科58种,包括2种国家Ⅱ级重点保护物种和40种中国特有种。江西省两栖动物区系组成以东洋界华中区和华南区共有种为主,无古北界种类。东洋界种类54种,占总种数的93.1%,广布种4种,占总种数的6.9%。生态类型以流水型最多,陆栖-静水型次之。对13个保护地两栖类动物物种组成的聚类分析将其分为4个聚类群：赣北、赣东北、赣南、赣西。聚类结果在一定程度上支持早期江西省两栖动物地理区划,我们建议将罗霄山脉划为单独的赣西（罗霄）山地省。     

Geographical and typological changes in fish guilds of South African estuaries

A comparative analysis of fish estuary association guilds was undertaken on some 190 South African estuaries. This pioneering study spanned three zoogeographic regions and included three broad estuarine types. The guild compositions of the estuaries were compared based on an importance value, incorporating taxonomic composition, numerical abundance and relative biomass. Multivariate analyses included both inter‐regional (zoogeographic) and intra‐regional (estuarine typology) comparisons. The major estuary‐associated guilds (estuarine species and marine migrant species) were important in all estuary types within all biogeographic regions. Significant differences both between regions and between estuary types within regions, however, were recorded. Cool–temperate estuaries were generally dominated by migratory species (estuarine migrants and marine migrant opportunists) while the importance of species dependent on estuaries (estuarine residents and estuarine‐dependent marine migrants) was higher in warm–temperate and subtropical regions. The significance of estuarine nursery areas, particularly in regions where estuaries are few in number, is highlighted. In terms of typology, migratory species assumed a greater importance in predominantly open systems, while freshwater and estuarine‐resident species were more important in predominantly closed systems. Predominantly closed estuaries, however, were also important for marine migrant species, which further highlights the significance of these systems as nursery areas for fishes.     

Molecular phylogenetic analysis of the Grey-cheeked Fulvetta (Alcippe morrisonia) of China and Indochina: a case of remarkable genetic divergence in a "species"

The Grey-cheeked Fulvetta, Alcippe morrisonia, is a polytypic species of Quaker babbler (Timaliidae) occurring mainly in highlands from Burma across southern China to Taiwan. To examine gene flow among populations, we sequenced the mitochondrial ND2 gene of 39 individuals of six of the seven subspecies, plus multiple individuals of three outgroup Alcippe species. A lack of shared haplotypes and high FST values suggested no gene flow among populations. The nucleotide divergence between geographically juxtaposed subspecies ranged from 0.8% between Guangdong and Hainan to 9.4% between Yunnan and Vietnam. Phylogenetic analysis of the populations yielded a well resolved tree with two major clades. One clade consisted of the geographically central subspecies schaefferi and davidi, which are located largely in the "Mid-central" zoogeographic region of China's "Oriental" realm. The other clade, the geographically peripheral group, consisted of all other A. morrisonia subspecies, as well as an erstwhile outgroup, the Mountain Fulvetta (Alcippe peracensis annamensis) from central Vietnam. This peripheral group was further divided into two clades, one consisting of taxa occurring in China's "Southwest" zoogeographic region (fratercula and A. p. annamensis), and one occurring in China's "Southern" region (morrisonia, rufescentior, and hueti). These three geographic and phylogenetic groups represent at least four different species based on plumage differences and genetic differentiation. The phylogeny provides the first avian molecular evidence of area relationships among China's zoogeographic zones. It also highlights a remarkable and unexpected amount of genetic divergence and structure in a Sino-Indian "species". If such diversity occurs in other groups of birds with similar distribution, the ramifications are important for conservation planning.     

New evidence on the phylogeny and biogeography of the Amphizoidae: Discovery of a new species from China (Coleoptera)

Abstract. A new species, Amphizoa sinica, is described from Chang bei shan in Northern China. A revised key is provided for this and the other four species of this monogeneric and enigmatic group. Phylogcnetic and zoogeographic relationships are discussed.     

The Comb-footed spider genera Theridion, Achaearanea and Anelosimus of Israel (Araneae: Theridiidae)

Israeli thendiid spiders of the genera Theridion, Achaearanea and Anelosimus have been revised. A relative richness in species is presented providing thereby updated information on the little known Mediterranean spider fauna. All type and non-type material previously described from the Middle East, deposited in several European collections has been re-examined, along with species from adjacent regions considered pertinent to the study undertaken. Altogether 21 species are recognized. Systematic, ecologic and all available zoogeographic information on taxa treated are discussed along with recent, pertaining literature. The presence of seven species formerly reported from Israel has been confirmed and the occurrence of another four species unknown hitherto from this region, has been proved. Some of these have never been adequately described or illustrated.
Ten new species are described: Theridion ochreolus, T. agaricographus, T hierwhonticus, T. jordanensis, T. negebensis, T. gekkonicus, T. dafnensis, T. vallisalinarum, T. pustiliferus and Anelosimus giladensis. The male of Theridion melanostictum is described for the first time. Keys, illustrations of diagnostic characters and records of distribution are provided for each species, all readily applicable also in adjacent countries. These may provide clues for better understanding of zoogeographic patterns of the Palearctic fauna, including those of the Old World Desert belt extending south and east of the Mediterranean region.     

黑龙江省爬行动物区系和地理区划

1　研究简史黑龙江省爬行动物的研究历史悠久 ,在《盛京通志》 (1 73 6)、《黑龙江外记》 (1 81 0 )、《黑龙江志稿》(1 93 2 )以及早期的地方志中就有记载 ,记述较多的有蛇、蛇师 (指蜥蜴 )和鳖等。Ｐａｌｌａｓ(1 773 )、Ｍｉｄｄｅｎｄｏｒｆｆ(1 85 3 )、Ｍａａｃｋ(1 85 9)、Ｓｏｗｅｒｂｙ(1 92 3 )、Ｐａｖｌｏｆｆ(1 92 6)、森为三 (1 92 7)、宫地传三郎 (1 93 7)、张孟闻 (1 962 )、马逸清 (1 989)、王纳丹 (1 993 )和赵文阁 (2 0 0 0 )等就黑龙江省爬行动物的种类、分布、生态和区系等进行过研究和记载。本文结合全国“陆生脊椎动…     

Zoogeographic analysis of the Palaearctic fauna of Drosophilid flies (Diptera, Drosophilidae) with description of clusterization software for provincial faunas

Distribution of 1730 Drosophilidae species of the Palaearctic and neighboring faunas was included in a data matrix where the geographic ordinate was represented in the Palaearctic part by the provinces of the general zoogeographic regionalization scheme of Emeljanov (1974), and in other realms, by larger units, usually of regional rank. Thus, the matrix represented a list of the provincial faunas. An original cluster analysis program was used to calculate qualitative and quantitative similarity indices for these faunas and build a similarity dendrogram. Particular zoogeographic regionalization of the Palaearctic was performed based on computer analysis of the provincial faunas (Krivokhatsky and Emeljanov, 2000). A dendrogram was constructed clustering 15 elementary Drosophilidae faunas of the Palaearctic, 7 of them being associated with the faunal centers (of species diversity and speciation) which principally correspond to those of some other insect taxa.     

Ecogeographic Units and Management Units of Chum Salmon Oncorhynchus keta of the Amur Zoogeographic Province

Journal of Ichthyology - Using the example of chum salmon Oncorhynchus keta in the Amur zoogeographic province, we review the principle of subdividing the species into population groups. On the...     

Estuarine Typology and the Structuring of Fish Communities in South Africa

Synopsis Some 190 South African estuaries, covering all biogeographic provinces within the region, were classified into three types based on a combination of mouth condition and estuary size (surface area). The fish communities of the estuary types within each zoogeographic region were described and compared. Multivariate analyses revealed that each estuary type contained somewhat distinct fish communities. In addition, the study identified common patterns in species richness and ichthyofaunal composition. Open estuaries have relatively high species richness; this is a reflection of a permanent or near-permanent connection with the sea which allows access into these estuaries by all marine migrant species within the region. Intermittent connection with the sea limits the recruitment and utilisation of closed estuaries by marine migrant species; this results in reduced species richness in moderate to large closed estuaries. Small closed estuaries exhibit the lowest species richness and this is probably a result of their limited habitat and increased isolation from the sea. The key fishes that utilise estuaries could also be categorised into a number of groups based on their relative importance within each estuary type. Some species are largely restricted to predominantly open systems. Other taxa, while important in predominantly open estuaries, also occur in moderate to large closed systems. Some estuarine-associated species are well represented in all estuary types but exhibit a greater importance in closed estuaries. This study has shown that South African fish communities not only reflect estuarine typology but also respond to these differences in a consistent manner that spans all zoogeographic regions. The prevalence of similar patterns in other parts of the world suggests that estuarine typology is a major driver in the structuring of global estuarine fish communities.     

Explaining the causes of the zoogeographic transition around the Isthmus of Kra: using bats as a case study

Aim  The causes of a zoogeographic divide in peninsular Thailand around the Isthmus of Kra have not been adequately resolved. We explored climatic, historical and geological perspectives to gain insights into factors that may have contributed to the development and maintenance of this zoogeographic transition, and to determine whether a faunal transition occurs for bats. Location  Southeast Asia, focusing on the Thai Peninsula. Methods  Spatial principal components analysis was used to determine the relationship between climate and species distribution patterns. We studied bats (order Chiroptera) because of their ability to bypass small‐scale geophysical barriers. Spatial data on bat species distributions on the Thai Peninsula were analysed in relation to multivariate measures of climate to determine the possible influence of climatic zonation on distribution patterns. We assessed the effects of the interaction of climatic zonation with the highly dynamic environmental conditions the area has undergone in relation to species distribution patterns. Results  A zoogeographic transition was found, with 44 species (out of 127) restricted to the north of the Isthmus of Kra and 29 restricted to the south, although there were relatively few abrupt changes in distribution at the exact position of the isthmus. Northern and southern species were associated with specific climatic conditions. Major transitions in the distribution of bat species exist at 6–6.5° N and 13–13.5° N, with a smaller peak at 11.0° N. These major peaks fall in the same areas as the borders of climatic zones, and the 6–6.5° N peak falls in the same area as a floristic divide (the Kangar–Pattani Line). Main conclusions  On the mainland, climatic zones cause gradual changes in species distributions. However, in addition to climatic factors, repeated changes in the breadth of the Sunda Shelf during recent glacial cycles may have caused locally high extinction rates at narrow points on the peninsula, exacerbating transitions in species distribution patterns along the region, in the context of a peninsula effect that reduces opportunities for recolonization.     

Lanternfish (Myctophidae) Zoogeography off Eastern Australia: A Comparison with Physicochemical Biogeography

In this first attempt to model the distributions of a mesopelagic fish family at this scale in the eastern Australian region (10°S to 57°S), lanternfish species occurrence data spanning a period from 1928 to 2010 were modelled against environmental covariates. This involved: (1) data collation and taxonomic quality checking, (2) classification of trawls into “horizontal” (presence-absence) and “oblique” (presence-only) types, and classification of vertical migration patterns using existing literature and the species occurrence database, (3) binomial GAMs using presence-absence data for representative temperate, subtropical and tropical species to examine depth interactions with environmental covariates and refine the selection of environmental layers for presence-only MAXENT models, (4) Presence-only MAXENT modelling using data from all trawls and the reduced environmental layers, and (5) Multivariate analysis (area-wise and species-wise) of the resulting matrix of logistic score by geographic pixel. We test the hypothesis that major fronts in the region (Tasman Front, Subtropical Convergence, Subantarctic Front) represent zoogeographic boundaries. A four-region zoogeographic scheme is hypothesised: Coral Sea region, Subtropical Lower Water region, Subtropical Convergence/South Tasman region and Subantarctic region. The Tasman Front, Subtropical Convergence and Subantarctic Front represented zoogeographic boundaries. An additional boundary at ∼25°S (coined the ‘Capricorn’ boundary) was adopted to delineate the Coral Sea from Subtropical Lower Water regions. Lanternfish zoogeographic regions are congruent with some aspects of two prevailing physicochemical biogeographic schema in the region, but neither of these schema alone accurately predicts lanternfish distributions. As lanternfishes integrate vertical ocean processes, the hypothesised lanternfish zoogeography may represent a useful model for a generalised pelagic biogeography that should be tested for other oceanic groups.