国人颅骨某些角度的测量

本文对青岛和长春地区出土的124例(男71,女53)成人颅骨进行了某些角度的测量。测量结果,进行了颅骨的人类学特征和性别差异的讨论。并与其它地区的国人资料进行了比较。     

青岛汉族颅骨某些角度的测量(续)

本文对青岛地区出土的已知性别成人颅骨312例(男154、女158)进行了十七个角度的测量,并按测量结果对颅骨某些角度的性差进行了讨论。     

颅骨测量与X线头影测量方法的比较研究

本文对传统的颅骨测量法与口腔医学上使用的X线头影测量法在测量标志点的选取定位及测量结果的差异方面进行了对比研究。测量标志点重叠对比显示颅骨测量中的大多数标志点在X线片上可以较为准确地定位。方差分析表明两种测量方法测量结果差异不显著(P>0.05)。本文就如何准确地在X线片上确定标志点以及测量数据的放大误差问题进行了讨论并提出了将放大率划分为三个等级计算X线头影片测量值的标准。作者认为采用X线头影测量方法进行人类学研究有着良好的应用前景。     

大荔颅骨的测量研究

本文报道大荔颅骨的一系列测量数据, 并且将其与中国, 欧洲和非洲的中更新世人类的相应数据进行比较, 发现大荔颅骨的测量数据大多没有超出中国和欧洲/非洲中更新世人的变异范围, 有的与中国中更新世人接近, 有的与欧洲和/或非洲标本更加接近。本文将这些结果与大荔颅骨的与中国古人类共同具有的其他测量和观察特征进行综合考虑, 建议大荔人群属于中国古人类连续进化链中的一员, 并且表现出中国古人类与欧洲和非洲古人类之间基因交流的形态证据。     

山东济宁潘庙汉代墓葬人骨研究

本文对潘庙遗址汉代墓葬出土的11例成年颅骨(男性7例,女性4例)进行了研究。颅骨的测量性状和非测量性状的分析表明,潘庙汉代居民在若干主要体质特征上具有亚洲蒙古人种的特点,并且与东亚蒙古人种最相近似。在潘庙汉代居民中存在着颅骨枕部人工变形的习俗,这一特点与大汶口文化的新石器时代居民颇为相似。     

人类颅骨厚度研究的概述与展望

颅骨厚度是重要的解剖学特征，也是常见的测量项目，在体质人类学研究中具有重要意义。目前关于颅骨厚度的研究主要集中在颅骨厚度的年龄与时代变化、人群间和性别间的差异、颅骨厚度的影响因素和与力学性能的关系等几个方面。颅骨厚度的相关研究有助于我们更为全面地了解人类颅骨的形态变异和进化情况。国内对颅骨厚度的关注相对较少，本文通过梳理和归纳已有关于颅骨厚度研究的相关文献数据与结论，对颅骨厚度相关研究进展及其测量方法进行了概述，并对国内颅骨厚度研究作了简要回顾和展望。     

男性巨颅一例报告

本例颅骨F31的颅容量为2330毫升,其长宽高诸径、颅围与全颅重量也特别大。为此,进行了全面观察与测量、对比与分析,见表l—3。经鉴定为中国人,男性,年龄约40岁。经用颅骨(男颅G39、女颅E15)拍照对比(图版I)与放射线摄影分析,排除脑积水、脑肿瘤以及巨人症等病理因素。     

中国直立人形态特征的变异——颅骨测量数据的统计分析

近年,亚洲直立人化石特征的变异及其意义引起了学术界较多的关注。不断有学者提出周口店直立人无论在非测量性特征,还是在测量特征方面都具有不同于印度尼西亚及非洲直立人的表现特点,有人甚至对将周口店直立人化石特征作为直立人的典型特征的观点提出了置疑。为进一步探讨这些有争议的问题,本文采用多变量统计分析方法对33件非洲和欧亚地区直立人颅骨测量数据进行了分析。我们发现亚洲大陆的周口店和南京直立人与生活在东南亚群岛的印度尼西亚直立人具有不同的颅骨测量特征。中国标本以较窄的前额部和枕部,以及宽阔的颅骨中部为特点。而印度尼西亚标本的额部和枕部的宽度与颅骨中部的宽度相对较为接近。非洲直立人在这些颅骨测量特征的表现上与印度尼西亚直立人接近,呈现出相对宽阔的额部和枕部。中国的和县直立人在颅骨测量特征的表现上与印度尼西亚和非洲直立人接近,而与周口店和南京直立人明显不同。基于这些发现,本文就直立人头骨测量特征的稳定性、周口店直立人颅骨特征的表现特点、东亚直立人的地区变异与时代变化、头骨形态与测量特征的对应性等问题进行了讨论。     

俄罗斯远东地区特罗伊茨基靺鞨墓地人骨研究

本文对俄罗斯远东地区特罗伊茨基墓地1969年发掘出土的10例靺鞨颅骨(男性5例,女性5例)进行了人类学的观察和测量,认为该组颅骨在种族特征上可归人现代亚洲蒙古人种的范围.在若干古代和现代对比组中,特罗伊茨基组古代居民的体质特征与古代贝加尔组群、现代中央亚细亚组群和贝加尔组群较为接近.     

基于三维激光扫描的颅骨测量与手工测量的比较

基于三维激光扫描的颅骨测量方法具有无接触、成像快速、易便携操作等优势,近年来在体质人类学与古人类学等领域发挥着日趋重要的作用。而在该测量技术普及的同时,其可靠性以及与手工测量的一致性问题也受到关注。本研究分别以手工方法与激光扫描建立模型法对考古出土颅骨进行测量,期望以实验手段探讨两种测量结果是否一致。实验结果显示,上述两种测量方法分别标定的两套测点相互之间吻合情况较好。其中,有易识别解剖学形态特征的测点吻合程度最优。而在两种测量手段的标点操作方式有所不同时,其标点位置间距会略有放大。从最终测量结果来看,两种测量手段所获数据的绝对差值和相对差异程度均较小。个别测量项在配对样本t检验中表现出了差异显著性,这应由两种测量结果大小差异的统一偏向性所致。在实际操作中,此类差异仍在可接受范围内,适宜混合同时使用。就差异的来源而言,测量操作方式的不同以及测点间的吻合程度是导致最终测量结果不同的主要原因之一,而仪器、颅骨表面的激光反射特性、扫描所获三维画面拼合情况等主客观因素也同样不可忽视。     

The development of personal space: Proxemic behavior of children 6 through 16

Observations were made of the personal space behaviors of same-sex pairs of children, aged 6–16. Results indicated that children used more space as they grew older and that adult proxemic behaviors were acquired by age 12. While in the younger children no sex differences were present for the proxemic behaviors of distance and body orientation, males were found by early adolescence to stand farther apart and at greater angles than females. The development of personal space and of sex differences in these behaviors is discussed in the context of social learning.     

Cowpea weevil flights to a point source of female sex pheromone: analyses of flight tracks at three wind speeds

Abstract.  Two-day-old male cowpea weevils, Callosobruchus maculatus, fly upwind to a point source of female sex pheromone at three wind speeds. All beetles initiating flight along the pheromone plume make contact with the pheromone source. Analysis of digitized flight tracks indicates that C. maculatus males respond similarly to moths tested at several wind speeds. Beetles' mean net upwind speeds and speeds along their track are similar ( P  > 0.05) across wind speeds, whereas airspeeds increase ( P <  0.01) with increasing wind speed. Beetles adjust their course angles to fly more directly upwind in higher wind speeds, whereas track angles are almost identical at each wind speed. The zigzag flight paths are generally narrow compared with most moth flight tracks and interturn distances are similar ( P  > 0.05) at the wind speeds employed. The frequency of these counterturns across the wind line is almost constant regardless of wind speed, and there is little variation between individuals. The upwind flight tracks are more directly upwind than those typically seen for male moths flying upwind toward sex pheromone sources. Male moths typically produce a bimodal distribution of track angles to the left and right of the windline, whereas C. maculatus males' track angles are centred about 0°. Preliminary examination of two other beetle species indicates that they fly upwind in a similar fashion.     

Normal Thoracic Radiographic Appearance of the Cynomolgus Monkey (Macaca fascicularis)

Background

The cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis) has been increasingly used as a non-human primate model in biomedical research. As establishing baseline thoracic radiography for the cynomolgus monkey is essential, we tested the hypothesis that age and sex may affect the thoracic radiography parameters of this species.

Methods

Here, 697 healthy cynomolgus monkeys were segregated by sex and age (three age groups: 25–36 months, 37–48 months, 49–60 months). The lung length (LL), maximal interior thoracic depth (TD), maximal interior thoracic breadth (TBr), cardiac silhouette breadth (CBr), cardiothoracic ratio (CR), right and left costophrenic angles (RCA and LCA), and right hilar height ratio (R-HHR) were assessed by chest film. Statistical analysis was applied to examine the effect of age, sex, and age × sex interactions.

Results

Significant effects by age were shown for LL, TD, TBr, CBr, and CR. Significant effects by sex were found for TD, TBr, CBr, CR, and R-HHR. Significant effects by age × sex were observed for TD, TBr, CBr, and CR. Both TD and TBr increased with age in both sexes, and both were significantly higher in males than in females in the group aged 49–60 months. CBr increased with age and was significantly higher in males than in females across all age groups. CR declined with age and was significantly higher in males than females across all age groups, and CR was similar or slightly higher relative to those previously found in other non-human primate species. As to the other parameters with no significant sex nor age-related differences, the R-HHR was greater than 1.00, and the angulation of bilateral costophrenic angles were sharp.

Conclusions

The thoracic radiographic parameters for the healthy cynomolgus monkey presented here should prove useful in veterinary practice, research involving non-human primate models of respiratory or cardiovascular disorders, and morphological studies on cynomolgus monkeys.     

Sex differences in intracranial arterial bifurcations

Background: Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a serious condition, occurring more frequently in females than in males. SAH is mainly caused by rupture of an intracranial aneurysm, which is formed by localized dilation of the intracranial arterial vessel wall, usually at the apex of the arterial bifurcation. The female preponderance is usually explained by systemic factors (hormonal influences and intrinsic wall weakness); however, the uneven sex distribution of intracranial aneurysms suggests a possible physiologic factor—a local sex difference in the intracranial arteries.Objective: The aim of this study was to explore sex variation in the bifurcation anatomy of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) and internal carotid artery (ICA), and the subsequent hemodynamic impact.Methods: Vessel radii and bifurcation angles were measured in patients with MCA and ICA bifurcations. Data from a previously published study of 55 patients undergoing diagnostic cerebral digital subtraction angiography at Dalcross Private Hospital in Sydney, Australia, between 2002 and 2003, were available for analysis. The measurements were used to create idealized, averaged bifurcations of the MCA and ICA for females and males. Computational fluid dynamics simulations were performed to calculate hemodynamic forces in the models.Results: The vessel radii and bifurcation angles of 47 MCA and 52 ICA bifurcations in 49 patients (32 females, 17 males; mean age, 53 years; age range, 14–86 years) were measured. Statistically significant sex differences were found in vessel diameter (males larger than females; P < 0.05), but not in bifurcation angle. Computational fluid dynamics simulations revealed higher wall shear stress in the female MCA (19%) and ICA (50%) bifurcations compared with the male bifurcations.Conclusions: This study of MCA and ICA bifurcations in female and male patients suggests that sex differences in vessel size and blood flow velocity result in higher hemodynamic forces acting on the vessel wall in females. This new hypothesis may partly explain why intracranial aneurysms and SAH are more likely to occur in females than in males.     

Cephalometric comparison of Indian and English facial profiles

Cephalometric measurements on 50 English and 50 Indian adults, equally divided as regards sex, were compared for sex and group difference. Evaluation of the average measurements indicated that the female facial size was generally smaller than the male: the Indian face was not prognathic but was smaller and had smaller facial and gonial angles, and the lower incisor was proclined as compared with the English face. A statistical analysis using the Generalized T²-test and Discriminatory Analysis brought out these differences very convincingly, and with nearly 80% accuracy it was possible to classify the individuals to their correct sex and Indian or English group. Incidentally it was found that the Sella Nasion Plane, Maxillary Plane and Frankfort Plane are all equally suitable for assessing the upper incisor inclination.     

Effects of moth size on velocity and steering during upwind flight toward a sex pheromone source byLymantria dispar (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae)

Free-flying male gypsy moths (Lymantria dispar)head upwind in response to sex pheromone. Males typically fly in a zigzag path, with mean ground speeds modulated by pheromone concentration and ambient temperature, but not by wind speed. We studied the effect of male size on ground speeds and additional flight track parameters. Mean net ground speed along the wind line was fastest among large males and was slower in medium and small males. Similarly, mean airspeeds and ground speeds along the flight tracks increased from small to large males. Males from all three size classes steered similar mean course angles. Small males, however, had larger mean track angles than larger males, and mean drift angles were also larger for small males. Turning rates (frequency of turns across the wind line) and interturn distances (net crosswind displacement between turn apices) were not significantly different among the three size classes; however, large males had a trend toward a reduced mean turning rate and increased mean interturn distance. The steering of similar course angles by males from all three size classes and the higher airspeeds among larger males (the two variables males can actively control during free flight) suggest that changes in other flight parameters are a result primarily of increased ground speed among large males.     

Fringe patterns and measurement on dorsal moiré topography in Japanese children, aged 13 and 14

Dorsal moiré topographies of 165 boys and 156 girls, aged 13 and 14, were investigated. Moiré fringe patterns were classified into seven types, of which type IV, thin and symmetric back, was most frequent (29% in boys and 22% in girls), and types I and II thoracic, fleshy back, were observed in 15% of boys and 29% of girls. Settling four prominent points on the back, length, depth (number of fringes), angles between these points, and the most depressed point on the lumbar region were measured. Neither bilateral or sex differences were detected in length and depth measurements, whereas larger right side angles were observed as a general tendency. In both sexes, significant correlation was detected between measurements on points situated in the inner part of the back, while on points situated in the outer parts only angle and length correlation was significant.     

Anthropometric studies of the long bones of the "shell mound" Indians

The “shell mound” Indians exhibit both sexual and bilateral variations in comparative long bone lengths. Mean long bone lengths are shortest in the Indian group when compared to those reported for both Caucasians and Negroes. The radiohumeral and humero-femoral indices of the “shell mound” Indians are higher than those reported for either Caucasians or Negroes. There is a relatively high degree of anterior-posterior curvature of the femur in the Indian group when compared to the femora of Caucasian and Negroes. There is apparently no correlation between maximum femoral length and trochanter length in comparing right and left sides in either sex. The collo-diaphyseal angles are greater on the average on the left side in both sexes. The femora of male “shell mound” Indians exhibits greater average collo-diaphyseal angles than do the femora of male Caucasians.