荒漠植物种子粘液的生态学意义

种子粘液是在种皮外层细胞的高尔基体内产生并分泌到胞腔内或细胞壁层的吸湿膨胀的一类果胶类多糖物质。具粘液种子的植物大多生长在荒漠地区,广泛存在于十字花科、菊科和车前科等类群中。粘液的存在对荒漠植物种子的扩散、萌发、防御以及幼苗的生长等都具有重要的生态学意义,是荒漠植物适应干旱少雨的生态环境的有效对策之一。对粘液种子的研究不仅可全面揭示荒漠植物的生态适应机制及其进化生态意义,还可为研究基因控制的糖类生物合成和分泌、细胞次生壁的生物合成及形态分化建立理想的模式体系。为此,在广泛查阅相关文献的基础上,该文综合分析了国内外种子粘液的研究进展,并重点探讨了以下几方面问题：（1）种子粘液的化学成分：（2）粘液及粘液种皮的形态特征：（3）粘液细胞分化与粘液生物合成的细胞学及基因调控机制以及粘液的释放方式：（4）种子粘液的生态学意义。在此基础上展望了今后的研究方向,以期为推动我国荒漠植物种子生态学的理论与应用研究及西部荒漠区的植物物种多样性保护和生态保育提供重要理论依据。     

内蒙古高原西部荒漠区锦鸡儿属(Caragana)优势种的形态适应特征

研究内蒙古高原西部荒漠区锦鸡儿属（Caragana）4种优势植物——柠条锦鸡儿、狭叶锦鸡儿、垫状锦鸡儿和荒漠锦鸡儿的地理分布和叶形态适应特征.通过地理分布和生长发育研究发现：4种锦鸡儿均能在阿拉善荒漠区分布和正常生长,它们能够适应阿拉善荒漠区环境.叶形态结构研究表明：狭叶锦鸡儿叶片呈瓦状,在一定程度上阻碍了水分散失和气体交换,缩小受光面积;垫状锦鸡儿叶片卷成筒状,水分散失和气体交换阻力更大,受光面积更小.柠条锦鸡儿密被伏帖绢毛、狭叶锦鸡儿多被灰白色柔毛、垫状锦鸡儿密被绢毛和荒漠锦鸡儿密被直立绢毛,对光线反射能力强,使叶温降低,减少蒸腾.狭叶锦鸡儿和垫状锦鸡儿具有的长条型叶,4种荒漠区锦鸡儿都具有更小的叶面积、更大的厚度/面积比值、更低的叶片生物量和更小的比叶面积（SLA）,减小了蒸腾和受光面积,提高了荒漠区锦鸡儿的保水能力.荒漠区锦鸡儿这些叶片形态特性有利于适应干旱、高温和强辐射的荒漠区环境.叶绿素含量测定和叶色研究结果表明：4种荒漠区锦鸡儿叶绿素含量低,更低的叶绿素含量和密被灰白色柔毛或绢毛导致叶色浅、反光性能好,有利于减少对辐射的吸收,避免强辐射对植物的伤害,同时也使叶温低,减轻高温伤害和水分蒸发,以适应环境.这是荒漠区锦鸡儿适应高光强、高气温、极干旱的荒漠区环境的特性.垫状锦鸡儿和柠条锦鸡儿叶绿素a/b高也是适应强辐射的特性.比较4种荒漠区锦鸡儿的叶形态特性发现,4种荒漠区锦鸡儿植物对荒漠环境的形态适应方式是不同的.     

Sensitivity Analysis of U.S. EPA's Estimates of Skin Cancer Risk from Inorganic Arsenic in Drinking Water

The current U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (USEPA's) risk analysis on the Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) for arsenic in drinking water is based on an epidemiological study of skin cancer in Taiwan. Assumptions used in the USEPA application of the multistage-Weibull model for risk estimation were varied to assess the effect on predicted risk of skin cancer to the U.S. population at arsenic concentrations of 1 to 50?µg/L in drinking water. Among the assumptions tested, the only notable change in risk estimates was a reduction when the arsenic concentration used as representative for Taiwan villages in the low range (<300?µg/L) was increased to the 75th percentile (245?µg/L) in place of the mean used in the USEPA analysis (170?µg/L), but the representative value for Taiwan villages in the high range (≥600?µg/L) was not increased simultaneously to the 75th percentile. Additionally, a simulation study was conducted using records of arsenic measurements in wells from the same period and region of Taiwan as the original study. The exposure-response curve estimated from 60 villages (60 data points) differed only marginally from the outcome when data were summarized into four data points (as in the USEPA skin cancer analysis). Briefly discussed are differences between the study area of Taiwan and the U.S. in nutritional status and consumption of inorganic arsenic in food that might bias predicted U.S. skin cancer risks.     

内蒙古荒漠草原牧户对气候变化的感知和适应

荒漠草原是气候变化影响的脆弱和敏感地区.荒漠草原的牧户主要依赖天然草原维持生计,正面临着严峻的气候变化挑战.本文采用问卷调查的实证分析方法,在获取内蒙古苏尼特右旗荒漠草原牧户对气候变化和极端气候事件感知和适应的第一手资料基础上,分析了荒漠草原牧户对气候变化趋势和极端气候事件感知和适应的现状与行为特征.结果表明:在降水稀少、气象灾害频繁发生的荒漠草原,干旱是影响范围最广、影响程度最深、发生频率最高的极端气候事件;牧户不仅对干旱的敏感度远高于其他极端气候事件,而且对大风、沙尘暴和大雪等极端气候事件的深刻感知伴随着对干旱的感知而产生;相对于长期气候变化的感知,牧户对短期气候变化趋势的感知更深刻、准确,并主要依据近10年气候变化的感知结果来判断较长期气候变化的总体趋势;牧户认为,气候变化在很大程度上影响了牲畜健康和草场产量,但牧户应对气候变化的行为相对单一,且多为自发性被动适应,缺乏行之有效的主动适应.     

Morphological Characteristics of the Dorsal Skin of Two Hynobiids and Their Adaptive Role in Aquatic and Terrestrial Habitats

The morphological characteristics of the dorsal skin of trunk in two species of hynobiid salamanders, Batrachuperus pinchonii and Hynobius chinensis were examined by light microscopy. The basic structures of the skin in the two species are similar and consist of two layers: epidermis and dermis. The epidermis consists of stratum corneum, stratum intermedium and stratum germinativum, while the dermis is composed of a stratum spongiosum and stratum compactum. However, some species-specific variation has been identified(e.g., the distribution of capillary vessels and gland cells, and the thickness of skin). H. chinensis is a terrestrial species and only lives in water during breeding period, but B. pinchonii is aquatic and remains aquatic throughout its lifetime. The differences in the distribution of capillary vessels and gland cells are related to their different habitats, and show a morphological adaptation.     

半干旱黄土高原集水高效旱地农业的发展

黄土高原半干旱区传统水土保持型农业的发展已有数十年的历程,已基本趋于成熟,但对水肥热的菌控能力很低,难于发展高附加值作物生产,因此生产效益低下,难以走上良性怅的轨道,不能解决目前遇到的实际问题,通过近几年来的探索,认为,在不上保持农业的基础上,进一步发展雨养农业最有效的途径不是人工富集天然降水,将富集的降水用于农业生产,可以大大大提高降水的利用效率和生产效益,这就是集水农业,是今后半干旱区雨养农业     

沙生植物沙鞭叶表皮微形态特征及其生态适应性研究

利用光镜对沙生植物沙鞭50个代表种群的叶表皮微形态特征进行了观测、统计和分析,总结了代表种群叶表皮结构的异同,系统探讨了叶表皮微形态特征的分类学及生态适应性意义。结果表明,沙鞭叶表皮由长细胞、短细胞、气孔器细胞和刺毛组成,无微毛、大毛和乳突,表现为典型的狐茅型;脉间长细胞形态和壁波曲程度、短细胞形态和分布式样、气孔器体积大小与分布及副卫细胞形状、以及刺毛形态等在种群间具有明显差异,可将其鉴分为两大类。同时,沙鞭种群叶表皮气孔密度随环境干旱程度的增加而增加,第一类气孔密度大、第二类气孔密度小,这种结构有利于减少其体内水分的散失,进而更好地适应干旱环境,是对荒漠环境的一种微观形态解剖特征性适应。     

影响生物土壤结皮分布的环境因子

生物土壤结皮广泛分布于干旱荒漠地区,在干旱和荒漠生态系统中,有重要的生态功能。然而,并不是所有的干旱荒漠区都有生物土壤结皮的分布。在全球和区域尺度上,生物土壤结皮的分布与年降水、凝结水量和土壤含水量呈正相关趋势;温度对生物土壤结皮分布的影响因组成生物土壤结皮的物种而异。小尺度范围内,生物土壤结皮的分布受土壤类型、质地和养分的限制;维管植物对生物土壤结皮分布的影响,暂没有一致的结论。适度干扰对生物土壤结皮分布和生态功能无明显影响,但高强度干扰导致生物土壤结皮结构、功能和分布的退化与减少。全球变化背景下生物土壤结皮的分布变化、不同区域生物土壤结皮分布和演替的差异机理以及受损后恢复过程中的生态功能,将成为以后工作的重点。     

内蒙古高原荒漠区几种锦鸡儿属(Caragana)优势植物的生理生态适应特性

比较了内蒙古高原荒漠区4种锦鸡儿属(Caragana)优势植物——柠条锦鸡儿、狭叶锦鸡儿、垫状锦鸡儿和荒漠锦鸡儿的生理适应特性。研究发现:4种锦鸡儿属植物中,荒漠锦鸡儿的叶片含水量、束缚水/自由水比值、水势以及水分利用效率最低,气孔导度日变化表现为与气温变化相似的早晚低、中午高的单峰曲线。4种锦鸡儿蒸腾速率日变化状况相似,均在10:00达到最大,以后逐渐降低,但日蒸腾积累值垫状锦鸡儿<荒漠锦鸡儿<柠条锦鸡儿<狭叶锦鸡儿。相比较,柠条锦鸡儿、狭叶锦鸡儿和垫状锦鸡儿对当地的水分条件有良好的适应性,能够保持较好的水分状况,水分亏缺在15%以下,而荒漠锦鸡儿叶水分亏缺日变幅较大,保水能力不及其它3种。渗透调节比较研究发现:荒漠锦鸡儿的渗透势最低,细胞质离子浓度最高,无机渗透调节物产生的渗透势所占的比例也更大,说明其低渗透势的维持主要来自无机渗透调节物质的较多积累。保护酶和自由基比较研究发现:POD和SOD活性荒漠锦鸡儿明显高于其它3个种,但CAT活性在4种植物中无显著差别;叶片自由基含量狭叶锦鸡儿>荒漠锦鸡儿>柠条锦鸡儿>垫状锦鸡儿。这些结果表明:(1)荒漠锦鸡儿对干旱环境的适应方式与其它3种不同,柠条锦鸡儿、狭叶锦鸡儿和垫状锦鸡儿以强保水能力、维持稳定的水分而适应,而荒漠锦鸡儿以更负的渗透势、更高细胞质离子浓度弥补其更多的水分消耗和对水分变化的强耐性而适应,较高的保护酶活性可能是其强耐性的生理基础之一。(2)保水能力弱的锦鸡儿种主要通过无机离子的积累,调节细胞质渗透势,保持水分平衡,这是一种相对节省能量的适应对策。     

30种新疆沙生植物的结构及其对沙漠环境的适应

新疆３０种沙生植物营养器官的解剖学研究表明,它们的形态结构为适应沙漠环境发生相应变化。叶片表面积／体积比普遍小于中生植物;表皮细胞外壁具厚的角质膜,并覆盖毛状体,气孔下陷,具有孔下室;按叶肉结构的差别,３０种沙生植物的叶片可归为正常型、全栅型、环栅型、不规则型、禾草型、退化型等６类。轴器官中普遍具有发达的机械组织,一些植物形成异常结构;根的周皮发达;茎中基本组织／半径比率较大;部分植物形成同化枝,有的茎、叶中存在粘液细胞或结晶。按其适应沙生环境的形态结构特点,可以分为薄叶植物、多浆植物、肉茎植物以及卷叶植物等４类。沙生植物以不同的旱生结构特征和不同的方式适应沙漠环境。     

Gradients of precipitation and ant abundance may contribute to the altitudinal range limit of subsocial spiders: insights from a transplant experiment

Species range boundaries often form along environmental gradients that dictate the success of the phenotypes present in each habitat. Sociality may allow colonization of environments where related species with a solitary lifestyle cannot persist. Social spiders in the genus Anelosimus appear restricted to low- and mid-elevation moist environments in the tropics, while subsocial spiders, common at higher elevations and latitudes, appear to be absent from the lowland tropical rainforest. Here, we seek factors that may simultaneously prevent subsocial Anelosimus species from colonizing the lowland rainforest while favouring species with large social groups in this habitat. To this end, we transplanted small groups of a subsocial species, which contain the offspring of a single female, from cloud forest habitat in the centre of its natural range to lower montane rainforest on the range margin and to lowland rainforest outside of the species range. Groups transplanted at the range margin and below their range limit were less likely to disperse and experienced increased mortality. This was correlated with greater rainfall intensity and ant abundance. We show that protection from rainfall enhances the performance of small groups of spiders in the lowland rainforest, and suggest that predation or disturbance by ants may influence the geographical range limits of this species.