金钱鱼体内惠州长宫吸虫种群动态分析

金钱鱼肠道内的惠州长宫吸虫,随着宿主体长的生长,其感染强度、平均丰盛度、平均拥挤度和宿主体长小于30mm的感染率呈逐渐增加的趋势,而宿主在不同体长组中,除了体长小于30mm以外,其感染率变化相对较稳定;在不同的月份中,吸虫在宿主体内的感染率从2月起呈逐渐下降趋势,感染强度则有逐渐增大倾向;平均丰盛度除从4～7月份有1个明显先上升后下降的变化外,其它月份变化差异不大。从吸虫在宿主体内的频率分布变化中,表明多数宿主不感染或只感染少量的吸虫,而少数宿主感染吸虫数量较大;吸虫种群在不同宿主体长组和不同月份的分布格局类型均为聚集分布,在不同宿主体长组中聚集分布强度随着种群密度增加而增强。       

青海湖裸鲤体腔寄生蠕虫种群动态与宿主食性的关系

对盲囊线虫在青海湖中以锯缘真剑水蚤作为第一中间宿主,舌状绦虫和裂头绦虫都以咸水化镖水蚤和锯缘真剑水蚤作为第一中间宿主,青海湖裸鲤对咸水北镖水蚤的摄食量随体长增加而增加,对锯缘真剑水蚤摄食量随体长增加的变化则不明显。因而提出：舌状绦虫在不同大小的青海湖裸鲤中的种群数量变化不是由于宿主的摄食习性改变引起的。裂头绦虫和对盲囊线虫在青海湖裸鲤中的种群数量随宿主生长而增加的变化与较大宿主对中间宿主的较大摄取量以及它们在宿主体内的积累有关。     

黄鳝体内胃瘤线虫的种群生物学研究

胃瘤线虫幼虫主要寄生于黄鳝的体腔内 ,以包囊形式附着于肠壁及肠系膜等处。该线虫的感染率和感染强度有随宿主体长的增加而增加的趋势 ,但有些波动 ,在体长 35 0— 4 0 0mm的黄鳝中其感染强度先有所下降 ,后又迅速增加 ,体长 4 5 0mm以上的黄鳝其感染率降低。这可能宿主鱼的食性改变及对寄生虫的感染产生免疫力等有关。胃瘤线虫的种群平均丰度随宿主体长的增加而缓慢地增加 ,其种群平均丰度 (M)与宿主体长 (L)符合直线方程M =- 1 0 76 0 0 0 0 85L的变化规律。随着黄鳝体长的增加 ,胃瘤线虫种群在黄鳝中的频率分布的尾增长 ,即黄鳝感染较多线虫所占的比例增加。 4— 5月份黄鳝体内的胃瘤线虫种群组成中以体长较大的虫体 (4 0— 6 0mm)为主。胃瘤线虫种群在宿主黄鳝种群中呈聚集分布 ,且聚集强度随线虫种群平均丰度的增加而增加。     

鳗鲡独孤吸虫种群生物学的研究

黄鳝感染独孤吸虫是一个随机过程。其感染率为２３．５％,感染强度为３．１,３２ｃｍ以下的黄鳝示检出鳗鲡独孤吸虫,３２ｃｍ以上的黄鳝的感染率随宿主的体长增长而增大,但期感染强度无甚差异。鳗鲡独孤吸虫种群主要由体长２￣６ｍｍ的虫体组成,在宿主种群中为聚集分布。鳗鲡独孤吸虫的寄生不引起宿主肥满度的明显差异。     

青海湖裸鲤寄生对盲囊线虫的种群生态研究

对盲囊线虫的三期幼虫寄生在青海湖裸鲁的体腔,以扁平的透明薄囊包被,附于肠壁和肠系膜间,其种群平均密度随突主体长的增加呈指数形式增加,寄生虫种群在突主种群中呈聚集分布,且其聚集强度随寄生虫的种群平均密度增加而增加。这种分布形式与其第一中间突主锯缘真剑水蚤在青海湖中分布的不均匀性和鱼类宿主在生长过程中的食性分化有关。具体机制无法用数学模式描述,感染率的显著增加引起分布的聚集强度降低。     

青海湖裸鲤体腔寄生蠕虫群落研究

青海湖裸鲤体腔为三种寄生蠕虫寄生,即裂头绦虫裂头蚴,舌状绦虫裂头蚴和对盲囊缄虫的三期幼虫,这几种蠕虫不同大小的青海湖裸鲤中数量差异很大,将其看作一个组分群落,并根据其发生数量进行模糊聚类和极点排序,结果将其分为二个亚组分群落,即体长小于１５０ｍｍ的青海湖裸鲤体腔蠕虫亚组分群落和体长大于１５０ｍｍ的个体的体腔蠕虫亚组分群落。这与宿主的行为和食性改变有密切关系,舌状绦虫与另两种蠕虫间有显著负协调关系。     

陕北烟田多异瓢虫空间分布型与抽样技术研究

根据1995年烟田多异瓢虫Hippodamiavariegats（Goeze）调查,计算了6种分布型指数,以及频次拟合优度检验,结果表明：该虫幼虫、蛹在陕北烟田里聚集分布,其聚集强度随种群密度增加而降低,聚集原因是环境差异;卵块分布同时具有聚集和随机的趋势,成虫为随机分布。同时建立了各虫态的理论抽样量公式,估测种群密度公式。     

大型多钩槽绦虫在黄鳝体内寄生的研究

解剖检查了５００尾黄鳝。统计表明：黄鳝感染大型多钩槽绦虫的感染率为７．６％,感染强度是２．７,黄鳝感染此种绦虫为一个随机过程。大型钩槽绦虫在宿主种群中的分布符合负二项分布图式,其负二项分布参数ｋ＝０．０３４５,ｐ＝５．９０７８,长度在５ｃｍ以上的绦虫对宿主的正常生长有影响。     

鲻鱼寄生蠕虫种群和群落组成分析

从1018尾鲻鱼（Mugil cephalus L．）体内获得各类寄生蠕虫9种,共2133个虫体,其中复殖吸虫8种,棘头虫1种。寄生蠕虫总的感染率为24．4％,感染强度1－81,平均感染强度为8．8,平均密度为2．3。鲻长尾吸虫（Elonginus mugilus）和双睾原单脏吸虫（Prohaplanchnus diorchis）的感染率随着宿主体长增加而下降,而楔形单脏吸虫（Haplosplanchnus cuneatus）、长形单脏吸虫（H．elongatus）、浦里单脏吸虫（H．purii）、惠东拟囊腔吸虫（Saccocoelioides huidongensis）、粤东纵睾吸虫（Tandemorchis yuedongensis）、单睾椭宝贵虫（Elliptobursa singlorchis）和圆颚针鱼新棘吻虫（Neoechinorhynchus tylosuri）的感染率与宿主体长相关不显著（P＞0．05）。研究结果还表明,楔形单脏吸虫、长表单脏吸虫、惠东拟囊腔吸虫和浦里单脏吸虫的感染强度则随着宿主体长增加而增大,其余5种寄生蠕虫的感染强度与宿主体长相关性不显著（P＞0．05）,鲻鱼寄生蠕虫在不同月的感染率和种群数量差异,除10月与11月及8月与9月不明显外（P＞0．05）,其余月份之间的差异显著（P＜0．01）。根据感染率和种群密度变化分析,优势种为惠东拟囊腔虫;通过模糊聚类分析,将鲻鱼体内寄生蠕虫组分群落分为3个亚群,宿主体长小于70mm的寄生蠕虫亚组分群落的平均种数、优势度、感染指数、多蠕虫组分群落分为3个亚群,宿主体长小于70mm的寄生蠕虫亚组分群落的平均种数、优势度、感染指数、多样性指标、平均密度和感染强度相对较低;体长于70mm的亚组分群落下值则随体长增加而上升,而平均种数减少。     

额尔齐斯河高体雅罗鱼指环虫种群动态及中国一新记录种（英文）

2009年4月到2012年7月对额尔齐斯河(中国段)高体雅罗鱼鳃部寄生的指环虫进行了取样调查,以期了解该鱼指环虫的种群生态学特点。结果表明,高体雅罗鱼共感染了三种指环虫,分别为号筒指环虫、小刺指环虫、大翼指环虫,该鱼的总感染率为28.47%,平均感染强度为7.39(1—42)。感染率、感染强度在不同体长组的宿主中表现出不同的变化趋势,指环虫的感染率在30 cm以上的宿主中达到最大,为50%,而在L10范围内未发现感染;在不同体长组宿主中指环虫种群的分布类型主要为聚集分布,另外,根据形态学特征鉴定大翼指环虫(Dactylogyrus alatus f.major Linsyow,1878)为我国指环虫属一新记录种,论文对其主要形态特征进行了描述并绘制了特征图,同时与寄生于高体雅罗鱼鳃上的国内已记述指环虫属虫种的主要形态特征作了比较。     

Density-dependent processes in the life history of fishes: evidence from laboratory populations of zebrafish Danio rerio

Population regulation is fundamental to the long-term persistence of populations and their responses to harvesting, habitat modification, and exposure to toxic chemicals. In fish and other organisms with complex life histories, regulation may involve density dependence in different life-stages and vital rates. We studied density dependence in body growth and mortality through the life-cycle of laboratory populations of zebrafish Danio rerio. When feed input was held constant at population-level (leading to resource limitation), body growth was strongly density-dependent in the late juvenile and adult phases of the life-cycle. Density dependence in mortality was strong during the early juvenile phase but declined thereafter and virtually ceased prior to maturation. Provision of feed in proportion to individual requirements (easing resource limitation) removed density dependence in growth and substantially reduced density dependence in mortality, thus indicating that 'bottom-up' effects act on growth as well as mortality, but most strongly on growth. Both growth and mortality played an important role in population regulation, with density-dependent growth having the greater impact on population biomass while mortality had the greatest impact on numbers. We demonstrate a clear ontogenic pattern of change in density-dependent processes within populations of a very small (maximum length 5 mm) fish, maintained in constant homogeneous laboratory conditions. The patterns are consistent with those distilled from studies on wild fish populations, indicating the presence of broad ontogenic patterns in density-dependent processes that are invariant to maximum body size and hold in homogeneous laboratory, as well as complex natural environments.     

Phylogeography and conservation genetics of Lake Qinghai scaleless carp Gymnocypris przewalskii

The objective of this study was to examine the spatial genetic relationships of the Lake Qinghai scaleless carp Gymnocypris przewalskii within the Lake Qinghai system, determining whether genetic evidence supports the current taxonomy of Gymnocypris przewalskii przewalskii and Gymnocypris przewalskii ganzihonensis and whether Gymnocypris przewalskii przewalskii are returning to their natal rivers to spawn. Comparison of mitochondrial (control region) variation (42 haplotypes in 203 fish) of G. przewalskii with the postulated ancestral species found in the Yellow River, Gymnocypris eckloni (10 haplotypes in 23 fish), indicated no haplotype sharing, but incomplete lineage sorting. Consistent with the sub-species status, an AMOVA indicated that the Ganzi River population was significantly different from all other river populations (F(ST) = 0·1671, P < 0·001). No genetic structure was found among the other rivers in the Lake Qinghai catchment. An AMOVA of amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) loci, however, revealed significant genetic differences between most spawning populations (F(ST) = 0·0721, P < 0·001). Both mitochondrial and AFLP data found significant differences among G. p. przewalskii, G. p. ganzihonensis and G. eckloni (F(ST) values of 0·1959 and 0·1431, respectively, P < 0·001). Consistent with the incomplete lineage sorting, Structure analysis of AFLP loci showed evidence of five clusters. One cluster is shared among all sample locations, one is unique to G. p. ganzihonensis and G. eckloni, and the others are mostly found in G. p. przewalskii. Genetic evidence therefore supports the current taxonomy, including the sub-species status of G. p. ganzihonensis, and is consistent with natal homing of most Lake Qinghai populations. These findings have significant implications for the conservation and management of this unique and threatened species. The evidence suggests that G. p. przewalskii should be treated as a single population for conservation purposes. Exchangeability of the populations, however, should not be used to promote homogenization of fish spawning in the different rivers. As some degree of genetic divergence was detected in this study, it is recommended that the spawning groups be treated as separate management units.     

布哈河青海湖裸鲤鱼苗鱼卵的时空分布研究

2008年7月1日到10月7日,使用水文过河缆道及圆锥网接滤过式集苗器进行采样,对青海湖布哈河鱼类早期资源的时空分布进行了研究,以期了解青海湖裸鲤的自然繁殖状况,为其资源监测及生态保护提供基础性资料。结果表明:布哈河中鱼类早期资源种类单一,主要为青海湖裸鲤,采样期间有多次苗汛,主要苗汛出现于7月份,9月上旬仅有小规模苗汛;鱼苗平均密度3.17ind.·m^-3,最高达54ind.·m^-3;晚上鱼苗密度(22:00-22:10)与下午鱼苗密度(14:00-14:10)有显著性差异(df=98,P<0.05);青海湖裸鲤的鱼卵在上层平均密度为0.075ind.·m^-3,下层平均密度0.175ind.·m^-3,两者亦存在显著性差异(df=10,P<0.05);鱼苗的漂流运动主要集中在晚上;总体上看,鱼苗主要分布在河流上层,有近岸分布的趋势,而鱼卵则主要分布在河流下层,接近河流中央位置;鱼苗断面系数为0.43,鱼卵断面系数为2.32。     

环境因子对荒漠沙蜥种群密度影响的研究

本文研究人类改造荒漠的活动,植被,潜在的可利用的食物资源,竞争种的密度,土壤理化性质等坏境因子对荒漠沙蜥种群密度的影响。结果说明：人类的活动对沙蜥种群密度没有显著影响;决定沙蜥种群密度的主导因子是潜在的可利用的食物资源,植被,土壤含水量,竞争种的密度。这些因子的任何改变都能改变沙蜥的种群密度,均具有调节种群的作用。     

食蚊鱼鳃上台湾棘带吸虫囊蚴内种群的月变化

1993年7月-1994年6月,作者对食蚊鱼鳃上台湾棘带吸虫囊蚴内种群的变化进行了为期12个月的研究,结果表明:食蚊鱼种群数量和种群重量的月变化相似,但两者与水温没有相关性;食蚊鱼种群的体长结构呈季节性动态变化规律;食蚊鱼的感染与其自身的生长紧密相关,感染率、感染强度表现出了与体长相似的变化趋势;中间的两组鳃片寄生的囊蚴较多,不同鳃片组囊蚴平均密度的月变化规律一致,食蚊鱼任何两个鳃片组分布的台湾棘带吸虫囊蚴的平均数差异都显著(P0.001);囊蚴在食蚊鱼鳃上的分布为聚集分布。       

Density- and size-dependent mortality of a settling coral-reef damselfish (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Pomacentrus moluccensis</Emphasis> Bleeker)

Density-dependent mortality may regulate many populations, but due to an offshore larval phase in benthic marine organisms, it is often difficult to quantify the effects of mortality of arriving individuals. We added approximately 600 recruit-sized individuals onto coral reef that parallels patterns in naturally settling fish. Strong, positive density-dependent mortality occurred 3 days, 1–2 weeks, and 4 months after release. Since our study species was patchily distributed, we estimated both mean group size and overall density in a transect. Mortality was more strongly related to mean group size than overall density in a transect, indicating that recruit patchiness was important. Cohesive groups may suffer higher mortality than those spread over larger areas, even if overall density of the latter is greater. Aggregative responses of predators may occur in response to larger groups, so may have contributed to positive density-dependent mortality. Increased conspicuousness to predators and congeneric aggression are additional factors that may vary positively with group size. Tagging of recruits showed migration within but not between transects, so persistence was tantamount to survival. Standard otolith back-calculation techniques employed to reconstruct original size of tagged recruits that persisted 4 months after additions indicated that mortality was also size-dependent. Size-dependent mortality was apparent at the site with the highest mortality but not at the site with the lowest mortality, resulting in different mean body sizes of recruits between sites. Size-dependent mortality may influence estimation of growth and lead to onset of size-based maturity in these fish. Strong, positive density-dependent mortality may regulate recruitment, and if coupled with size-dependent mortality, may increase maturity rate, adding to reproductive schedules of those that survive.     

青海湖裸鲤不同年龄鉴定材料的年轮特征

通过各种年龄鉴定材料比较研究了青海湖裸鲤的年轮特征。微耳石和星耳石可用于鉴定年龄,而矢耳石易碎,不适合鉴定年龄。4种年龄鉴定材料对青海湖裸鲤年龄的判别能力为:背鳍条>微耳石>臀鳞>脊椎骨。对8龄以下个体,用背鳍条磨片鉴定年龄效果较佳;对8龄以上个体,臀鳞、背鳍条磨片和脊椎骨上的年轮计数明显低于微耳石磨片,微耳石磨片是高龄青海湖裸鲤较为可靠的年龄鉴定材料。       

Demography of a population of Moina micrura kurz (Crustacea: Cladocera) in a temporary pond,peninsula of paraguaná, Venezuela

A population of M. micrura Kurz from a shallow, muddy and temporary pond, located in Peninsula of Paraguaná, western Venezuela, was studied from filling to drying phase. Population density, age structure, fecundity, and length of females, were determined. This population showed a low population density (< 50 ind/1), a low and density-dependent fecundity (mean eggs/adults = 1.3; mean clutch size = 2.1 eggs + embryos), and low juveniles to adults ratio (0.71). No significant correlation was detected between mean clutch size and mean body length of ovigerous females. Our results suggest effects of food limitations, and fish predation on demographic parameters of this population. Still, in unfavourable conditions, some demographics features associated to opportunistic species were evident.