利用生物效应比评价利咽丹质量的方法研究

目的:测定利咽丹(Liyan Dan,LYD)及其药效组分(active components alignment,ACA)抗Ⅰ型单纯疱疹病毒(HSV-Ⅰ)的生物效应比,探讨使用药效组分标准生物效价表述中药质量的新鉴定方法。方法:用MTT染色法检测对HSV-Ⅰ所致细胞病变(cytopathogenoc effect,CPE)的抑制作用,用HPLC和UV法检测药效组分。用利咽丹及其药效组分对感染HSV-Ⅰ的细胞保护率(protective percent,PP)计算其生物效应比(biologlical effect ratio,BER)。BERS=PPS／PPACA(药物对细胞的保护率／药效组分对细胞的保护率;药物浓度2-x mg/mL)。结果:利咽丹有抑制HSV-Ⅰ所致CPE的活性,其生物效应比为1．16。结论:中药及其药效组分的生物效应比可以反映和揭示其品质的内涵,该指标可以客观地表述中药疗效的本质。本研究提出了中药品质研究的新思路和方法,引入了生物效应比和药效组分的新概念。中药药效组分生物效应质量鉴定方法如下:第一,建立药效组分标准生物效应作为效应标准;第二,按照药效组分生物效应标准的检测方法测定供试品;第三,按照公式计算生物效应比(BERS=PPS／PPACA)。中药药效组分质量评价生物效应比标准:1≥BERS≥0．9时,为合格药品;BERS>1时为优质药品;BERS<0．9时为不合格药品。此质量评价方法比仅依靠一种或两种化学成分含量来评价质量要更科学。     

庆丰霉素光电比色效价测定

庆丰霉素的效价测定是用生物法,需要一定的设备。我们研究了用光电比色法测定庆丰霉素的效价的条件。与生物法测定相比较,光电比色测定的效价稍微偏低。现报告如下。     

微生物比浊法测定妥布霉素地塞米松眼膏的效价

目的:分析微生物比浊法在测定妥布霉素地塞米松眼膏的效价。方法:分别使用三种方式测定妥布霉素地塞米松眼膏的含量,分别是微生物比浊法、管碟法以及高效相色谱法。结果:妥布霉素效价测定的线性区间在0.4至1.0U·mL-1之间,RDS为0.96%。结论:微生物比浊法的操作相对便捷,测量的结果也更为准确,能够广泛使用在产品的质量控制操作上。     

水稻品种中抗褐飞虱抗原次生物质的分析

借助高效液相色谱(HPLC)技术,研究了130份对褐飞虱生物型Ⅱ具有不同抗性水平的水稻样品(26个品种)中13个次生物质含量(峰面积)的差异;运用主成分分析和多元回归分析,建立了水稻品种抗性级别的预测模型：Y=3．4593-0．02491X1+0．08475X2-0．04227X8+0．1174X12结果表明,水稻的抗性水平与峰面积值之间极显著相关(r^2=0．84,P<0．01),峰1、峰2、峰8、峰12对应的次生化合物是影响水稻对褐飞虱生物型Ⅱ抗性水平的主要抗原次生化合物;水稻品种中起抗虫作用的抗原次生物质不止一种,而是几种的组合,而且它们对水稻抗虫性的贡献权重是不完全相同的．     

绢丝丽蚌年龄与生长的研究

绢丝丽蚌一年生长一个生长轮。年轮可肉眼观察贝壳外表面凹陷的生长轮来鉴定,用纵剖贝壳明暗相间层数与打磨后观察棱柱层和珍珠层上的生长轮来验证。绢丝丽蚌10龄以前生长较快,10龄以后生长逐渐减慢。10龄以前年龄(A)与壳长(L)呈直线相关,年龄与壳重(Ws)、体重(W)均呈幂函数相关,其10龄以前的方程式分别为：L=0．8980A 0．8600(r=0．9883),Ws=1．0175A^2.3399(r=0．9997),W=1．3188A^2.3333=0．9997)。10龄以后年龄与壳长、壳重和体重均呈直线相关,其回归方程式分别为：L=0．1817A 7．9085(r=0．9813),Ws=10．7720A 61．1930(r=0．9902),W=13．6960A 78．8690(r=0．9903)。壳长与壳重、体重之间均呈幂函数相关,其相关方程式分别为：Ws=0．6303L^2.4846(r=0．9999),W=0．8181L^2.4775(r=0．9999)。壳重与体重之间呈线性相关,其回归方程式为：W=0．3560 1．2744Ws(r=0．9999)。     

江华苦茶资源的氨基酸组分含量及组成分析

以江华苦茶群体资源为实验材料,用高效液相色谱法,分析检测53个单株的18种氨基酸组分的含量,并对所得数据进行必要分析。结果表明,18种氨基酸组分的含量在不同单株间差异很大,整体变异系数较大,资源变异类型较多,在育种上的选择范围大;对茶树资源中含量较高五个组分进行相关关系分析,发现茶氨酸含量与大量氨基酸含量间存在极显著相关关系,茶氨酸含量与氨基酸总量间存在极显著相关关系,大量氨基酸含量与氨基酸总量之间存在极显著相关关系。     

年龄相关性白内障晶状体脂质过氧化及抗氧化能力的变化

摘要目的：观察年龄相关性白内障晶状体中脂质过氧化及抗氧化能力的变化,探讨脂质过氧化与年龄相关性白内障的关系。方法：选择2010年8月至2011年10月我院收治的年龄相关性白内障患者35例（35眼）和透明晶状体15例（15眼）作为白内障纽和对照组,测定其维生素C（VitC）、脂质过氧化物丙二醛（MDA）含量及超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性的改变。结果：与对照组相比,白内障组晶状体内VitC含量和SOD酶活性均显著下降,分别降低了39．30％（P〈0．01）和63．50％（P〈0．01）,MDA含量较明显升高（P〈O．01）。Pearson相关分析显示,对照组透明晶状体中MDA含量与SOD活性、VitC含量均呈显著负相关（r=-0．858,P〈0．01;r-=．0．883,P〈0．01）,而白内障组晶状体中三者未发现明显的直线相关关系（P〉0．05）。结论：脂质过氧化参与了年龄相关性白内障的形成,SOD和VitC对晶状体氧化损伤具有一定的保护作用。     

一种妥布拉霉素产生菌初筛方法的建立

从金黄色葡萄球菌１００１出发,选育到一株对妥布拉霉素和卡那霉素耐药而对阿泊拉霉素敏感的突变株１００１－１１。以金黄色葡萄球菌１００１－１１和对上述三种抗生素均敏感的枯草杆菌６３５０１为测定菌,建立了一种能同时检测妥布拉霉素产生菌菌落琼脂柱总效价和组分相对含量的初筛方法。     

薄层层析-紫外分光光度法测定十全大补胶囊中芍药苷含量

目的 建立薄层层析-紫外分光光度法测定十全大补胶囊中芍药苷含量的方法。方法 使用硅胶GF254薄层板,醋酸乙酯：甲酸：冰醋酸：水(30：2：2：4)为展开剂,在紫外光灯(254nm)下定位,230nm波长处检测。结果 点样量在25～125μg范围内呈现良好的线性关系,其回归方程为Y=0．004658C-0．01959,r=0．9994,平均回收率为99．20％,RSD=1．19％。结论 本法准确,适用于该药的质量控制。     

硫酸西梭霉素微生物检定法研究

以短小芽孢杆菌为检定菌,比较了培养基原料对抑菌圈的影响,进行了检定菌的分离和敏感活性测定,标准曲线的可倍限率检测;一剂量和二剂量法的可靠性试验;样品效价测定和统计分析,确认我们建立的硫酸西梭霉素的生测方法是准确、可行的。＊ｐ＜０．００１）,试品间和偏离平行不显著（＊ｐ＞０．０５）,可倍限率小于５％,本实验成立。按ｎ次实验结果合并计算,处理２＃、３＃两批样品的实验结果,见表４。经统计分析,２＃样品标定效价为６２９ｕｇ／ｍｇ,可倍限率４．１９％。３＃样品标定效价５７９ｕｇ／ｍｇ,可倍限率３．７１％。３结论３．１硫酸西梭霉素生物效价测定,美国药典［１］以表皮葡萄球菌作检定菌。我们用短小芽孢杆菌作检定菌,抑菌圈清晰,菌液易于保藏,测定结果准确,复现性强。因此,短小芽孢杆菌可作为硫酸西梭霉素的检定菌,培养时间１４～１６小时,培养温度３５～３７℃。３．２采用标准曲线法和二剂量法进行生物效价测定。前者标准品溶液校正点为５ｕｇ／ｍｌ,后者标准品溶液浓度分别为１０ｕｇ／ｍｌ,５ｕｇ／ｍｌ,剂距比２：１。３．３试验结果表明,培养基的原料直接影响检定菌的生长和样品扩散,从而影响抑菌圈的大小和清晰程度。蛋白陈和琼脂的质量尤为重量。?     

Ectogenesis and the case against the right to the death of the foetus

Ectogenesis, or the use of an artificial womb to allow a foetus to develop, will likely become a reality within a few decades, and could significantly affect the abortion debate. We first examine the implications for Judith Jarvis Thomson’s violinist analogy, which argues for a woman’s right to withdraw life support from the foetus and so terminate her pregnancy, even if the foetus is granted full moral status. We show that on Thomson’s reasoning, there is no right to the death of the foetus, and abortion is not permissible if ectogenesis is available, provided it is safe and inexpensive. This raises the question of whether there are persuasive reasons for the right to the death of the foetus that could be exercised in the context of ectogenesis. Eric Mathison and Jeremy Davis have examined several arguments for this right, doubting that it exists, while Joona Räsänen has recently criticized their reasoning. We respond to Räsänen’s analysis, concluding that his arguments are unsuccessful, and that there is no right to the death of the foetus in these circumstances.     

On the diversity of the Cladocera in the tropics

The mythical concept of an impoverished tropical cladoceran fauna is refuted. On a planetary scale, around half of the cladoceran species presently known occur exclusively in the tropics-subtropics, often with considerable restriction to particular geographical subzones. On a regional (political) scale, the situation is often unclear because of the continued fragmentary nature of studies, and because political units are not a good basis for biogeographical comparisons. At the finest level of resolution (lake-perlake comparisons), there appears to be an upper limit of c. 50 cladoceran species per individual lake. No significant difference between lakes in the temperate zone and in the tropics could be established here. Daphnia is largely absent from the tropics, but is replaced by more Sidids, Moinids, and Bosminids, such that the average cladoceran community in the limnetic zone of a tropical lake is not characterized by less species but rather by lower population densities. This, in turn, is considered a consequence of higher prevalent predation levels in the tropics.     

Tubular networks in the terminal endings of the visual receptor cells in the human,the monkey,the cat and the dog

Summary A tubular network was found in the terminal endings of the visual receptor cells in the human, the monkey (Macaca mulatta), the cat and the dog. These tubules are arranged in close groups in the vicinity of the synaptic lamellae and the invaginated dendrites. According to the form, diameter, density of the tubules and to the consistence of the network formed by them one can distinguish at these places an initial type (type I), a transitory (type II) and a vesicular one (type III). In the the type III branching, bizarre forms are frequent. The diameter of all the tubules reaches 500–600 Å, their density and walls being the same as in the synaptic vesicles.Similar networks also occur in the axons of the visual receptor cells of the monkey.

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Zusammenfassung In den Endigungen der Photorezeptorzellen von Mensch, Affe (Macaca mulatta), Katze und Hund kommen aus Tubuli bestehende Komplexe vor. Organellenartig in geschlossenen Gruppen angeordnet, liegen sie in Nähe der synaptischen Lamellen und der invaginierten Dendriten. An diesen Stellen kann man nach Form, Durchmesser, Dichte und Konsistenz der von den Tubuli gebildeten Komplexe drei Typen unterscheiden: 1. einen initialen (Typus I), 2. einen Übergangstypus (Typus II) und 3. einen vesiculären Typus (Typus III). In letzterem kommen häufig verzweigte, bizarre Formen vor. Der Durchmesser sämtlicher Tubuli erreicht 500–600 Å. Ihre Dichte und ihre Wand gleicht denen der synaptischen Vesikel.Ähnliche Komplexe fanden wir auch in den Axonen der Photorezeptorzellen vom Affen.

     

Assessing the Physiological State of the Fucoids from the Barents Sea Littoral by the End of the Polar Night

Methods of amperometry and potentiometric titration were used to follow dark respiration (DR) and apparent photosynthesis (AP) in the fucoids Ascophyllum nodosum (L.) Le Jol, Fucus vesiculosus L., and F. serratus L. from the Barents Sea littoral by the end of the 40-day-long polar night. The macroalgae were shown to manifest species-specific low rates of photosynthesis and respiration. However, in spite of their low photosynthetic status due to the effects of subzero temperature and prolonged low or zero illumination, the macroalgae have been able to restore DR and AP to the initial level already by the day 9; the ability to restore AP depended on the level of illumination. The study of the changes in the carbonate–bicarbonate system in the light and darkness demonstrated that the macroalgae grown in darkness, in contrast to those grown in twilight, could absorb bicarbonate in darkness; however, they lost this capacity after two-day-long illumination at an irradiance of 7 mol/(m² s). Bicarbonate uptake in darkness and the capacity to restore the systems of photosynthesis and respiration in fucoid cells are discussed in the context of algal energy metabolism under the polar night conditions.     

Arranging the elements of the potassium channel: the T1 domain occludes the cytoplasmic face of the channel

The voltage-gated potassium channel is currently one of the few membrane proteins where functional roles have been mapped onto specific segments of sequence. Although high-resolution structures of the transmembrane portions of three bacterial potassium channels, the tetramerization domain and the cytoplasmic ball are available, their relative spatial arrangement in mammalian channels remains a matter of ongoing debate. Cryo-electron microscopic images of the six transmembrane voltage-gated Kv channel have been reconstructed at up to 18 Å resolution, revealing that the T1 domain tetramerizes and is suspended below the transmembrane segments. However, the resolution of these images is insufficient to reveal the location of the third piece of the puzzle, the inactivating ball domain. We have used the aberrant interactions observed in a series of chimæric channels to establish that an assembled T1 domain restricts access to the cytoplasmic face of the channel, suggesting that the N-terminal ball and chain may be confined in the space between the T1 domain and the transmembrane portion of the channel.     

Feeding the vertebrate retina from the Cambrian to the Tertiary

The retina of the vertebrate eye is metabolically active and requires nutritive support. During the last 540 million years it has evolved into forms as complicated and nutritionally demanding as those found in avian or primate eyes. Diffusion from the choroid is generally able to supply the metabolic needs of thin retinae. However, when the thickness exceeds the limits of diffusion, structures are needed to supplement the vascular supply from the choroid. These supplemental nutritive devices include the choroidal gland, the falciform process and preretinal vascular plexus of fish, the conus papillaris of lizards, the pecten oculi of birds, the intraretinal vessels of mammals and a few novel systems that remain difficult to classify. These vascular systems are among the most variable features of the vertebrate eye. Here, we review classical and recent findings regarding such retinal nutrition systems, propose a three category classification for them based on histologic origins and speculate on the evolutionary forces which drove their development.     

Observations on the permeability of the choriocapillaris of the eye

Summary The choriocapillaris is a fenestrated capillary bed located posterior to the retinal pigment epithelium. It serves as the main source of supply to the photoreceptors, retinal pigment epithelium, and other cells of the outer retina. The permeability of these capillaries to intravenously injected ferritin (MW — approx. 480,000; mol. diam. 11 nm) was examined in the mouse, rabbit, and guinea pig, each of which is characterized by a different type of retinal vascularization. In all three species, the bulk of the ferritin remained in the capillary lumina, where it appeared to be blocked at the level of the diaphragmed fenestrae. Some ferritin was present in endothelial cell vacuoles. The results confirm previous work on the rat choriocapillaris and indicate that the barrier function of the choriocapillary endothelium is present even among species in which the retinal circulation differs significantly.Supported by NIH grant EY03418     

Separation of the pineal vesicle from the wall of the third ventricle during the post-hatching development of the chicken

Summary According to light- and electron-microscopic observations the pineal organ of the 3-day-old chicken consists of a prominent end vesicle and a tapering parenchymal stalk. During this stage the pineal lumen is in open communication with the third ventricle. However, in the 40-day-old chicken, which still possesses a well-developed end vesicle, the proximal portion of the pineal stalk displays regressive changes leading to local fragmentation. At this stage the pineal stalk is reduced, and the pineal lumen is missing. In 1-year-old chickens the parenchyma of the proximal portion of the stalk is further diminished, and in 3-year-old domestic fowl is completely displaced by bundles of collagenous fibers, only some nerve fibers being present. This post-hatching pineal development may reflect the sequence of changes leading from pineal sense organs to pineal glands.This work was supported by a grant-in-aid for Scientific Research from the Ministry of Education, Science and Culture of Japan