大麦G—显带核型的研究

本文报道了 ASG 法处理的三个栽培大麦(Hordeum Vulgare)品种 G-带的核型研究。结果表明无论是早中期或中期染色体都显示出了密切邻近的、多重的 G-带带纹。在有丝分裂过程中染色体愈浓缩带纹数目愈少。同源染色体之间带纹分布的位置、染色深浅以及带纹数目都基本一致,可以较为准确地进行配对。同一分裂时期不同染色体的 G-带带纹各具一定的特点,可以作为鉴别的标记。讨论了显带技术和中期染色体的 G-带等问题。     

玉米染色体G-带ASG法显带的研究

两个自交系的根尖染邑体经ASG法处理显出了G-带。王米G-带沿整个染色体长轴分布,是一些密切邻近的多重带纹。无论有丝分裂的晚前期、早中期或中期染色体都有这类带纹。每一对同源染色体的两成员G-带带型基本相似,不同染色体或同一染色体的不同区域带纹具有一定的差异。ASG处理前用α-溴萘或放线菌素D预处理都可显出G-带。本文讨论了玉米G-带与哺乳动物G-带的相似点以及用ASG法进行玉米G-带显带应注意的技术问题。     

家猪减数分裂粗线期二价体与有丝分裂中期染色体的比较研究

以性成熟公猪睾丸和外周血为材料,采用长低渗、高氯仿卡诺固定液固定和外周血细胞培养制备减数分裂粗线期二价体和有丝分裂中期染色体,通过对二价体和有丝分裂中期染色体分裂指数和长度的比较研究,发现二价体的分裂指数和长度分别是有丝分裂中期染色体的5倍和3.42倍(1.87～5.98);同时以12号染色体为例, 比较了二价体上的染色粒结构带与有丝分裂中期染色体G-带,表明染色粒结构带比中期染色体G-带带纹丰富,而与早中期G-带带纹吻合。 Abstract:Meiotic pachytene bivalents were obtained from porcine testes using prolonged hypotonic treatment combined with high chloroform Carnory's fixative solution. Mitotic metaphase chromosomes were prepared from blood cell culture. Comparative studies on division index and length of pachytene bivalents and mitosis metaphase chromosomes showed that those of the former are 5 times higher and 3.42(1.87～5.98) times longer than the latter, respectively. Chromomere maps of bivalents are more abundant than mitotic metaphase G-bands, while they are correspondent with mitotic early-metaphase G-bands. The result was found by using the chromosome 12 as a sample.     

植物染色体G-带的初步研究

本文首次报道了川百台(Lilium davidii)、华山松(Pinus armardii)和七叶一枝花(Paris polyphylla)等植物染色体G-带研究结果。本试验的G-带与以往的C-带不同,C-带每条染色体上一般只有1-4条带,多分布在着丝点附近,而G-带则多达几十条,分布在整条染色体上,带纹清晰,前期染色体带呈颗粒状,中期染色体呈明显的带状,与哺乳动物染色体G-带很相似。G-带的数目取决于染色体浓缩的程度。前期染色体带纹数目是中期的三倍,接近人类高分辨带水平。对G-带带纹采用了自动光谱分析,波峰数值与带纹相符。作者同时介绍了胰酶法在植物染色体G-带中的应用。认为此方法既适合动物亦适用于植物。但植物G-带显示的关键可能不在胰酶法本身,而在合适的分裂时期及染色体处理技术。     

玉米染色体G—带带型的研究

本文对3个玉米自交系,及其中两个自交系的杂交F_1有丝分裂早中期染色体的G-带带型进行了比较研究。所有的供试材料G-显带的染色体上都具有两种类型的带纹,我们称A型带和B型带。A型带为沿染色体长轴分布,较细的,密切邻近的多重带纹。不同自交系的A型带带型基本相同,杂交F_1的A型带无明显的异型性。非同源染色体间带型各不相同,某些染色体具有易于识别,特征性较强的A型带标记。B型带一般为深染色的大带,位于染色体的近端区。同一自交系每两个同源染色体的B型带可以配对,不同自交系B型带带型互有不同。杂交F_1某些染色体上的B型带带型异型性明显。具异型性的染色体对中一成员的带型与一个亲本相似,另一成员与另一亲本相似。比较对同一细胞先后作G-和C-显带处理的结果表明,B型带和C-带是相同的。     

节节麦细胞不同分裂时期和阶段的G—带核型及其变动性分析

采用改良的ASG法获得了中期和3个染色体凝缩程度不同的早中期阶段（分别称为早中期Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ）染色体的G-带,并进行了G-带核型和变动性分析。所分析的分裂时期和阶段,每条染色体的全长显示出了密切邻近的多重的带纹,带纹细窄、大小较相近,带间区小,带纹分布较密集而均匀。随着有丝分裂进程推进,染色体的带纹数目减少,早中期Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ于中期单倍染色体组的G-带带纹总数分别减少41%、36%、28%,而染色体组的绝对长度分别缩短43%、37%、27%,带数减少幅度与染色体长度缩短的幅度几乎相等。早中期Ⅰ至早中期Ⅱ、Ⅲ和早中期Ⅱ至早中期Ⅲ的带纹减少幅度与染色体长度缩短幅度也基本一致。染色体组中各染色体之间带纹减少和染色体缩短的比例不尽相同,有一定的变幅。早中期Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ和中期染色体组中每单位绝对长度的带数（带/μm）分别为2.19、2.22、2.32和2.29,差异不大。对节节麦G-带的特性等问题进行了讨论。     

中国家猪高分辨G—带及模式图

采用氨甲喋呤或胸苷阻断法使细胞分裂同步化,并结合胰酶G-带技术,对中国7个家猪品种高分辨G-带进行了研究,发现家猪品种间带型基本一致,从而参照人类细胞遗传学命名法的国际体制,提出了中国家猪高分辨G-带标准化核型及模式图,对显带核型界标进行了少许修改,对每对染色体进行了区带划分和描述。单倍染色体组所显示的G-带数目,包括X和Y染色体,巳达444条,近于中期染色体带纹数目的两倍。     

BrdU处理的鱼类染色体高分辨G-带带型分析

本文应用鱼类染色体高分辨G-带技术,重点将黄鳝培养细胞具不同长度染色体的正中期分裂相做成G-带核型加以比较分析。随着染色体长度的增加,带纹数目也增加。但增加是有限度的。染色体带纹数目的增加,明显地表现在深染带再分为若干亚带。当染色体从前期向中、后期过渡收缩变短时,一些亚带融合为原来数目的带。染色体上各个带的收缩程度、收缩时间是不均等的。实验证明大剂量的BrdU不仅能阻断鱼类细胞于中S期,也可使染色体伸长、小剂量的伸长作用不明显。最后讨论了BrdU处理与G-显带的关系、染色体带纹数目相对恒定以及染色体伸长缩短问题。     

家蚕染色体复制区带的初步显示

该文采用家蚕Bomoyx mori活体注射BrdU结合FPG(fluorochrome photolyusis Giem-sa)显带方法,以生殖腺为材料,成功显示出家蚕有丝分裂中期染色体复制带。由于处于S-期的细胞有早有晚,且同一细胞DNA各片段的复制亦有先后,因此BrdU掺入DNA合成的时间也有所不同,从而可产生出早、中、晚复制带型。BrdU掺入时间早,则会在家蚕部分染色体上出现大面积浅染带纹的早复制带。每一染色体皆有其独特的带纹特征,据此可初步将它与其它染色体相互区分;随着BrdU掺入时间的推后,染色体上会出现深浅交替、丰富的带纹,即中复制带型;至S-期DNA合成晚期掺入BrdU,最终染色体出现以深染带纹为主,浅染带纹仅出现于少数染色体的中部、近中部或端部的晚复制带。     

中国科学家绘制籼稻高质量参考基因组序列图谱

2005年多国合作的国际水稻(Oryza sativa)基因组测序项目绘制了粳稻(O.sativa subsp.japonica)品种日本晴的参考基因组序列。最近,中国科学家发布了2个籼稻(O.sativa subsp.indica)品种(明恢63和珍汕97)的高质量参考基因组序列,为籼稻的功能基因组学研究和分子育种应用提供了便利。     

Studies on G-Banding Karyotype in Barley (Hordeum vulgare)

G-banding karyotypes of three cultivars in barley were analyzed. Multiple closely adjacent G-bands were able to be observed in each early metaphase or metaphase chromosome treatted by an ASG method. The more concentrated the chromosome, the less was the number of G-bands during mitosis. The position of band distribution, staining degree and band numbers between homologous chromosomes were basically identical. Chromosome pairing for karyotype analysis could be carried out more accurately. G-banding patterns of different chromosome pairs were not the same, they could be used as the markers to distinguish one from another chromosome pair. During the same mitotic stage the banding patterns including number, relative position and staining degree of the bands between different cultivars were basically the same, but they had differences in the size and staining degree of some bands near centromeres. G-banding technique and G-banding of metaphase chromosomes were discussed.     

Chromosome organisation in the Australian plague locust,Chortoicetes terminifera

In Chortoicetes terminifera, G-banding, produced by the trypsin treatment of air-dried slides followed by Giemsa staining, leads to light staining gaps at the secondary constrictions on autosomal pair 6 and regions proximal to the centromere on the long arms of pair 4. The variable short arms of two of the three smallest pairs were usually flared and lightly stained after treatment. In contrast to the relatively minor response of the normal chromosome set to G-banding, the large supernumerary chromosomes of C. terminifera show a spectacular series of dark bands alternating with lightly stained gaps. Two G-band variants of the B-chromosome were found in a laboratory stock. These patterns of G-banding are discernable both at mitosis in adults and embryos of both sexes and at all stages of male meiosis. Some regions which are gaps after G-banding appear as dark bands after C-banding. Consequently the supernumerary chromosome is mainly darkly stained with C-banding. In addition the centromeres and some telomeres are C-banded along with narrow interstitial bands and polymorphic heterochromatic blocks. — C-banding was not always successful, the technique often yields a mixture of G- and C-banding. The disparity of banding between the normal complement and the B-chromosome implies that whatever the source of origin of the B it has undergone spectacular changes in organisation since its origin.     

An approach to the G-Banding Technique in Rye Chromosome

The G-banding technique has not yet been broken through in studying plant chromosomes. in this paper, we have described a new banding method in Secale cereale. The rye root tips were treated with actinomycin D (40-100 μg/ml) for two hours and with colchicine (0.01%) for 0.5 hour and then fixed with methanol-acetic acid (3:1). After cell wall degradation by cellulase and pectinase, the chromosome sample were made by a hypotonic and flame-drying method (hypotonic treatment→preparation of cell suspension→dropping suspension on slide flame-drying). Following an air-drying period of about a week, the slides were incubated in trypsin-EDTA solution (0.01–0.05%) at 30℃ for 10–15 sec. and subsequently stained with Giemsa. Lots of deep stained bands along the arms of many prophase and late prophase chromosomes were seen. The position of them was obviously different from that of the C-band and the number of them was approximately in proportion to the longitude of chromosomes. Such bands were not seen in metaphase chromosomes. We thought it preferable to use prophase chromosomes to probe G-banding technique in plant and this paper has proposed a possible way for studying G-banding technique in plant chromosome. We also discuss why metaphase chromosomes of plant do not show G-bands.     

The characterization of high-resolution G-banded chromosomes of man

The detailed characterization of G-banding patterns of high resolution human chromosomes has been possible with the utilization of a refined cell synchronization technique which routinely yields a large number of excellent quality cells in late prophase, prometaphase, early metaphase, and mid-metaphase. These mitotic cells exhibit up to a 400% increase in the number of bands previously visualized by standard methods. From studies of the banding patterns, it has become evident that the G-positive and, to some extent, the G-negative bands of mid-metaphase results from a coalescence of finer subbands of earlier stages and that each band and its corresponding subbands maintain a constant location throughout the process of chromosome condensation. A precise schematic representation of the number, position, height and staining intensity of bands is presented for the five largest chromosomes of the complement at the four mitotic stages.     

The human complement after trypsin pretreatment as compared to the Paris standard.

A composite G-banding diagram after trypsin pretreatment of metaphase chromosomes from 5 different individuals (2 males and 3 females) is presented and compared with the Paris diagram. The patterns obtained by the present technique were very similar to those previously reported. It was found that the darkly staining bands were much more consistent in appearance than the lightly staining bands and that there was little individual variation.     

High resolution G-banded chromosomes of the mouse

High resolution G-banded mouse chromosomes were prepared using an actinomycin D and acridine orange pretreatment protocol, resulting in late prophase mouse chromosomes which reveal over twice the number of bands as compared with mid metaphase. These elongated chromosomes, described here in detail and used to construct a precise schematic representation of the late prophase banding patterns, should be generally useful in high resolution mouse chromosome analysis.