Norepinephrine Metabolism in Man Using Deuterium Labeling: Turnover of 4-Hydroxy-3-Methoxymandelic Acid

Abstract: 4-Hydroxy-3-methoxymandelic acid (HMMA; VMA) labeled with three deuterium atoms was used to study the turnover and fate of HMMA following intravenous injection. Five healthy men were given a pulse dose of 5.0 μmol of labeled HMMA. Plasma and urinary levels of both endogenous and labeled HMMA were subsequently followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry using selected ion detection. The kinetic parameters were determined both with and without compensation for the pool expansion caused by the injection of labeled HMMA. The urinary recovery of labeled HMMA was 85 × 10% (mean ± SD). No conversion of HMMA t o 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl glycol (HMPG) occurred. The biological half-life of HMMA was 0.54 ± 0.22 h. The apparent volume of distribution was 0.36 ± 0.11 L/kg. The production rate or body turnover was 1.27 ± 0.51 μmol HMM/h and urinary excretion rate was 0.82 ± 0.22 μmol/h. These results show that HMMA is turning over rapidly in a relatively small volume of distribution and that, unlike HMPG, it is an end metabolite of norepinephrine in man.     

Spontaneous All-or-Nothing Action Potentials in the Ciliate Bursaridium difficile

The electrical membrane properties and the swimming behaviour of the freshwater ciliate Bursaridium difficile were studied by current clamp recordings and video analysis. The resting membrane potential was –45 ± 6 mV (mean ± SD, n = 80), and the input resistance and membrane capacitance were 109 ± 42 megaohms (MΩ) (n = 63) and 457 ± 150 picofarads (pF) (n = 42), respectively. Based on an estimated surface area of 6.8 × 10^-4 cm², the corresponding specific membrane resistance and capacitance are 7.4 × 10⁴Ω× cm² and 0.7 μF/cm². Bursaridium difficile generates spontaneous, all-or-nothing action potentials with a well-defined threshold in normal medium. The spontaneous firing frequency was 0.22 ± 0.06 Hz (n = 80). The maximum rate of rise of the action potentials was less than 1 V/s, and they displayed a prolonged plateau phase (0.5–1 s). The action potentials were abolished in nominal Ca²⁺-free solution and are thus Ca²⁺-spikes. The swimming pattern of Bursaridium in homogeneous surroundings is composed of forward swimming periods interrupted by regular, short periods of backward swimming followed by a change in the forward swimming direction. The turning frequency corresponded to the spontaneous firing frequency, and only forward swimming was observed in nominal Ca²⁺-free solution. The periods of backward swimming activity are thus linked to the spontaneous action potentials.     

The Kinematics and Surface Electromyography Characteristics of Round Kick of Martial Arts Athletes

In order to improve the level of athletes, modern scientific and technological means can be used to understand the characteristics and rules of movement. This study mainly analyzed the whip leg technique of Sanda athletes. Taking ten athletes as an example, the kinematics and surface electromyography (sEMG) data of them were measured, calculated and sorted out when they were doing the action of round kick. The results showed that the movement completion time of the first-level athletes was shorter, 0.34 ± 0.33 s. In the stage of turning hip and hitting, the angle of hip joint increased significantly. In the stage of turning hip, there was a significant difference in the angle of hip joint between different levels of athletes (p < 0.05), and there was no significant difference in other kinematics characteristics. In the aspect of sEMG, the duration of muscle discharge of the first-level athletes was shorter, but there was no significant difference in integrated electromyogram (IEMG) and root mean square (RMS). The experimental results reveal the importance of hip joint in the course of round kick and provide some theoretical bases for improving the level of athletes and carrying out targeted training.     

The effects of temperature acclimation on the oxygen consumption and enzyme activity of red and white muscle fibres isolated from the tropical freshwater fish Oreochromis niloticus

The standard oxygen consumption rate and the activities of muscle citrate synthase, creatine phosphokinase and lactate dehydrogenase in the tropical fish Oreochromis niloticus acclimated to either 20.5 ± 0.3° C or 26.5 ± 0 ± 5 ± C for at least 3 months were investigated. The standard oxygen consumption rate of individual fish from the two acclimation temperatures was determined at 20, 25 and 30 ± C. At all experimental temperatures, the standard oxygen consumption rate of fish acclimated to 20.5 ± 0.3° C was significantly higher than that of fish kept at 26.5 ± 0.5 ± C. In both groups smaller individuals had a higher oxygen consumption rate than large ones.
Analyses of the activity levels of citrate synthase (CS), creatine phosphokinase (CPK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in both red and white muscles isolated from fish kept under the two temperature regimes were performed at 26 ± C. The activity of CS in both red and white muscles isolated from the 20.5 ± 0.3° C acclimated fish was significantly higher than that of muscles isolated from the 26.5 ± 0.5 ± C acclimation group. Similarly, the CPK activity in white muscles isolated from fish acclimated to 20.5 ± 0.3 ± C was higher than that of muscles obtained from the 26.5 ± 0.5 ± C acclimation group. However, the CPK activity in red muscles isolated from the two fish groups was not significantly different. The opposite results were obtained for LDH activity. For example, the LDH activity of white muscles isolated from fish acclimated to 26.5 ± 0.5 ± C was significantly higher than that of the same muscles but from the 20.5 ± 0.3 ± C acclimated fish. No differences were observed in the LDH activity of red muscles isolated from the two fish groups.     

人嗅觉黏膜间充质干细胞来源的外泌体促进内皮细胞的血管生成

外泌体作为是细胞旁分泌的重要介质,在促血管形成方面有重要作用。在我们前期研究中,已经成功从嗅黏膜间充质干细胞（olfactory mucosa mesenchymal stem cells,OM-MSCs）分离、鉴定了其外泌体,然而,OM-MSCs源外泌体对血管生成的影响尚不清楚。本研究旨在探讨OM-MSCs来源外泌体对内皮细胞血管生成能力的影响。采用PKH67 荧光标记OM-MSCs源外泌体,与人脑微血管内皮细胞（human brain microvessel endothelial cells, HBMECs) 共培养,观察 OM-MSCs外泌体能否进入 HBMECs。采用CCK-8法、Transwell 迁移实验和小管实验,观察 OM-MSCs外泌体对 HBMECs增殖、迁移及管状结构形成的影响。采用基质胶塞实验及CD31免疫荧光,观察OM-MSCs外泌体在体内对血管生成的影响。上述研究均以等量 PBS 作为对照。结果提示,OM-MSCs外泌体可被HBMECs 摄取。CCK-8 法检测显示,在处理1、2、3、4、5 d各时间点,实验组细胞增殖均优于对照组（1.32±0.14 vs. 0.98±0.04, 1.36±0.14 vs.1.04±0.06, 1.75±0.18 vs.1.33±0.11, 2.16±0.11 vs.1.50±0.19, 2.71±0.11 vs. 1.81±0.20, P<0.01）。Transwell 实验结果显示,实验组跨膜迁移细胞吸光度值较对照组显著增多（1.12±0.05 vs.0.02±0.02, P<0.05）。在体外小管实验中,从节点、交叉点、网眼数、血管分支数和总长度5个方面,实验组均高于空白对照组（374.33±127.74 vs. 193.33±44.79, 104.56±33.07 vs. 54.33±11.65, 20.11±11.20 vs. 7.56±3.64, 81.67±19.07 vs. 57.00±13.02, 11466.22±2781.03 vs. 8544.00±1848.61, P<0.05）;在体内实验中,实验组成血管及CD31阳性率（%）亦显著高于对照组（85.00±5.57 vs.8.00±2.08, P<0.05）。本研究表明：OM-MSCs外泌体可促进 HBMECs 增殖、迁移及管样结构形成,提示OM-MSCs外泌体可促进血管新生。     

AngⅡ通过激活Notch1/Sox2通路对肝星状细胞LX2的活化和增殖的作用

目的探讨AngⅡ通过靶向调控Notch1/Sox2肝星状细胞LX2细胞的增殖。 方法通过CCK8检测AngⅡ对肝星状细胞增殖能力的影响,通过羟脯氨酸酸法检测AngⅡ对肝星状细胞胶原合成能力的影响,并通过脂质体转染siRNA-Notch1构建Notch1低表达细胞模型,通过CCK8检测敲低Notch1对AngⅡ诱导的肝星状细胞LX2增殖的影响,通过Western Blot检测敲低Notch1对AngⅡ诱导的肝星状细胞LX2蛋白表达的影响。所有的检测结果都进行生物学重复。采用方差分析和t检验进行统计学分析。 结果CCK8结果显示,AngⅡ（5、10、20、40、80 nmol/L）预处理A450值分别为0.67±0.06、0.88±0.07、0.98±0.07、1.08±0.07、1.23±0.07,较对照组0.57±0.05上升,差异具有统计学意义（F = 45.76,P < 0.01）,羟脯氨酸检查结果显示,AngⅡ（10、20、40 nmol/L）预处理组羟脯氨酸浓度分别为（2.60±0.20）、（3.47±0.25）、（4.17±0.21）mg/L,羟脯氨酸浓度较对照组（1.90±0.10）mg/L上升,差异具有统计学意义（F = 75.18,P < 0.01）。Western Blot结果显示,AngⅡ10、20、40 nmol/L组Notch1蛋白表达水平分别为0.20±0.02、0.54±0.04、0.82±0.03,与正常对照组0.11±0.02发生升高,差异具有统计学意义（F = 400.50,P < 0.01）。Notch1干扰后,CCK8结果显示,siRNA-Notch1+AngⅡ组（10、20、40 nmol/L）A450值分别为0.53±0.06、0.83±0.03、1.03±0.03,与siRNA-NC+ AngⅡ对照组0.97±0.06,1.43±0.06,1.73±0.06比较发生降低（P < 0.01）。进一步Western Blot结果显示,Notch1敲低组（AngⅡ+ siRNA-Notch1）Notch1、HES1和Sox2蛋白表达水平分别为1.47±0.12、0.77±0.06和0.50±0.10,分别与AngⅡ对照组2.83±0.15、2.20±0.10和1.17±0.06比较,差异具有统计学意义（P < 0.01）。 结论AngⅡ通过激活Notch1/Sox2信号促进肝星状细胞LX2增殖。     

褐飞虱成虫体内磁性物质检测

地磁定向是昆虫远距离迁飞定向的重要机制之一.本研究以褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens长翅型和短翅型成虫为研究对象,利用MPMS-7型号超导量子干涉磁强计(磁场范围为±4.8 mA/m,温度范围为1.9 ～ 400 K)检测虫体内的磁性物质,明确其体内的分布状况.结果表明:褐飞虱长翅型雄成虫整个虫体的温度退磁曲...     

氧化低密度脂蛋白经AMPK/mTOR信号通路诱导HUVECs自噬

氧化低密度脂蛋白（oxygenized low density lipoprotein, ox-LDL）诱导人脐静脉内皮细胞（human umbilical vein endothelial cells, HUVECs）损伤有助于动脉粥样硬化（atherosclerosis, AS）的发展。但ox-LDL对HUVECs自噬的影响及机制尚不清楚。为探究其机制,采用体外培养HUVECs,建立ox-LDL损伤模型。透射电子显微镜观察HUVECs中自噬体的变化;Western印迹法检测p-AMPK、AMPK、p-mTOR、mTOR及Beclin1、LC3-II、P62的表达。结果显示,与对照组比较,透射电子显微镜下观察到ox-LDL组的自噬体明显增多。Western印迹结果显示,与对照组比较,ox-LDL组Beclin1(0.81±0.04 vs. 1.83±0.11,P＜0.01)、LC3-II(0.80±0.06 vs. 1.61±0.06, P＜0.01)和P62(0.65±0.10 vs. 1.64±0.17, P＜0.01)表达显著增高。ox-LDL和BafilomycinA1共同干预组Beclin-1(3.15±0.15 vs. 3.17±0.13, P>0.05)、LC3-II(2.95±0.12 vs. 2.96±0.12, P >0.05)和P62(3.26±0.15 vs. 3.19±0.15, P>0.05)表达与BafilomycinA1组无显著差异,ox-LDL未使自噬起始增加,可能是降解受损导致自噬体的积累。与对照组比较,ox-LDL增加p-AMPK (0.47±0.03 vs. 0.96±0.03, P＜0.01)表达,并降低p-mTOR(0.86±0.04 vs. 0.25±0.05, P＜0.01)表达。单独阻断mTOR时, Beclin-1(0.81±0.05 vs. 2.19±0.17, P＜0.01)、LC3-II(0.76±0.13 vs 2.00±0.05, P＜0.01)和P62(0.74±0.12 vs. 1.94±0.11, P＜0.01)表达显著增加。亮氨酸（Leucine）可增加p-mTOR(0.87±0.11 vs. 1.67±0.07, P＜0.01)表达,并降低Beclin-1(0.81±0.05 vs. 0.37±0.03, P＜0.01)、LC3-II（0.76±0.13 vs. 0.41±0.02, P＜0.01）和P62（0.76±0.10 vs. 0.44±0.04, P＜0.01）表达,但ox-LDL可使Leucine预处理后的p-mTOR（1.67±0.11 vs. 0.82±0.02, P＜0.01）表达显著降低,并且Beclin-1（0.37±0.03 vs. 0.78±0.04, P＜0.01）、LC3-II（0.41±0.02 vs. 0.78±0.02, P＜0.01）和P62（0.44±0.04 vs. 0.74±0.04, P＜0.01）表达显著增加。说明mTOR参与ox-LDL诱导的自噬。与ox-LDL组相比,ox-LDL和Si-AMPK共同处理组p-mTOR(0.25±0.05 vs. 0.46±0.03, P＜0.01)表达增加以及Beclin-1(1.97±0.04 vs. 1.26±0.12, P＜0.01)、LC3-II(1.42±0.10 vs. 0.95±0.05, P＜0.01)和P62(1.58±0.09 vs. 0.98±0.11, P＜0.01)表达降低。以上结果表明,ox-LDL通过AMPK/mTOR途径诱导HUVECs发生自噬,并且导致自噬体的积累。     

δ-联蛋白通过AKT信号通路调控OGD/R后的炎症反应

δ-联蛋白(delta-catenin)作为高表达于神经系统的黏附蛋白质,在神经系统的功能发挥中有着至关重要的作用,但其在缺血缺氧性脑病中的研究尚未见报道。本文通过体外培养原代皮层神经元,构建氧糖剥夺/再灌注（oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion, OGD/R）模型。用Western 印迹、LDH等方法显示,与对照组相比,δ-联蛋白在OGD/R模型后的不同时间点（0、4、12、24 和48 h）表达呈先降低后升高的趋势。在12 h表达量最低（0.48±0.08 vs 1.53±0.18,P<0.05）,在48 h表达升高到对照组水平（1.35±0.15 vs 1.53±0.18,P>0.05）。用siRNA慢病毒干扰δ-联蛋白表达后,ELISA结果显示,和对照组相比,OGD/R后,IL-1β和IL-18升高（24.80±1.64 vs 12.75±0.87,28.12±2.69 vs 12.99±1.24,P<0.05）,但在干扰δ-联蛋白表达后,和OGD组相比,IL-1β和IL-18释放降低（12.81±0.78 vs 24.80±1.64,14.27±1.37 vs 28.12±2.69,P<0.05）。Western 印迹结果显示,AKT信号通路磷酸化位点Ser 473活化增高（1.08±0.04 vs 0.85±0.06,P<0.05）,但Thr 308位点活化无改变（1.17±0.06 vs 1.11±0.08,P>0.05）。在siRNA慢病毒干扰并且联合使用AKT信号通路抑制剂GSK 690693后,和OGD+siRNA组相比,IL-1β和IL-18释放增高（24.58±0.99 vs 12.81±0.78,31.62±2.23 vs 14.27±1.37,P<0.05）。上述结果显示,δ 联蛋白通过AKT信号通路调控OGD/R后的炎症反应,这可作为δ-联蛋白功能研究的新的实验依据。     

Identification and Distribution of Phenylacetic Acid in the Brain of the Rat

Abstract: Phenylacetic acid, the major metabolite of phenylethylamine, has been identified and quantitated in rat brain regions by capillary column high-resolution gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Its distribution is heterogeneous and correlates with that of phenylethylamine. The values obtained were (ng/g ± SEM): whole brain, 31.2 ± 2.7; caudate nucleus, 64.6 ± 6.5; hypothalamus, 60.1 ± 7.4; cerebellum, 31.3 ± 2.9; brainstem, 33.1 ± 3.3, and the "rest," 27.6 ± 3.0.     

有氧运动激活肥胖大鼠前额叶PPARγ-PI3K-Akt通路并促进神经可塑性相关蛋白表达

采用高脂饮食建立肥胖大鼠模型,使用Western印迹检测大鼠前额叶PPARγ- PI3K-Akt通路及神经可塑性相关蛋白质表达,明确高脂饮食诱导肥胖后对大鼠前额叶神经可塑性影响及观察有氧运动的调节作用。结果表明,与对照组（CS）相比,高脂饮食肥胖大鼠（OS）前额叶过氧化物酶体增殖剂激活受体（PPARγ）（0.46±0.07 vs. 0.81±0.09, P<0.01）、p-PI3K/PI3K（0.21±0.04 vs. 0.36±0.03, P<0.05）与p-Akt/Akt（0.22±0.04 vs. 0.33±0.05, P<0.05）比值、脑源性神经生长因子（BDNF）（0.71±0.08 vs. 1.06±0.10, P<0.01）及突触素（SYN）（0.18±0.03 vs. 0.36±0.03, P<0.01）表达均显著下降;凋亡相关蛋白质胱天蛋白酶9（0.37±0.05 vs. 0.18±0.01, P<0.01）表达及Bax/Bcl-2（2.95±0.73 vs. 0.94±0.18, P<0.01）比值显著升高。有氧运动后,与安静肥胖组(OS)相比,肥胖运动组(OE)大鼠前额叶PPARγ（0.65±0.11 vs. 0.46±0.07, P<0.05）、p-PI3K/PI3K（0.33±0.06 vs. 0.21±1.04, P<0.05）与p-Akt/Akt（0.31±0.05 vs. 0.22±0.04, P<0.05）比值显著上调;胱天蛋白酶9（0.22±0.04 vs. 0.37±0.05, P<0.05）及Bax/Bcl-2（1.74±0.43 vs. 2.95±0.43 P<0.05）比值显著下调。但是,BDNF（0.92±0.16 vs. 0.71±0.08）及SYN（0.30±0.04 vs. 0.18±0.03）表达无显著差异。结果提示,高脂饮食可导致肥胖大鼠前额叶神经可塑性相关蛋白质表达下降,其机制可能与神经细胞凋亡的发生有关。有氧运动可通过激活PPAR-γ-PI3K-Akt通路途径抑制细胞凋亡的发生,促进神经可塑性相关蛋白质的表达。     

Three new species of lsospora (Apicomplexa, Eimeriidae), from the White-cheeked Bulbul (Pycnonotus leucogenys) in Saudi Arabia

This paper describes three new species of Isospora from Pycnonotus 1eucogenys in Saudi Arabia ( I. gatifenensis sp.n.; I. khobarensis sp.n. and I. hafoufenensis sp.n.). Sporulated oocyats of I. gatifenensis are ovoidal, 23-26.5 ± 16.5-19(25.03 ± 0.12 ± 18.13 ± 0.09))μm and sporocysts are elongated ovoidal 17-20.5 ± 8-11 (18.9 ± 0.09 ± 9.3 ± 0.07) μm. Sporulated oocysts of I. khobarensis are ovoidal 22-26 ± 15.5-19 (24.3 ± 0.18 ± 17.1 ± 0.19)μm and sporocysts are pyriform 13-16 ± 9-11.5 (14.8 ± 0.15 ± 9.9 ± 0.13)μm. Sporulated oocysts of I. hafoufenensis are ovoidal 22-27 ± 19-24(25.4 ± 0.25 ± 22.1 ± 0.26) μm and sporocysts are ovoidal 14.5-18 ± 8-13 (16.5 ± 0.14 ± 11.4 ± 0.18) μm.     

Ghrelin-GHSR通路在急性低氧暴露大鼠胃炎症反应中的调节作用

由胃合成分泌的食欲刺激激素（ghrelin）可通过结合并激活生长激素促分泌激素受体,（growth hormone secretagogue receptor,GHSR）在调节胃功能方面发挥重要作用。急性低氧暴露导致的消化系统营养吸收障碍和胃肠道炎症反应是否通过Ghrelin-GHSR通路调控尚无研究。本研究采用Wistar大鼠为研究对象,随机分为4组：低氧暴露0 h组、12 h组、24 h组和48 h组,低氧干预在10.2%氧浓度的低氧房中进行。干预前后记录体重;通过分子生物学检测指标评价胃组织炎症因子含量、食欲刺激激素和下丘脑GHSR mRNA相对含量和蛋白质表达水平。本研究证实,随着低氧暴露时间的延长,大鼠体重减少量逐渐增加（12 h：3.73±3.08 g、24 h：8.77±5.04 g、48 h：12.53±6.16 g）;胃组织炎症因子IL-2、IL-4、IL-10、TNFα和MCP-1蛋白含量在低氧12 h后增加（4816.9±983.7 / 9074.5±1107.8 / 18895.1±2967.5 / 37.1±9.8 / 143.5±12.5 pg/mL vs. 166.1±34.6 / 38.3±4.2 / 1429.6±123.9 / 1.7±0.3 / 13.5±2.1 pg/mL）,随着低氧时间延长,炎症因子水平逐渐下降至正常水平（24 h：846.4±94.8 / 1269.8±167.9 / 5769.7±892.6 / 7.5±2.1 / 39.3±8.5 pg/mL;48 h：546.5±97.3 / 374.9±84.9 / 1889.7±982.3 / 2.1±0.8 / 24.6±6.4 pg/mL）;低氧12 h后胃组织食欲刺激激素 mRNA水平较0 h组下降（0.49±0.06 vs. 1, P < 0.05）,48 h后上升（3.79±0.54 vs. 1, P < 0.01）,胃组织的食欲刺激激素蛋白含量在低氧24 h和48 h后均出现上升（1.23±0.15 / 1.16±0.12 vs. 1, P < 0.05）;下丘脑GHSR mRNA在低氧48 h后上升（1.99±0.29 vs. 1, P < 0.01）,蛋白质水平在低氧24 h和48 h后均出现下降（0.35±0.06 / 0.48±0.04 vs. 1, P < 0.05）。表明急性低氧暴露会导致Ghrelin-GHSR通路下调,进而促进胃组织炎症反应,而随着低氧暴露时长的延续,Ghrelin-GHSR通路可通过下调胃中炎症因子水平而避免消化系统的进一步损伤。     

RGMb通过BMP信号通路促进子宫内膜腺细胞的增殖

RGMb蛋白是反义导向分子（repulsive guidance molecule,RGM）家族成员之一,可在细胞水平上介导骨形态发生蛋白（bone morphogenetic protein,BMP）的信号通路。大量研究报道,RGMb参与调控细胞的增殖、分化、凋亡以及细胞间的黏附能力。本研究旨在探讨RGMb对子宫内膜腺细胞的作用及其分子机制。应用siRNA与过表达技术处理子宫内膜腺细胞系（Ishikawa）,采用qPCR与Western印迹技术确定其转染效率,以及BMP相关信号通路（MAPK与Smad）成员的表达。结果显示：下调RGMb基因的表达显著降低了p-ERK1/2（1.861 ± 0.1864 vs 0.885 ± 0.0869,P=0.0090）与p-Smad1/5/8（1.624 ± 0.1238 vs 1.093 ± 0.0890,P=0.0253）的表达水平。过表达RGMb基因显著升高了p-ERK1/2（1.237 ± 0.1114 vs 2.089 ± 0.1658,P=0.0130）与p-Smad1/5/8（1.139 ± 0.0562 vs 1.98 ± 0.1449,P=0.0056）的表达水平。而RGMb基因下调和过表达对p-P38 MAPK蛋白表达水平均无显著影响（P>0.05）。采用CCK-8和qPCR技术检测RGMb对Ishikawa细胞增殖活力及增殖相关基因的影响。结果显示：转染80 nmol/L RGMb siRNA显著降低Ishikawa细胞的增殖活力（0.479 ± 0.0271 vs 0.3487 ± 0.0094,P=0.0104）,同时降低增殖相关基因CCND1（1 ± 0.0366 vs 0.6719 ± 0.0236,P=0.0017）和CDK2（1 ± 0.0370 vs 0.853 ± 0.0135,P=0.0202）表达水平;转染1 μg/mL RGMb基因过表达质粒显著提高Ishikawa细胞增殖活力（0.283 ± 0.0030 vs 0.3714 ± 0.0140,P=0.0001）,同时增加CCND1（1 ± 0.0178 vs 1.375 ± 0.0356,P=0.0007）和CDK2（1 ± 0.0188 vs 1.376 ± 0.0513,P=0.0023）基因的表达水平。以上结果表明,RGMb 可能通过p-ERK1/2与p-Smad1/5/8影响Ishikawa细胞增殖活力,为进一步研究RGMb调控子宫机能的分子机制提供科学依据。     

Stress-Induced Sensitization of Dopamine and Norepinephrine Efflux in Medial Prefrontal Cortex of the Rat

Abstract: We examined whether prior exposure to chronic cold (17–28 days, 5°C) alters basal or stress-evoked (30-min tail shock) catecholamine release in medial prefrontal cortex, nucleus accumbens, and striatum, using in vivo microdialysis. Basal norepinephrine (NE) concentrations in medial prefrontal cortex did not differ between chronically cold-exposed rats and naive control rats (2.7 ± 0.3 vs. 2.5 ± 0.2 pg/20 µl, respectively). Basal dopamine (DA) efflux in any of the brain regions was not significantly different between chronically cold-exposed rats and naive rats. However, a trend for lower basal DA efflux in the cold-exposed relative to naive rats was observed in medial prefrontal cortex (1.5 ± 0.2 vs. 2.2 ± 0.3 pg/20 µl, respectively), nucleus accumbens (3.7 ± 0.8 vs. 5.4 ± 0.9 pg/20 µl, respectively), and striatum (4.4 ± 0.5 vs. 7.2 ± 1.5 pg/20 µl, respectively). In medial prefrontal cortex of rats previously exposed to cold, tail shock elicited a greater increase from baseline in both DA and NE efflux relative to that measured in naive rats (DA, 2.3 ± 0.3 vs. 1.2 ± 0.1 pg, respectively; NE, 3.8 ± 0.4 vs. 1.4 ± 0.2 pg, respectively). However, in nucleus accumbens or striatum of rats previously exposed to cold, the stress-induced increase in DA efflux was not significantly different from that of naive rats (nucleus accumbens, 1.8 ± 0.7 vs. 1.5 ± 0.3 pg, respectively; striatum, 1.9 ± 0.4 vs. 2.6 ± 0.7 pg, respectively). Thus, both cortical NE projections and cortically projecting DA neurons sensitize after chronic exposure to cold. In contrast, subcortical DA projections do not sensitize under these conditions.     

RGMb通过BMP信号通路促进子宫内膜腺细胞的增殖

RGMb蛋白是反义导向分子（repulsive guidance molecule,RGM）家族成员之一,可在细胞水平上介导骨形态发生蛋白（bone morphogenetic protein,BMP）的信号通路。大量研究报道,RGMb参与调控细胞的增殖、分化、凋亡以及细胞间的黏附能力。本研究旨在探讨RGMb对子宫内膜腺细胞的作用及其分子机制。应用siRNA与过表达技术处理子宫内膜腺细胞系（Ishikawa）,采用qPCR与Western印迹技术确定其转染效率,以及BMP相关信号通路（MAPK与Smad）成员的表达。结果显示：下调RGMb基因的表达显著降低了p-ERK1/2（1.861 ± 0.1864 vs 0.885 ± 0.0869,P=0.0090）与p-Smad1/5/8（1.624 ± 0.1238 vs 1.093 ± 0.0890,P=0.0253）的表达水平。过表达RGMb基因显著升高了p-ERK1/2（1.237 ± 0.1114 vs 2.089 ± 0.1658,P=0.0130）与p-Smad1/5/8（1.139 ± 0.0562 vs 1.98 ± 0.1449,P=0.0056）的表达水平。而RGMb基因下调和过表达对p-P38 MAPK蛋白表达水平均无显著影响（P>0.05）。采用CCK-8和qPCR技术检测RGMb对Ishikawa细胞增殖活力及增殖相关基因的影响。结果显示：转染80 nmol/L RGMb siRNA显著降低Ishikawa细胞的增殖活力（0.479 ± 0.0271 vs 0.3487 ± 0.0094,P=0.0104）,同时降低增殖相关基因CCND1（1 ± 0.0366 vs 0.6719 ± 0.0236,P=0.0017）和CDK2（1 ± 0.0370 vs 0.853 ± 0.0135,P=0.0202）表达水平;转染1 μg/mL RGMb基因过表达质粒显著提高Ishikawa细胞增殖活力（0.283 ± 0.0030 vs 0.3714 ± 0.0140,P=0.0001）,同时增加CCND1（1 ± 0.0178 vs 1.375 ± 0.0356,P=0.0007）和CDK2（1 ± 0.0188 vs 1.376 ± 0.0513,P=0.0023）基因的表达水平。以上结果表明,RGMb 可能通过p-ERK1/2与p-Smad1/5/8影响Ishikawa细胞增殖活力,为进一步研究RGMb调控子宫机能的分子机制提供科学依据。     

CTRP4基因表达上调通过抑制炎症因子调控食欲调节相关蛋白表达

上调中枢补体C1q/肿瘤坏死因子相关蛋白4(complement-C1q/tumor necrosis factor-related protein 4, CTRP4) 可以改变下丘脑食欲调节相关蛋白的表达,抑制小鼠摄食且降低其体重。然而,CTRP4如何调控食欲调节相关蛋白的表达尚不清楚。本研究通过上调小鼠神经母细胞瘤细胞(N2a)中的CTRP4,探讨CTRP4调控食欲调节相关蛋白的潜在作用机制。通过对N2a细胞未做干预、转染绿色荧光蛋白(green fluorescent protein, GFP)重组腺病毒和CTRP4过表达重组腺病毒,将其分为空白对照组(Control组)、阴性对照组(Ad-GFP组)及CTRP4过表达组(Ad-CTRP4组)。干预72 h时,用实时荧光定量PCR(RT-PCR)检测细胞CTRP4 mRNA表达,采用Western 印迹检测细胞CTRP4、Pomc、Npy、p-STAT3/t-STAT3、TNF-α、IL-6、SOCS3在蛋白质水平的表达。结果显示,与对照组相比,Ad-CTRP4组的CTRP4 mRNA水平(26 258.44±10 403.47 vs. 1.81±0.79 vs. 1.00±0.00, P<0.01)及蛋白质水平显著增加(10.44±7.99 vs.0.64±0.62 vs. 1.00±0.75, P<0.01)。Ad-CTRP4组的p-STAT3/t-STAT3(3.38±1.70 vs. 0.86±0.57 vs. 1.00±0.63, P<0.01)和Pomc(1.81±0.19 vs. 1.15±0.18 vs. 1.00±0.22, P<0.01)表达均显著增高;SOCS3(0.69±0.15 vs. 1.00±0.12 vs. 1.00±0.07, P<0.01),IL-6(0.40±0.19 vs. 1.03±0.17 vs. 1.00±0.16, P<0.01),TNF.α(0.39±0.27 vs. 1.05±0.46 vs. 1.00±0.29, P<0.05)及Npy (0.55±0.14 vs. 1.21±0.38 vs. 1.00±0.24, P<0.05)表达均显著下降。上述结果提示,在N2a细胞中,上调CTRP4可能通过抑制炎症因子TNF-α和IL-6,降低负性调节因子SOCS3的表达,增加STAT3磷酸化表达水平,从而调控食欲调节相关蛋白的表达。     

柴胡皂苷D对甲状腺乳头状癌细胞TPC-1生物学行为的影响

目的探讨柴胡皂苷D对体外甲状腺乳头状癌（PTC）细胞TPC-1增殖、侵袭、迁移、活性氧和凋亡的影响。 方法不同浓度（0、5、10、20 μmol/L）柴胡皂苷D干预TPC-1细胞,CCK-8法检测细胞增殖率;Annexin-V-FITC/PI双染试剂盒检测细胞凋亡率;活性氧试剂盒检测细胞活性氧;Transwell小室法检测细胞侵袭、迁移能力;Western blot法检测凋亡蛋白剪切的半胱天冬酶3 （cleaved caspase 3）、B淋巴细胞瘤-2基因（Bcl-2）、Bcl2相关X蛋白（Bax）和侵袭迁移相关蛋白E钙黏蛋白（E-cadherin)和N钙黏蛋白（N-cadherin）及Wnt/β连环蛋白（β-catenin）信号通路相关蛋白Wnt3a和β-catenin的表达量。多组间比较采用单因素方差分析,组间两两比较采用LSD-t检验。 结果与0 μmol/L柴胡皂苷D干预相比,（5、10、20 μmol/L）柴胡皂苷D干预TPC-1细胞存活率[24 h：（88.07±0.75）%、（76.06±0.56）%、（65.80± 1.66）%比（100.00±1.00）%;48 h：（72.40±0.35）%、（52.26± 0.22）%、（41.30±0.17）%比（100.00± 1.53）%;72 h：（56.50±0.22）%、（40.26±0.21）%、（31.10± 0.14）%比（100.00±0.14）%]、细胞侵袭率[（65.43±1.32）%、（49.46±0.31）%、（22.48±0.85）%比（100.00±1.25）%]、迁移率[（67.45±0.96）%、（52.42±0.39）%、（42.12±1.10）%比（100.00±2.00）%]、Bcl-2蛋白表达量（0.51±0.02、0.31±0.02、0.22±0.02比0.62±0.01）、Wnt3a表达量（0.56±0.06、0.37±0.01、0.26±0.02比0.72±0.03）、β-catenin表达量（0.59±0.02、0.40±0.03、0.14±0.03比0.82±0.03）和N-cadherin表达量（0.49±0.05、0.34 ±0.03、0.14± 0.03比0.62±0.05）均降低,细胞活性氧含量增加,凋亡率[（12.36±1.32）%、（23.15±2.27）%、（36.65±3.22）%比（7.32±1.25）%]、Bax蛋白表达量（0.45±0.02、0.51±0.01、0.79±0.02比0.32±0.01）、cleaved caspase-3蛋白表达量（0.26±0.02、0.37±0.02、0.40±0.02比0.13±0.01）和E-cadherin表达量（0.20±0.02、0.37±0.02、0.46±0.05比0.12±0.01）均增加（P均< 0.05）。 结论柴胡皂苷D能够抑制PTC细胞的生物学行为。     

三线闭壳龟繁殖生态的研究

在暨南大学爬行动物养殖场对三线闭壳龟的繁殖生态进行了研究。结果显示:三线闭壳龟每年产卵1次,每次产卵平均3.6枚。受精卵长径为48.00±2.63mm,短径为26.42±1.66mm,卵重为23.89±3.34g。未受精卵长径为44.35±4.36mm,短径为25.39±2.71mm,卵重为20.39±4.96g。卵的受精率为50.9%,孵化率为83.3%,孵化期平均88d,估计积温为59.581℃·h。稚龟的背甲长为44.83±2.41mm,背甲宽为36.90±1.86mm,体重为15.85±2.07g。     

Heterogeneity of Rat Brain Acetylcholinesterase: A Study by Gel Filtration and Gradient Centrifugation

Abstract: According to their solubilization properties, two classes of acetyl-cholinesterases (AChE) can be detected in the adult rat brain: a "soluble" species (easily solubilized without detergent), and a membrane-bound species (solubilized only in the presence of detergent). The latter was found to be homogeneous by gel filtration (Stokes radius 8.05 ± 0.35 nm) and sucrose gradient centrifugation (9.75 ± 0.2 S) in the presence of Triton X-100. The "soluble" AChE gives three stable species in the presence of the same detergent with Stokes radii and sedimentation constants of 10.9 ± 0.5 nm and 16 ± 2 S; 6.75 ± 0.30 nm and 10.7 ± 0.4 S; 5.37 ± 0.35 nm and 4.37 ± 0.1 S. Co-chromatography and co-sedimentation or the reduction and alkylation of disulfide bridges show that all the soluble species are different from the membrane-bound AChE. The possibility that soluble and membrane-bound AChE are completely different molecules is discussed.