EFFECT OF PHOSPHONIC ACID ANALOGS OF ACYCLOVIR AND GANCICLOVIR ON IN VITRO CYTOMEGALOVIRUS INFECTIONS

Abstract

Eight phosphonic acid analogs of acyclovir (ACV) or ganciclovir (DHPG) inhibited human cytomegalovirus in vitro. Therapeutic indices were: phosphonate diacid of DHPG: 500; DHPG: 500; phosphonate monoethylester of DHPG: 258; phosphonate monoethylester of ACV: 94; cyclic phosphonate of DHPG: 64; ACV: 60; phosphonate monobutylester of ACV: 1.5; phosphonate monoethylester of deoxy DHPG: 4.6; 8-bromo ACV phosphonate monoethylester: >2; phosphonate monoethylester heptyl of ACV: 1. Types 1 and 2 herpesvirus (HSV-1, HSV-2) and varicella zoster virus (VZV) were poorly inhibited by these new compounds, suggesting highly specific anti-HCMV activity. None exhibited significant cytotoxic effects as measured by uptake of [³H]thymidine, [³H]uridine and [³H]leucine.     

EFFECTS OF HARVEST STAGE AND LIGHT ON THE BIOCHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF THE DIATOM THALASSIOSIRA PSEUDONANA1

The marine diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana (Hustedt, clone 3H) Hasle and Heimdal was cultured under three different light regimes: 100 μmol photon · m^?2· s^?1 on 12:12 h light : dark (L:D) cycles; 50 μmol photon · m^?2· s^?2 on 24:0 h L:D; and 100 μmol photon · m^?2· s^?1 on 24:0 h L:D. It was harvested during logarithmic and stationary phases for analysis of biochemical composition. Across the different light regimes, protein (as % of organic weight) was highest in cells during logarithmic phase, whereas carbohydrate and lipid were highest during stationary phase. Carbohydrate concentrations were most affected by the different light regimes; cells grown under 12:12 h L:D contained 37–44% of the carbohydrate of cells grown under 24:0 h L:D. Cells in logarithmic phase had high proportions of polar lipids (79 to 89% of total lipid) and low triacylglycerol (≤10% of total lipid). Cells in stationary phase contained less polar lipid (48 to 57% of total lipid) and more triacylglycerol (22 to 45% of total lipid). The fatty acid composition of logarithmic phase cells grown under 24:0 h L:D were similar, but the 100 μmol photon · m^?2· s^?1 (12:12 h L:D) cells at the same stage contained a higher proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and a lower proportion of saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids due to different levels of 16:0, 16:1(n-7), 16:4(n-1), 18:4(n-3), and 20:5(n-3). With the onset of stationary phase, cells grown at 100 μmol photon · m^?2· s^?1 (both 12:12 and 24:0 h L:D) increased in proportions of saturated and monounsaturated fatty adds and decreased in PUFAs. Concentrations (% organic or dry weight) of 14:0, 16:0, 16:1(n-7), 20:5(n-3), and 22:6(n-3) increased in cells of all cultures during stationary phase. The amino acid compositions of cells were similar irrespective of harvest stage and light regime. For mariculture, the recommended light regime for culturing T. pseudonana will depend on the nutritional requirements of the animal to which the alga is fed. For rapidly growing bivalve mollusc larvae, stationary-phase cultures grown under a 24:0 h L:D regime may provide more energy by virtue of their higher percentage of carbohydrate and high proportions and concentrations of energy-rich saturated fatty acids.     

桂林市人群体Hp遗传性多态现象的研究

本文采用垂直板不连续系统聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳对桂林市918名居民无关个体的血清Hp的表现型进行了研究。结果常见的三种表型频度分别为: Hp 1-1 0.121; Hp2-1 0.439; Hp 2-2 0.425, 其基因频率为: Hp1 0.340; Hp2 0.644。同时观察到Hp0型的表型频度为0.0153。还观察到Hp 2-1 M、Hp 2-1(Haw)、Hp 2-1 J、Hp 2-H、C-1和2-Z等变异型。对Hp型在男女性别中的表型频度的调查结果是: Hp1-1男性: 0.101, 女性: 0.135, Hp 2-1男性: 0.475, 女性: 0.409, Hp 2-2男性: 0.405, 女性: 0.446, Hp 0男性: 0.02, 女性:0.01。另外还观察到16-24岁、25-34岁和35-66岁各年龄组的Hp1基因频率基本相等。     

云南西双版纳蓟马三新种记述

本文记述在我国云南西双版纳发现的蓟马3新种,即蕉爪哇蓟马Javathrips musae;葛藤伪棍蓟马Pseudodendrothrips puerariae,两种均属蓟马科(Thripidae);中华斑管蓟马Stigmothrips chinensis,属管蓟马科(Phlaeothripidae)。     

用稳态荧光探针研究竹红菌乙素光敏损伤对人红细胞膜流动性的影响

本文以红细胞膜为材料,用了三种稳态荧光探针研究了HB光敏作用引起人红细胞膜流动性的改变.实验结果表明在HB光敏作用下,膜的旋转扩散速度和侧向扩散速度均发生明显变化,ANS和DPH探针测得HB引起膜流动性降低,也就是膜粘度增加,用芘探针结果则表明膜的侧向扩散变慢.本文还对HB光敏作用的机理进行了探讨,我们观察了数种单重态氧猝灭剂,羟自山基猝灭剂和抗氧化剂对于光敏作用的影响,分别测定了膜流动性和膜的内源荧光的变化,发现在HB光敏作用中,除了~1O_2的作用之外,还存在其它自由基的作用.在HB与HA光敏能力的比较中发现,在比较高一些浓度条件下,存在着HB大于HA的趋向.     

THE EFFECT OF RENNIN UPON CASEIN : II. FURTHER CONSIDERATION OF THE PROPERTIES OF PARACASEIN.

The properties of the paracasein and casein preparations studied are compared in Table VI. See PDF for Structure I. Casein retains its characteristic solubility in NaOH: (1) after being exposed to a high degree of alkalinity during its preparation, (2) when recovered from partially hydrolyzed solutions in NaOH, and (3) after being kept for a prolonged time at the isoelectric point at 5°C. II. It follows from I, that: (1) paracasein is not identical to casein modified by an excess of alkali, and that (2) this protein was not produced from casein by a partial hydrolysis of the latter in presence of NaOH.     

中国樟科5属9种植物的核型研究

报道了我国樟科（Ｌａｕｒａｃｅａｅ）５属９种植物核型研究结果,其中７种染色体数目为首次报道,核型结果为：樟（Ｃｉｎｎａｍｏｕｍｃａｍｐｈｏｒａ）２０ｍ＋４ｓｍ油樟（Ｓｉｎｎａｍｏｕｍｌｏｎｇｅｐａｎｉｃｕｌａｔｕｍ）２０ｍ＋４ｓｍ;黑壳楠（Ｌｉｎｄｅｒａｍｅｇａｐｈｙｌｌａ）１８ｍ（２ＳＡＴ）＋６ｓｍ,山苍子（Ｌｉｎｄｅｒａｃｕｂｅｂａ）１６ｍ＋８ｓｍ,香叶树（Ｌｉｎｄｅｒａｍｅｇａｐｈｙｌｌａ）     

SYNTHESIS OF GLYCOPROTEINS IN BRAIN: IDENTIFICATION, PURIFICATION AND PROPERTIES OF GLYCOSYL TRANSFERASES FROM PURIFIED SYNAPTOSOMES OF GUINEA PIG CEREBRAL CORTEX

Abstract— Four glycoprotein:glycosyl transferases (a fetuin:N-acetylglucosaminyl transferase; a bovine submaxillary mucin: N-acetylgalactosaminyl transferase; a collagen: glucosyl transferase and an orosomucoid: galactosyl transferase) were purified 34-, 45-, 37- and 47-fold, respectively, from synaptosomes prepared from guinea pig cerebral cortex. Purifications were achieved by centrifugation and by column chromatography on Sephadex G-100 and G-150 of 0 , 1% (w/v) Triton X-100 extractsof the purified cerebral cortical synaptosomes. The enzymes were separated from endogenous acceptors and were highly specific for specific macromolecular acceptors; small molecules were ineffective as acceptors. The fetuin: N-acetylglucosaminyl transferase functioned only with fetuin minus N-acetylneuraminic acid, galactose and N-acetylglucosamine; the bovine submaxillary mucin: N- acetylgalactosaminyl transferase with bovine submaxillary much minus N-acetylneuraminic acid and N-acetylgalactosamine; the collagen: glucosyl transferase with collagen minus glucose; and the orosomucoid: galactosyl transferase with either orosomucoid minus N-acetylneuraminic acid and galactose or fetuin minus N-acetylneuraminic acid and galactose. Each transferase required a specific (XDP)-monosaccharide for transfer. The transferases were entirely dependent on either Mn²⁺ or Mg²⁺ for activation and Fe²⁺ and Hg²⁺ inhibited each of the four enzymes. The optimum pH's for the enzymes were: for fetuin: N-acetylglucosaminyl transferase, 7 , 4–8.0; for bovine submaxillary mucin: N-acetylgalactosaminyl transferase, 7 , 7; for collagen: glucosyl transferase, 7 , 7 and for orosomucoid: galactosyl transferase, 6 , 6. The enzymes were distributed subsynaptosomally primarily in the synaptosomal plasma membrane and in the mitochondria of the synaptosome. The respective values for K_m (μM) and V_mex (pmoles/h/mg of protein) for the transferases were: fetuin: N-acetylglucosaminyl transferase, 12 and 143; for bovine submaxillary mucin: N-acetylgalactosaminyl transferase, 25 and 166; for collagen: glucosyl transferase, 4 and 10 and for orosomucoid:galactosyl transferase, 8 and 111.     

THE EFFECT OF RADIOACTIVE RADIATIONS AND X-RAYS ON ENZYMES : V. THE INFLUENCE OF VARIATION OF THE THICKNESS OF THE ABSORBING LAYER OF SOLUTIONS OF PEPSIN UPON THE RATE OF RADIOCHEMICAL INACTIVATION OF THE ENZYME.

Evidence is presented which indicates: (1) that the effect of gamma radiation is negligible with respect to that of beta radiation upon pepsin in dilute solution under the conditions employed in the experiments made; (2) approximately the thickness of fluid layer which may be regarded as necessary and sufficient to practically completely absorb the available beta radiation; (3) that the mean reaction speed coefficient in radiochemical inactivation of pepsin varies inversely with the volume of solution irradiated if the thickness of the fluid layer satisfies the sufficient condition stated in (2), and beyond this as far as has been studied.     

共轭亚油酸对草鱼肝脏和肌肉组织的细胞学形态、抗氧化能力以及脂肪代谢相关基因表达的影响

采用65d的生长实验研究共轭亚油酸(CLA)对草鱼肝脏和肌肉细胞学形态、抗氧化能力以及脂肪代谢相关基因表达的影响。共配制7种近似等氮(粗蛋白: 36 g/100 g)等脂(粗脂肪: 4.5 g/100 g)的饲料: 0 (对照组)、0.5 (CLA0.5)、1 (CLA1)、1.5 (CLA1.5)、2 (CLA2)、2.5 (CLA2.5)和3 g/100 g CLA (CLA3)。每个饲料组均设置3个生物学重复,实验鱼初始体重约为(5.08±0.08) g。实验结果显示:与对照组相比,CLA0.5-CLA2.5组草鱼肝脏和肌肉组织细胞学形态均无明显异常,但CLA3组肝细胞线粒体空泡化,内质网肿胀,排列过于紧密;肌细胞肌节结构松散,肌原纤维降解;在CLA1.5-CLA2.5组肝脏和肌肉中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GPx)活力均显著上升(P<0.05);在CLA1.5-CLA3组中肝脏过氧化氢酶(CAT)活力均显著高于对照组(P<0.05),但谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)活力无显著变化(P>0.05),且在CLA0.5-CLA3组中肌肉CAT和GR活力均无显著变化(P>0.05)。CLA1.5-CLA2组肝脏中MDA含量显著低于对照组(P<0.05),而CLA2.5-CLA3组MDA含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。CLA3组肌肉中MDA含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。与对照组相比,在CLA1.5-CLA2.5组肝脏和肌肉中乙酰辅酶A羧化酶(ACC) mRNA表达显著下调(P<0.05),脂蛋白脂酶(LPL)、激素敏感性脂肪酶(HSL)和过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体α(PPARα)均显著上调表达(P<0.05)。在CLA2-CLA3组肝脏以及CLA1.5-CLA2和CLA3组肌肉中脂肪酸去饱和酶2(FAD2)mRNA显著上调表达(P<0.05)。过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ(PPARγ)mRNA在CLA1-CLA3组肝脏中显著下调表达(P<0.05),而其在肌肉中均无显著变化(P>0.05)。综上所述,结合2%CLA在不影响草鱼的生长和饲料利用,且显著降低肝脏脂肪积累,研究结果建议,2% CLA在不影响草鱼肝脏和肌肉组织细胞学形态的前提下,可有效提高其肝脏和肌肉组织抗氧化能力并促进其脂肪分解代谢以及抑制脂肪合成代谢相关基因表达。     

INTRACRANIAL CONVERSION OF LINOLEIC ACID TO ARACHIDONIC ACID: EVIDENCE FOR LACK OF Δ8 DESATURASE IN THE BRAIN

Eleven-day old rats were given intracranial injection of [1-¹⁴C]linoleic acid (all cis 9,12 octadecadienoic acid) and sacrificed after 8 h. Analysis of brain fatty acids showed that 16:0, 18:2, 20:2,20:3 and 20:4 were labeled. Separation by AgN03:Si02 TLC plates followed by reductive ozonolysis characterized thc polyunsaturated fatty acids as 18:2 (Δ9,12), 20:2 (Δ11,14), 20:3 (Δ8,11,14) and 20:4 (Δ5,8,11,14). A smaller amount of 18:3 (Δ6,9,12) was also identified. This initially suggested 20:2 (A1 1,14) as an intermediate in the optional pathway of biosynthesis of arachidonate. However, when [l-14C]eicosadienoic acid (Δ1 1,141 itself was injected in the brain it was converted to 20:3 (Δ5,11,14) (a non-methylene interrupted double bond system) rather than the expected 20:3 (Δ8,11,14). Only a small amount of arachidonate was formed from 20:2 (Δ11,14). Thus it was concluded that 20:2 (Δ11,14) was not an intermediate in the pathways of arachidonate biosynthesis due to lack of Δ⁵ desaturase in thc brain which agrees with the findings of SPKECRER & LEE (1975) in rat liver.     

左旋精氨酸对低氧性肺动脉高压治疗作用的实验研究

目的：探讨结构型一氧化氮合酶（ｃＮＯＳ）,内皮素－１（ＥＴ－１）在低氧性肺动脉高压（ＨＰＨ）发病中的机制及左旋精氢酸（Ｌ－Ａｒｇ）对ＨＰＨ的治疗作用。方法：３０只健康雄性ＳＤ大鼠平均分为三组：正常对照组（ＮＣ组）、低氧组（ＨＰ组）、低氧左旋精氨酸治疗组（ＬＴ组）。后组每日低氧前给予２００ｍｇ／ｋｇ Ｌ－Ａｒｇ。于低氧２１ｄ检测运动血流动力学,肺组织ＮＯ、ＥＴ－１含量,肺动脉内皮ｃＮＯＳ含量的改变,     

VASCULARIZATION OF ARTICULATED CHENOPODIACEAE AND THE NATURE OF THEIR FLESHY CORTEX

Fahn , A. (Hebrew U., Jerusalem.), and Tova Arzee . Vascularization of articulated Chenopodiaceae and the nature of their fleshy cortex. Amer. Jour. Bot. 46(5): 330–338. Illus. 1959.—The primary vascular system and venation pattern of the following chenopodiacean species with articulated forms were examined: Arthrocnemum glaucum, Salicornia fruticosa, S. herbacea, Halocnemum strobilaceum, Anabasis articulata, A. haussknechtii, A. setifera, taloxylon persicum, H. salicornicum. On the basis of the primary vascular system, classification into 2 types was possible: (a) Salicornia-Arthrocnemum type, in which the number of the stelar strands alternates between 6 and 8; and (b) Anabasis type, in which the number alternates between 4, 6 and 8. The latter type is assumed to be derived from the former. Similarly, on the basis of the venation pattern of the cortex and reduced leaves, 2 types were recognized: (a) Salicornia-Arthrocnemum type, in which the cortical network is connected with the lateral branches of the leaf strands only; and (b) Anabasis type, in which the network is connected with both foliar and stelar strands. The view of the foliar origin of the cortex, as postulated by previous authors, is refuted and the present authors consider the fleshy tissue of the internode to be true cortex.     

十四种化合物的抗氧化活性

本文以抑制硫代巴比妥酸反应物的生成为指标,测定了十四种化合物的抗氧化活性,并估测了其中十一种化合物与-OH反应的动力学常数,发现它们的量效关系为:1.抗氧化活性与浓度成直线相关性,按其抗氧化活性由大到小排列顺序如下:N、N-二乙基硫代氨甲酸钠;4-羟基桂皮酸二乙胺基乙基醋盐酸盐;1-色氨酸;S,2(3-氨基丙基氨基)乙基硫代磷酸;S,2-氨基乙基异硫脲盐酸盐:dl-蛋氨酸;dl-组氨酸;乙醇:烟酰胺;柠檬酸钠;甘氨酸.2.抗坏血酸与1-半胱氨酸低浓度时促氧化,高浓度时抗氧化.3.还原性谷胱甘肽其抗氧化活性与浓度的关系成指数型.     

THF INFLUENCE OF IRRADIANCE ON THF BIOCHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF THE PRYMNESIOPHYTE ISOCHRYSIS SP. (CLONE T-ISO)1

The effects of irradiance on the biochemical composition of the prymnesiophyte microalga, Isochrysis sp. (Parke; clone T-ISO), a popular species for mariculture, were examined. Cultures were grown under a 12:12 h light: dark (L:D) regime at five irradiances ranging from 50 to 1000 μE·m ²·s^?1 and harvested at late-logarithmic phase for analysis of biochemical composition. Gross composition varied aver the range of irradiances. The highest levels of protein were present in cells from cultures grown at 100 and 250 μE·m ³·s¹, and minimum levels of carbohydrate and lipid occurred at 50 μE·m^?2·s^?1. Because the cell dry weight was reduced at lower irradiances, different trends were evident when results were expressed as percentage of dry weights. Protein percentages were highest at Wand 100 μE·m^?2·s^?1 and carbohydrate at 100 μE·m^?2·s^?1. The composition of amino acids did not differ over the range of irradiances. Glutamate and aspartate were always present in high proportions (9.0–13.5%); histidine. methionine, tryptophan, cystine, and hydroxy-proline were minor constituents (0.0–2.6%). Glucose was the predominant sugar in all cultures, ranging from 23.0% (50 μE·m^?2·s^?1) to 45.0% (100 μE·m^?2·s^?1) of total polysaccharide. No correlation was found between the proportion of any of the sugars and irradiance. The proportions of the lipid class components and fatty acids showed little change with irradiance. The main fatty acids were 14:0, 16:0, 16:1(n-7), 18:1(n-9), 18:3(n-3). 18:4(n-3), 18:5(n-3), and 22:6(n-3). Proportions of 22: 6(n-3) increased, whereas l8:3(n-3). 18:3(n-6). and 18:4(n-3) decreased, with increasing irradiance. Pigment concentrations were highest in cultures grown at 50 μE·m^?2·s^?1, except for fucoxanthin and diadinoxanthin (100 μE·m^?2·s^?1). The concentrations of accessory pigments correlated with chlorophyll a, which decreased in concentration with increasing irradiance. On the basts of biochemical composition, an irradiance of 100 μE·m^?1·s^?1 (12:12 h L:D cycle)for the culture of Isochrysis sp. (clone T-ISO) may provide optimal nutritional value for maricultured animals, although feeding trials are now necessary to substantiate this.     

COMPARISON OF SIMPLIFIED METHODS FOR EVALUATION OF SENSORY THRESHOLDS OF ADDED SUBSTANCES

Results obtained in the determination of sensory thresholds with three different simplified methods were compared. The methods were: a modification of the ascending method of limits (1), one based on the method of the constant stimuli (2), and one based on the use of scales (3). The study was carried out on two sensorially simple systems, sucrose and aspartame aqueous solutions. The thresholds values for sucrose obtained by method 1 (1.41 g/L) and by method 2 (1.60 g/L) were similar and within the range obtained by method 3 (0.6–1.6 g/L). For aspartame the values obtained with methods 1 and 2 were also similar (0.004 and 0.005 g/L, respectively), but they were below the minimum value of the corresponding range (0.008–0.016 g/L) calculated with method 3. These results suggest that the sensory methods provoked less variability in thresholds values than other noncontrolled factors. The limitations and advantages of each method are discussed considering: experimental work, precision of results and practical validity.     

CYTOGEOGRAPHY AND PHYLOGENY OF THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF VERBENA

Lewis , Walter H., and Royce L. Oliver . (Stephen F. Austin State Coll., Nacogdoches, Texas.) Cytogeography and phylogeny of the North American species of Verbena. Amer. Jour. Bot. 48(7): 638–643. Illus. 1961.—Chromosome numbers of 26 Verbena species in North America, separable into 2 series, are reported. The x = 5 series has no diploid representative, few tetraploids, and numerous widespread hexaploid species, while the x = 7 series has many pandemic diploid species and few tetraploid and hexaploid taxa. When compared with the data available for the South American verbenas, these frequencies and distributions were found to be almost opposite. The origin of the 2 groups from an x = 6 prototype followed by ascending and descending aneuploidy is suggested. Migration via tropical land bridges is proposed to explain the occurrence of both groups in the 2 continents. The following taxa are proposed: subgenus Verbenaca (Schauer) Lewis, and subgenus Glandularia (Gmelin) Lewis.     

鸟类核型研究 Ⅲ.莺亚科和鹟亚科14种

本文报道了莺亚科10种和鹟亚科4种的核型,并对已报道过的这二亚科18种鸟类的核型进行了比较研究。这两个亚科通常依据表型差异被划分在一个科——鹟科中。Siblcy(1988)等则依据DNA差异(通过DNA—DNA分子杂交测定)将它们划在不问的三个科(鹟科、莺科和戴菊科)中。核型比较的结果支持了Sibley对这两亚科鸟类的重新划分。     

RESPONSE TO WOUNDING OF FLORAL HAIRS OF STAPELIA

Benda , G. T. A. (U. Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana.) Response to wounding of floral hairs of Stapelia. Amer. Jour. Bot. 48(9): 833–842. Illus. 1961—Wounded single-celled hairs of the corolla of Stapelia grandiflora were used to investigate: (1) the closure of the wound; and (2) the dynamics of water balance in these cells and their adjoining tissue. The cells were wounded by removing the tip of the cell, and the technique described made it possible to follow small volume changes over 2-sec intervals for extended periods. The data obtained indicate that the volume of cell content results from a dynamic balance of uptake and loss of water. In cells kept relatively dry, the part of the protoplast nearest the wound was free to move back and forth within the cell wall. A wound does not necessarily result in a plug of coagulated protoplast visible at the microscopic level, but a plug is produced if the wounded cell takes up water rapidly.