携带armA基因的铜绿假单胞菌耐药性及基因周边环境

目的了解多重耐药(MDR)铜绿假单胞菌armA基因与可移动遗传元件的携带情况及其相关性;分析armA基因的周边环境,探讨armA基因转移的可能机制。方法收集MDR铜绿假单胞菌98株,琼脂稀释法测定MIC,PCR方法检测16S rRNA甲基化酶基因armA、I型整合子、可移动元件IS26及重要耐药基因侧翼基因环境,测序并拼接PCR产物明确耐药基因座位排列,并对armA基因进行周边序列分析。结果 98株MDR铜绿假单胞菌检出5株armA基因PCR扩增阳性,携带armA基因的菌株对庆大霉素和阿米卡星全耐药;检出20株携带I型整合子,17株携带可移动元件IS26;armA基因扩增阳性的菌株均携带I型整合子和IS26;序列测序显示armA定位于Tn1548相关区域,位于插入序列ISCR1的下游,该序列含多种移动元件。结论大连市氨基糖苷类高水平耐药基因armA广泛分布在MDR铜绿假单胞菌中,均对庆大霉素和阿米卡星高度耐药;该基因定位在转座子Tn1548的质粒上,提示16S rRNA甲基化酶基因armA的广泛播散可能是可移动元件ISCR1-armA-IS26结构参与其中。     

耐亚胺培南铜绿假单胞菌相关耐药基因的检测

目的对耐亚胺培南（IMP）的铜绿假单胞菌（IRPa）相关耐药基因进行检测。方法 2003年至2009年从临床标本中分离到（P.aeruginosa）共220株,采用三维试验筛选产β-内酰胺酶的铜绿假单胞菌,应用普通PCR和多重PCR分别检测碳青霉烯酶基因和质粒携带的C类头孢菌素酶（AmpC酶）耐药基因,应用荧光定量RT-PCR的方法检测oprD2基因的表达情况。结果共检出43株产β-内酰胺酶的菌株,其中产AmpC酶、超广谱β-内酰胺酶（ESBLs）、金属β-内酰胺酶（MBLs）和未知酶菌株的构成比分别58.14%（25/43）、18.60%（8/43）、4.65%（2/43）和16.28%（7/43）。74株耐亚胺培南的铜绿假单胞菌中,有2株菌携带IMP-9基因,1株菌携带DHA质粒型AmpC酶基因,其他碳青霉烯酶基因检测为阴性。40株菌株oprD2基因表达蛋白量降低,34株oprD2基因表达蛋白量正常。结论 oprD2基因的突变或蛋白表达量降低是IRPa对亚胺培南耐药的主要原因,AmpC酶可水解亚胺培南可能与铜绿假单胞菌对亚胺培南的耐药有一定的关系,而KPC-1酶和MBLs在铜绿假单胞菌对亚胺培南耐药机制中不是主要因素。     

大连地区耐亚胺培南铜绿假单胞菌金属β-内酰胺酶检测及耐药性分析

目的了解大连地区分离的耐亚胺培南铜绿假单胞菌的耐药特征,金属β-内酰胺酶携带情况,提供大连地区院内控制铜绿假单胞菌感染的依据。方法选取2013年1月至2014年9月临床分离的400株铜绿假单胞菌,进行菌种鉴定和药物敏感试验;金属酶检测采用E-test试验;PCR法扩增产金属β-内酰胺酶的基因,并对扩增阳性产物进行测序确认。结果 400株铜绿假单胞菌的标本以呼吸道分泌物最多,占81.5%;分布以呼吸内科和ICU病房最高,占总数的19.8%和25.5%;药敏结果发现有89株铜绿假单胞菌对亚胺培南耐药,且多数为多重耐药菌株;400株铜绿假单胞菌经E-test试验进行金属酶表型筛查,有17株金属酶阳性,检出率为19.1%;经PCR扩增金属酶基因阳性的有11株,其中8株为IMP-1,3株为VIM-2,其他几种基因均未检出。结论大连地区耐亚胺培南的89株铜绿假单胞菌多数是多重耐药菌株;产金属β-内酰胺酶在大连地区铜绿假单胞菌对亚胺培南耐药中发挥重要作用,酶的基因型主要为IMP-1和VIM-2。     

多重耐药鲍曼不动杆菌耐药性及β-内酰胺酶耐药基因的研究

研究多重耐药鲍曼不动杆菌的耐药性及β-内酰胺酶耐药基因的携带情况。采用VIKET Compact 2 全自动细菌鉴定系统进行细菌鉴定,采用纸片扩散法（K-B法）测定鲍曼不动杆菌对抗菌药物的耐药性,应用聚合酶链反应（PCR）法检测β-内酰胺酶耐药基因。32株多重耐药鲍曼不动杆菌对13种常用抗菌药物的耐药率均>80%,对亚胺培南和美罗培南耐药率分别高达78.1%和71.9%,头孢哌酮/舒巴坦耐药率31.3%,多粘菌素B抗菌活性最好,耐药率0%。检出超广谱β-内酰胺酶（ESBLs）和头孢菌素酶（AmpC）耐药基因,未检出金属β-内酰胺酶（MBLs）耐药基因。32株多重耐药鲍曼不动杆菌TEM基因均阳性,17株检出PER基因,29株检出ADC基因。有16株菌同时携带TEM、PER、ADC基因。结果表明,同时携带TEM、PER、ADC基因是安徽医科大学解放军174临床学院鲍曼不动杆菌产生多重耐药性的原因之一。     

一株洛菲不动杆菌对碳青霉烯类抗生素耐药机制的研究

目的研究洛菲不动杆菌对亚胺培南、美洛培南耐药的分子机制。方法K-B纸片琼脂扩散法检测洛菲不动杆菌B69对头孢他啶、头孢曲松、环丙沙星、阿米卡星的耐药性,琼脂对倍稀释法检测B69对亚胺培南、美洛培南的最低抑菌浓度;PCR扩增OXA、IMP、VIM型碳青霉烯酶基因,测序确定耐药基因型别;粗提酶水解亚胺培南纸片试验检测酶活性。结果洛菲不动杆菌B69具有多重耐药性;PCR扩增IMP基因阳性,经测序为IMP-8;粗提酶水解亚胺培南。结论产IMP-8型金属β-内酰胺酶是洛菲不动杆菌B69对碳青霉烯耐药的重要机制。     

庆大霉素耐药阴沟肠杆菌16S rRNA甲基化酶基因的研究

目的了解庆大霉素耐药阴沟肠杆菌中16S rRNA甲基化酶基因的分布情况。方法筛选临床分离的庆大霉素耐药的阴沟肠杆菌30株。采用聚合酶链反应（PCR）方法扩增16S rRNA甲基化酶五种相关耐药基因armA、rmtA、rmtB、rmtC和rmtD,PCR产物进行电泳分析和测序,抗菌药物的药物敏感性试验采用纸片扩散法进行,Whonet 5.4软件进行数据分析。结果 30株庆大霉素耐药阴沟肠杆菌中16S rRNA甲基化酶基因的检出率为56.7%（17/30）,其中30.0%（9/30）检出armA基因、26.7%（8/30）检出rmtB基因,未检出rmtA、rmtC和rmtD基因。30株庆大霉素耐药阴沟肠杆菌对妥布霉素、阿米卡星耐药率分别为93.3%,83.3%;对其他抗菌药物除亚胺培南较敏感外,其余抗菌药物耐药率大于60.0%。结论庆大霉素耐药阴沟肠杆菌中16S rRNA甲基化酶基因主要是armA和rmtB基因,碳青霉烯类对该菌有较好体外抗菌活性。     

多药耐药铜绿假单胞菌氨基糖苷类修饰酶和16S rRNA甲基化酶基因分析

目的了解临床分离的铜绿假单胞菌对氨基糖苷类、β-内酰胺类、喹诺酮类抗菌药物耐药情况、氨基糖苷类耐药相关基因和16S rRNA甲基化酶基因存在情况以及菌株之间的亲缘性。方法采用琼脂稀释法测定临床分离的30株铜绿假单胞菌对7种临床常用于治疗铜绿假单胞菌感染的抗菌药物的敏感性,采用聚合酶链反应分析氨基糖苷类修饰酶、16S rRNA甲基化酶基因型及其他基因型,运用SPSS统计分析软件对菌株样本亲缘性做聚类分析。结果30株铜绿假单胞菌对临床常用抗生素的耐药率分别是奈替米星70%、妥布霉素63.3%、庆大霉素63.3%、环丙沙星53.3%、亚氨培南40%和阿米卡星13.3%,而多黏菌素B的耐药率为0。21株氨基糖苷类耐药菌株中（其中20株为多药耐药菌株）,氨基糖苷类耐药基因型aac（6＇）-Ⅰ阳性13株（61.9%）、aac（6＇）-Ⅱ阳性13株（61.9%）、ant（2＇＇）-Ⅰ阳性10株（47.6%）、ant（3＇＇）-Ⅰ阳性9株（42.9%）、aac（3）-Ⅱ阳性1株（4.8%）,另有1株菌oprD2基因缺失,未检出基因型aac（6＇）-Ⅰae、aph（3＇）-Ⅲ、aac（6＇）-aph（2＇＇）和ant（4＇）-Ⅰ;16S rRNA甲基化酶基因rmtA基因型阳性19株（90.4%）、armA基因型阳性有8株（38.1%）,未检出基因型rmtC、rmtD。聚类分析结果显示分离的菌株中存在克隆传播。结论大部分测试的铜绿假单胞菌对临床常用的铜绿假单胞菌抗感染药物已产生广泛耐药,尤其对氨基糖苷类抗生素。这些菌株的氨基糖苷类修饰酶常见耐药基因型检出率高,16SrRNA甲基化酶基因型rmtA和armA的检出率亦较高。30株测试菌株中存在克隆传播。     

1株多重耐药肺炎克雷伯菌耐药基因和整合子、转座子遗传标记研究

目的 了解多重耐药肺炎克雷伯菌的耐药基因存在状况和遗传学背景。方法 聚合酶链反应(RCR)法对多重耐药的肺炎克雷伯菌进行β-内酰胺酶基因、氨基糖苷类修饰酶基因、质粒AmpC酶基因、qacEΔ1-sull耐消毒剂和磺胺基因、整合子遗传标记(整合酶基因)、Tn21/Tn501转座子遗传标记(汞离子还原酶基因)检测。结果 TEM、SHV型β-内酰胺酶基因, DHA型质粒AmpC酶基因,aac(6′)-1型氮基糖苷类修饰酶基因,qacEΔ1-sul1耐消毒剂和磺胺基因,整合子遗传标记(intI1整合酶基因),Tn21/Tn501转座子遗传标记(merA汞离子还原酶基因)检测阳性。结论 多重耐药肺炎克雷伯菌存在多种耐药基因和Ⅰ类整合子、Tn21/Tn501转座子。     

碳青霉烯类耐药肺炎克雷伯菌基因型检测及同源性分析

目的了解福建医科大学附属第一医院耐碳青霉烯类肺炎克雷伯菌（KPC）的耐药基因分型及同源性分布情况。方法收集临床分离的29株KPC,改良Hodge试验检测碳青霉烯酶表型。PCR检测碳青霉烯酶blaKPC、blaIMP-1、blaVIM-1、blaOXA-48及blaNDM-基因;阳性结果进行DNA测序,并进行BLAST比对确定其基因型。采用肠杆菌科基因间重复序列（ERIC—PCR）对KPC进行同源性分析。结果29株KPC中Hodge试验阳性27株,阳性率为93．1％（27／29）。PCR扩增和DNA测序显示28株为blaKPC-2,株为blaIMP-1,未检出blaVIM-2、blaOXA-48和blaNDM-1基因。同源性分析发现KPC主要存在两种型别：28株A1和1株A2。结论blaKPC-2型碳青霉烯酶是该院KPC的主要型别,A1型已在该院流行,应加强院感监测和预防。ERIC—PCR是一种简便、快捷的基因分型技术,适合同源性的初步分型筛查。     

亚胺培南耐药铜绿假单胞菌耐药机制的研究

目的探讨铜绿假单胞菌对碳青霉烯类抗生紊的耐药机制。方法应用铜绿假单胞菌外膜蛋白SDS-PAGE图谱、凝胶分光光度扫描分析方法和三维试验分析亚胺培南耐药铜绿假单胞菌外膜蛋白和β-内酰胺酶类型。结果耐药组OprD2相对含量显著低于敏感组。耐药组产生了较高活性的AmpC酶。结论铜绿假单胞菌对亚胺培南的耐药机制可能是OprD2的缺失和AmpC酶共同作用的结果。     

Overview: Evaluation of metabolism-based drug toxicity in drug development

Drug metabolism can be a key determinant of drug toxicity. A nontoxic parent drug may be biotransformed by drug metabolizing enzymes to toxic metabolites (metabolic activation). Conversely, a toxic drug may be biotransformed to nontoxic metabolites (detoxification). The approaches to evaluate metabolism-based drug toxicity include the identification of toxic metabolites and the evaluation of toxicity in metabolically competent and metabolically compromised systems. A clear understanding of the role of drug metabolism in toxicity can aid the identification of risk factors that may potentiate drug toxicity, and may provide key information for the development of safe drugs.     

Perfusion-limited effects of plasma drug binding on hepatic drug extraction

The hepatic elimination of phenytoin has been studied in the isolated rat liver perfused at constant flow with Krebs solution alone and in the presence of albumin. At an albumin concentration of 0.5 g/dl, 46.6% of the phenytoin was bound in the perfusate and the comparable value at 5.0 g/dl was 87.4%. The increase in binding resulted in a reduction in the hepatic extraction ratio from 0.67 in Krebs to 0.54 and 0.28 at the two albumin concentrations, respectively. Analysis of this data together with that from the literature on propranolol and warfarin indicated that they were consistent with the perfusion-limited model of hepatic clearance. Accordingly, the general relationship between the extraction ratio and the free fraction of drug in the blood is hyperbolic with the precise shape being determined by the ratio of the clearance of the drug from liver water to the hepatic blood flow rate.     

Effects of drug relief hospital-based AIDS educational methods on drug users

The objective of this study is to explore a potentially effective training method for the hospital professionals to educate drug users and to enhance their knowledge of HIV infection. One hundred and sixty one subjects, who came from 13 different provinces and were admitted in a drug relief hospital in Beijing, were recruited for this study. The average age of these subjects was 35.21 +/- 6.24 year old. The average numbers of years for drug addiction were 7 years, and the average numbers of drug relief treatment received in the past was 5.5 times. The level of AIDS knowledge of these subjects, including pathogenic factors, source of infection, route of transmission and preventive measures, were evaluated before and after receiving the AIDS educational training to these drug users. Our results showed that there was a statistically significant increase (P<0.01) in the knowledge of HIV infection and prevention among these subjects. Positive attitude and behavioral tendencies toward HIV prevention were also improved. Therefore, it is imperative for the medical professionals to incorporate AIDS education into drug relief treatment to achieve the maximum effect on the knowledge of AIDS and improvement of positive attitudes and behaviors toward HIV prevention among drug users.     

Effects of drug relief hospital-based AIDS educational methods on drug users

INTRODUCTION Today, Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) has become a public health and social problem that has caused significant harm to the survival and development of humanbeings. Route of transmission of Human Im- munodeficiency Virus (HIV) is still predominantly through shared syringes by drug abusers. Currently, there is no efficient medicine, treatment or educational method to prevent HIV transmission in China. Intervention is prob- ably the best “vaccine” [1]. Despi…     

Blood-brain barrier drug targeting: the future of brain drug development

As human longevity increases, the likelihood of the onset of diseases of the brain (and other organs) also increases. Clinical therapeutics offer useful long-term treatments, if not cures, if drugs can be delivered appropriately and effectively. Unfortunately, research in drug transport to the brain has not advanced very far. Through better characterization of the transport systems utilized within the blood-brain barrier, a greater understanding of how to exploit these systems will lead to effective treatments for brain disorders. Pardridge reviews the functions of the various known transport systems in the brain and discusses how the development of BBB drug-targeting programs in pharmaceutical and academic settings may lead to more efficacious treatments.