反枝苋群落优势种的种间关联性分析

根据野外95个样方的调查数据,运用2×2列联表的χ₂检验、Jaccard关联指数、Pearson相关系数和Spearman秩相关系数对山西省中南部地区反枝苋群落的25个优势种,共300个种对的种间关联性和相关性进行分析。研究结果表明:1)群落总体呈负相关趋势,优势种的分布相对独立,群落结构较为松散,显著和极显著关联的种对较少;2）χ₂检验与关联度指数有机结合才能更为准确的反映种间关系;3）Spearman秩相关系数灵敏度高,分析结果较χ₂检验与Pearson相关系数更为合理准确;4）根据25个优势种对环境的适应方式和主导生态因素结合PCA排序,将它们划分为4个生态种组,各生态种组内的种对具有相同的资源利用方式和生态要求。     

外来入侵杂草反枝苋的研究进展

反枝苋(Amaranthus retroflexus)原产于美洲,是广泛分布于我国的外来入侵杂草。本文就反枝苋的种子生物学特性、化感作用、表型可塑性、作为典型C4植物的生理生态特征、其与作物的竞争机制、在我国的入侵扩散过程及影响因子,以及其对增强紫外线辐射的生理生态响应和防除方法分别进行了评述。结果表明:反枝苋的一些生物学特性对其入侵成功具有重要作用,其种子数量大、种子萌发温度范围广、表型可塑性强、光合能力强、并可通过化感作用影响多种作物的生长,温度和湿度适应范围广,可以入侵多种生境类型。针对目前研究中的不足,应加强以下方面的研究:1)反枝苋对大范围环境梯度变化的适应机制;2)反枝苋对农田生态系统资源波动的响应;3)反枝苋的化感作用机制;4)反枝苋的综合控制技术。     

外来入侵植物反枝苋的研究进展

本文对反枝苋生物学特性、入侵过程及可能分布区域与影响其分布的相关因子、除防、应用的相关研究进行了综述。结果发现:反枝苋种子能够适应较广的萌发条件,特别是在高温条件下具有高萌发率;反枝苋能够调整生物量及生理生化过程来应对环境变化,具有很强的可塑性;随着气候环境的变化,反枝苋的入侵持续进行,下一步将会向中国西南地区入侵;研制、筛选新型除草剂及探索除草剂的施用方法是目前针对反枝苋产生抗药性的解决途径;反枝苋具有较高的营养价值及药用价值,且在植物修复方面具有潜在前景。目前对反枝苋的研究还存在不足,应在以下方面进行加强:(1)在环境压力下的适应性进化机制及快速适应性的分子基础;(2)对入侵地土壤微生物群落、植物群落及动物的影响及其机制的研究;(3)平衡应用与防御之间的矛盾。     

不同混种密度下杀真菌剂对黄顶菊与反枝苋种间竞争的影响

为探究AM真菌共生对黄顶菊(Flaveria bidentis)与本地物种间竞争关系的影响,开展了不同种植比例条件下杀真菌剂对黄顶菊与反枝苋(Amaranthus retroflexus)的种间竞争试验。结果表明:黄顶菊是一种菌根真菌(AM)高度依赖性植物,杀真菌剂处理对其竞争效应产生了显著影响;在添加杀真菌剂条件下黄顶菊的相对产量在黄顶菊与反枝苋种植比例为1∶2、1∶1、2∶1条件下均1.0,而反枝苋的相对产量均1.0,且两者混种时的相对产量总和在黄顶菊与反枝苋种植比例为1∶2、1∶1、2∶1条件下均1.0,这说明反枝苋相对于黄顶菊而言是一种较强的竞争者,两者需要相同的资源;不添加杀真菌剂条件下,黄顶菊植株全氮、全磷含量分别增加1.1~1.6倍和1.1~1.2倍,而反枝苋的全氮、全磷含量无明显变化;AM真菌共生可能通过菌根介导的化感互作影响外来入侵植物与土著植物竞争格局,且受外界环境条件影响,这种共生关系可以减缓外界胁迫对共生植物不利的影响。     

不同水分条件下混种密度对芦苇和反枝苋种间竞争的影响

与本地植物的种间竞争是影响外来植物能否成功入侵的关键因素之一,该研究通过受控模拟试验研究了本地植物芦苇(Phragmites australis)和外来入侵植物反枝苋(Amaranthus retroflexus)在淹水和干旱两种水分条件下混种密度(6∶2、4∶4和2∶6)对其种间竞争的影响。结果表明:(1)芦苇和反枝苋的相对产量与相对产量总和均小于1,即两种植物存在种间竞争。(2)种间竞争使芦苇和反枝苋的生长均受到了不同程度的抑制,表现在两者的株高和生物量均随着竞争者密度的增加而降低。(3)植株地上部分和地下部分的氮浓度表现出与株高和生物量相同的趋势,且在不同水分条件下存在差异。(4)芦苇和反枝苋分别在淹水和干旱环境下具有较强竞争力,但在各自较高混种密度下亦具有较强竞争力。可见,芦苇和反枝苋的种间竞争受到了水分和混种密度的影响。因此,在有反枝苋分布的湿地中,植物生长初期可通过增加土壤水分和/或增加芦苇等本地植物的种群密度以降低反枝苋的种群密度来限制其竞争能力,防止反枝苋在湿地中生长建群和扩散入侵。     

UV-B辐射增强对反枝苋形态、生理及化学成分的影响

通过大田盆栽实验,研究了2种增强的UV-B辐射对双子叶C4植物反枝苋(Amaranthus retroflexus)形态、生理、生物量分配及化学成分的影响.结果表明:增强UV-B辐射处理下分枝数、叶片数、高度和基径均没有显著变化.高、低剂量的UV-B处理均导致过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性显著高于对照组(P＜0.05),但对超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性无影响,低剂量辐射下过氧化物酶(POD)活性显著高于对照而高剂量辐射下无显著变化,同时丙二醛(MDA)含量随辐射剂量的增加而显著增加(P＜0.05).收获期低剂量辐射处理下的资源分配模式发生变化,分配到叶片的生物量比例显著增加,而分配到根的比例显著减小,但高剂量辐射对生物量分配无影响.UV-B辐射处理下根、茎、叶部所检测的大多数化学成分与对照相比均有显著变化:叶片中可溶性蛋白、木质素和脂肪,根中木质素,茎中纤维素、木质素含量在辐射处理下显著高于对照;叶片中淀粉,茎中可溶性糖、淀粉和脂肪含量在辐射处理下显著低于对照(P＜0.05).     

增强紫外—B对反枝苋形态、生理及异速生长的影响

在田间条件下,模拟西安地区21.6%的臭氧层减薄,研究增强紫外-B辐射 280～320nm,3.18kJ·m-2·d-1 对双子叶阔叶杂草反枝苋 Amaranthusretroflexus 生理、形态及异速生长的影响.结果表明: 1 与对照相比,处理组的叶绿素、类胡萝卜素含量降低,但叶片紫外吸收物质的含量增加; 2 处理组的株高、叶数及单株重有明显降低; 3 株高与单株重的线性关系有较大的偏离,表现在同等株高下处理组的生物量低于对照.这些表明在补充的紫外-B条件下,反枝苋的形态有较大的可塑性,并进一步会影响该植物在群落中的竞争能力.     

外来杂草反枝苋对农作物的化感作用及其风险评价

利用改进的差时播种共培法,以麦田伴生恶性杂草播娘蒿为对照,在实验室条件下研究反枝苋根系分泌物及其不同浓度残枝浸提液对小麦、玉米、油菜种子萌发及生长的影响.结果显示:(1)反枝苋幼苗的根系分泌物能够显著抑制作物根长和苗高的生长;(2)反枝苋不同浓度浸提液均能抑制作物种子的萌发,其抑制作用随浓度的增加而增强;(3)除0.025 g·mL-1处理对小麦根长和苗高、玉米苗高有促进作用外,其余各浓度反枝苋浸提液对作物幼苗的根长和苗高有不同程度的抑制,且对根长的抑制作用更强;(4)反枝苋对作物幼苗的抑制作用强于恶性杂草播娘蒿,风险评估定量分析结果认定反枝苋为陕西省高度危险性植物.     

昆虫肠道菌对反枝苋的除草活性筛选及菌株JC-03的初步鉴定

利用平板分离法从多种昆虫肠道中分离出14株昆虫肠道菌,活性筛选表明从大黑金龟子肠道分离出的JC-03菌株粗提物对反枝苋具有较好的除草活性,进一步研究表明其活性物质主要集中在中等极性的乙酸乙酯提取物中。安全性实验表明JC-03菌株粗提物对常见作物(油菜、大豆、西红柿、辣椒)的安全性较高。通过形态学特征观察和5.8S rDNA测序分析,初步确定该菌株为赤霉菌(Gibberella intermedia)。JC-03菌株作为微生物源除草剂值得进一步研究。     

反枝苋水浸提液与挥发油对黄瓜根尖的影响

采用悬空气法研究了在入侵植物反枝苋(Amaranthus retroflexus L.)水浸提液和挥发油作用下,黄瓜根缘细胞活性、根冠果胶甲基酯酶(PME)、根尖过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)以及丙二醛(MDA)含量的变化规律.结果表明:反枝苋水浸提液对黄瓜根的生长无显著性影响而挥发油显著抑制黄瓜根的生长,且随浓度增大抑制作用显著增强.PME活性随着水浸提液浓度的增大呈先上升后下降趋势,而随着挥发油浓度的升高呈现逐渐上升的趋势;水浸提液和挥发油均降低了对根缘细胞的存活率,这种抑制作用随浓度的增加而增大;随着处理液浓度增大,黄瓜根尖中MDA含量、CAT活性整体表现为增加,SOD活性先升高后降低,POD活性与对照差异不显著.反枝苋挥发油的化感效应大于水浸提液的化感效应.     

灰葡萄孢强除草菌株的筛选与活性物质的组分分析

灰葡萄孢产生的毒素具有较强的除草活性,开发成生物除草剂前景广阔。本试验以灰葡萄孢BC4为出发菌株,通过紫外线和化学诱变剂诱变分生孢子或菌丝体,获得了所产毒素除草活性比野生菌株显著增强的3个突变菌株。对各菌株产生的毒素提取液进行HPLC分析,发现获得的3个突变菌株中各个组分的含量均显著高于野生菌株,且遗传稳定。利用HPLC制备得到了4个组分,其中组分Ⅰ、Ⅳ对马唐和反枝苋具有很强的杀除活性,为灰葡萄孢的遗传改良及毒素源除草剂的工业化生产奠定了基础。     

桉树油化学成分分析及α-松油醇的化感作用

采用水蒸气蒸馏法提取桉树油,通过GC-MS对其成分进行分析,以其中一种化学成分α-松油醇为代表,分别采用培养皿和盆栽试验研究其对反枝苋的化感作用。结果表明: 水蒸气蒸馏法提取桉树油的产率为0.04%,经GC-MS分析,在桉树油中共检测到92种化学成分。在培养皿条件下,α-松油醇对反枝苋的发芽和生长均具有明显的抑制作用,用量达到每皿5 和7.5 μL时,抑制率均达到100%。盆栽条件下,α-松油醇处理过的土壤会显著影响反枝苋的出苗率、地上鲜重和地上干重,浓度达到1.6 μL·cm^-3时,抑制作用最大,其化感响应指数分别为-0.51、-0.62和-0.44,抑制率为51%、62%和44%。     

Comparative responses of model C3 and C4 plants to drought in low and elevated CO2

Interactive effects of CO₂ and water availability have been predicted to alter the competitive relationships between C3 and C4 species over geological and contemporary time scales. We tested the effects of drought and CO₂ partial pressures (pCO₂) ranging from values of the Pleistocene to those predicted for the future on the physiology and growth of model C3 and C4 species. We grew co-occurring Abutilon theophrasti (C3) and Amaranthus retroflexus (C4) in monoculture at 18 (Pleistocene), 27 (preindustrial), 35 (current), and 70 (future) Pa CO₂ under conditions of high light and nutrient availability. After 27 days of growth, water was withheld from randomly chosen plants of each species until visible wilting occurred. Under well-watered conditions, low pCO₂ that occurred during the Pleistocene was highly limiting to C3 photosynthesis and growth, and C3 plants showed increased photosynthesis and growth with increasing pCO₂ between the Pleistocene and future CO₂ values. Well-watered C4 plants exhibited increased photosynthesis in response to increasing pCO₂, but total mass and leaf area were unaffected by pCO₂. In response to drought, C3 plants dropped a large amount of leaf area and maintained relatively high leaf water potential in remaining leaves, whereas C4 plants retained greater leaf area, but at a lower leaf water potential. Furthermore, drought-treated C3 plants grown at 18 Pa CO₂ retained relatively greater leaf area than C3 plants grown at higher pCO₂ and exhibited a delay in the reduction of stomatal conductance that may have occurred in response to severe carbon limitations. The C4 plants grown at 70 Pa CO₂ showed lower relative reductions in net photosynthesis by the end of the drought compared to plants at lower pCO₂, indicating that CO₂ enrichment may alleviate drought effects in C4 plants. At the Pleistocene pCO₂, C3 and C4 plants showed similar relative recovery from drought for leaf area and biomass production, whereas C4 plants showed higher recovery than C3 plants at current and elevated pCO₂. Based on these model systems, we conclude that C3 species may not have been at a disadvantage relative to C4 species in response to low CO₂ and severe drought during the Pleistocene. Furthermore, C4 species may have an advantage over C3 species in response to increasing atmospheric CO₂ and more frequent and severe droughts.     

Atmospheric CO2, plant nitrogen status and the susceptibility of plants to an acute increase in temperature

Abstract. Elevated levels of CO₂ in the atmosphere are expected to affect plant performance and may alter global temperature patterns. Changes in mean air temperatures that might be induced by rising levels of CO₂ and other greenhouse gases could also be accompanied by increased variability in daily temperatures such that acute increases in air temperature may be more likely than at present. Consequently, we investigated whether plants grown in a CO₂ enriched atmosphere would be differently affected by a heat shock than plants grown at ambient CO₂ levels. Plants of a C₃ annual (Abutilon theophrasti), a C₃ annual crop (Sinapis alba) and a C₄ annual (Amaranthus retroflexus) were grown from seed in growth chambers under either 400 or 700cm³ m^?3 CO₂, and were fertilized with either a high or low nutrient regime. Young seedlings of S. alba, as well as plants of all species in either the vegetative or reproductive phase of growth were exposed to a 4-h heat shock in which the temperature was raised an additional 14–23°C (depending on plant age). Total biomass and reproductive biomass were examined to determine the effect of CO₂, nutrient and heat shock treatments on plant performance. Heat shock, CO₂, and nutrient treatments, all had some significant effects on plant performance, but plants from both CO₂ treatments responded similarly to heat shocks. We also found, as expected, that plants grown under high CO₂ had dramatically decreased tissue N concentrations relative to plants grown under ambient conditions. We predicted that high-CO₂-grown plants would be more susceptible to a heat shock than ambient-CO₂-grown plants, because the reduced N concentrations of high-CO₂ grown plants could result in the reduced synthesis of heat shock proteins and reduced thermotolerance. Although we did not examine heat shock proteins, our results showed little relationship between plant nitrogen status and the ability of a plant to tolerate an acute increase in temperature.