穿山甲标本和甲片的DNA提取及PCR扩增

为验证经处理后的穿山甲(Manis spp.)标本和甲片是否可以用于种间分子鉴定标记的开发及个体识别工作,本文在样品的预处理、消化、提取后纯化等方面对传统提取方法进行了改进,分别从穿山甲剥制标本、干皮标本及甲片中提取总DNA;然后用Cyt b基因扩增通用引物、12S rRNA基因全序列扩增引物、RAPD引物及微卫星引物进行了PCR扩增,并对部分扩增结果进行了序列测定.结果表明,除剥制标本的脚底皮张组织外,其他样品基本都可以提取出DNA.以此为模板的PCR扩增中,2种线粒体基因引物扩增出明显目的条带,RAPD引物扩增出种间特异条带,测序结果可用于种间特异性引物及SCAR引物的开发;微卫星引物在甲片样品中扩增稳定,可用于个体识别工作.     

麂属动物陈旧皮张标本的DNA提取及PCR扩增

本实验用改进的方法从保存于标本馆的动物皮张标本中提取ＤＮＡ,所得ＤＮＡ片段的分子量从１００ｂｐ到１ｋｂ以上。利用线粒体ＤＮＡ细胞色素ｂ通用引物和ＰＣＲ技术,从小麂、印度麂、贡山麂、费氏麂、黑麂ＤＮＡ中扩增出３０７ｂｐ的细胞色素ｂ特异片段。用２８种限制性内切酶对从新鲜血样和从陈旧皮张标本中所得扩增片段进行酶切分析,发现只有４个酶在这个片段上有切点,其中ＨａｅⅢ和ＨａｐⅡ的识别位点在各种麂中有所不同。     

鬣羚干皮标本中的DNA提取和PCR扩增

为了澄清鬣羚（Ｃａｐｒｉｃｏｒｎｉｓ ｓｕｍａｔｒａｅｎｓｉｓ）这种动物在系统进化和分类上的混乱局面,有效地保护其种群的遗传多样性,本文以鬣羚不同种群的干皮标本为样品,分别提取了总ＤＮＡ（ｔｏｔａｌＤＡＮ）,并以此为模板,特异性扩增了ｍｔＤＮＡ（ｍｉｔｏｃｈｏｎｄｒｉａｌＤＡＮ）细胞色素ｂ（ｃｙｔ ｂ）基因的约５００ｂｐ的片段,从而证明了通过干皮标本研究这种珍贵动物遗传分化的可行性。     

山蛭基因组DNA的提取及其PCR扩增产物的分析

利用PCR技术从海南山蛭体内分离山蛭素（抗凝血蛋白）基因,首先需获得不带有山蛭体表色素且完整的山蛭基因组DNA,本试验通过结合使用SDS-蛋白酶裂解法和CTAB法,有效的去除了山蛭基因组DNA提取过程中难以去除的色素,得到的基因组DNA保持完整,无降解,以之作为模板,进行PCR扩增,获得一个长度约为237bp的特异性片段,此片段与印度山蛭蛭素的cDNA大小几乎一致。初步表明,这个序列没有内含子,而仅是海南山蛭蛭素的编码序列。     

一种高效的植物DNA提取和PCR扩增体系建立

报道一种高效简易的植物DNA提取和PCR扩增体系。该体系仅需一步即可提取DNA,扩增时延长PCR预变性时间便能获得较好的目的基因扩增结果。本体系具有较高的实验稳定性和较好的物种适用性,将大大提高植物分子生物学实验和基于分子标记辅助的植物育种实验效率,节省科研成本。     

一种高效可直接用于PCR扩增的不吸水链霉菌基因组DNA的提取方法

通过对提取不吸水链霉茵基因组DNA的冻融法、微波法和溶茵酶破壁法等几种方法进行对比、分析,得出结论:溶茵酶破壁法所提取的不吸水链霉茵基因组DNA可直接用于PCR扩增.这为今后不吸水链霉菌相关基因的实验研究提供了可靠的理论依据.     

一种从鸟类剥制标本提取DNA的改进方法

应用非损伤性取样的方法,收集鸟类剥制标本的皮肤组织和羽毛,用无水乙醇、浸泡液预处理的方法抽提DNA,结果两者都可提取DNA供PCR扩增。将PCR产物经序列测定和比对分析,证明提取的DNA为目的DNA,表明本试验方法可行。鸟类剥制标本的皮肤组织和羽毛可以作为研究种群遗传学的资源。     

甲型H1N1流感病毒血凝素单克隆抗体轻链和重链可变区基因的巢式PCR扩增及序列分析

目的：采用巢式PCR对甲型H1N1流感病毒血凝素单克隆抗体的轻链和重链基因进行扩增,对获得的基因进行序列分析,并找出克隆鼠Igκ轻链和重链可变区基因的通用方法。方法：设计22对扩增鼠Igκ轻链可变区和重链可变区基因的引物,对6株鼠抗人甲型H1N1流感病毒血凝素单克隆抗体的轻链和重链可变区基因进行克隆并测序,与NCBI公布的鼠免疫球蛋白序列比对分析。结果：巢式PCR方法可以有效避免单克隆抗体克隆过程的假基因,并且得到的单克隆抗体的氨基酸序列均符合鼠免疫球蛋白可变区特征。结论：建立了克隆鼠免疫球蛋白轻链和重链可变区基因的通用方法,为后期克隆鼠源性单克隆抗体的可变区基因提供了基础,并为研究甲型H1N1流感病毒血凝素与抗体的结合位点提供了实验数据。     

中华绒螯蟹蜕皮抑制激素1(Ers-MIH1)基因组DNA的分子克隆和序列分析

运用反向PCR (IPCR)技术首次克隆得到全长为 3 50 6bp的中华绒螯蟹 (Eriocheirjaponicasinensis)蜕皮抑制激素 1(MIH 1)基因组DNA序列 (GenBank检索号 :AY3 10 3 13 )。该序列包括 3个外显子、 2个内含子、 412bp的 5′端上游调控区和 917bp的 3′端UTR。编码区的第 1个内含子将信号肽分开 ,第 2个内含子将成熟肽分开。MIH 1基因的外显子和内含子接头区符合受体拼接点和供体拼接点的GT AG法则。MIH 1基因412bp的 5′端侧翼区含有和其它真核基因相似的启动子元件 ,即包括与其它节肢动物高度相似的起始子、TATA盒以及cAMP效应元件结合蛋白的结合位点序列。中华绒螯蟹MIH 1基因的组织方式与斑纹和食用黄道蟹的MIH基因相同。推导的多肽由 75个氨基酸的成熟肽和 3 5个氨基酸的信号肽组成 ,成熟肽的氨基酸序列和食用黄道蟹、三叶真蟹及美洲黄道蟹的一致性在 64% -65%之间     

重叠PCR法构建人心房肌SK2(KCNN2)基因表达质粒及鉴定和序列分析

目的:小电导钙激活钾通道亚型2(SK2)在心房肌功能活动中起重要作用,但是由于其表达密度低,直接进行RT-PCR一步法无法得到该基因(KCNN2)的编码区全长序列,本研究旨在采用Overlapping PCR(重叠PCR)法进行基因全长序列的扩增和表达质粒的构建,探讨其在长片段基因扩增的应用。方法:收集人心房肌标本,采用提取总RNA之后逆转录为cDNA,分三段设计KCNN2基因(AY258141)引物进行分段扩增,同时进行分段测序,然后采用Overlapping PCR得到KCNN2基因编码区全长序列,通过限制性酶切位点定向克隆到表达载体pIRES-hrGFP上。采用酶切法和测序法进行鉴定。结果:三段KCNN2基因扩增产物大小与预测值一致,最后得到的表达质粒测序结果与基因库数据基本一致。结论:成功构建人心房肌SK通道基因表达质粒pIRES-hrGFP-SK2,Overlapping PCR能够很好的用于长片段基因扩增。     

杨梅基因组DNA提取方法筛选和优化研究

选择具有代表性的杨梅品种20份,分别采用CTAB法和SDS法,选取嫩叶进行基因组DNA提取比较研究,结果表明,由于叶片中含有较高的酚类物质,相对来说CTAB法优于SDS法,提取的基因组DNA色泽白亮且数量多,而且同一提取方法如CTAB法,不同品种之间提取得率也有较大差异。在CTAB法的基础上,选取两个品种研究水浴时间对DNA提取的影响,发现DNA得率随水浴时间的延长呈现抛物线态势,最佳水浴时间随样品颗粒的大小而变化,一般最佳时间为30～40min,样品颗粒较细时水浴时间以30min为最佳,较粗时则为40min。添加异丙醇量以2/3为好,析出DNA的最佳离心速度和时间分别为5 000r/min和10～15min。     

Comparison of C18-Carboxypropylbetaine and Glass Bead DNA Extraction Methods for Detection of Mycobacterium bovis in Bovine Milk Samples and Analysis of Samples by PCR

The purpose of this prospective study was to compare two different milk preparation methods to assay for the presence of Mycobacterium bovis by PCR. Detection by a C₁₈-carboxypropylbetaine (CB-18)-based sample processing method was compared to extraction of DNA from milk with glass beads. Samples from 17 skin test-positive cattle were analyzed. Following CB-18 processing and glass bead extraction, the sensitivity of IS6110-based PCR was 94.1 and 58.8%, respectively (P < 0.025). Because CB-18 processing will permit the proficient use of PCR for diagnosis and surveillance of bovine tuberculosis, it will contribute to the more efficient detection and control of tuberculosis.     

DNA Extraction and PCR Methods for the Detection of Listeria monocytogenes in Cold-Smoked Salmon

Protocols for the specific detection of Listeria monocytogenes in cold-smoked salmon were developed. PCR was used as the method of detection. Inhibitors of PCR present in the food samples were removed by ether extraction or column purification, or their effect was overcome by the use of Tween 20 as an enhancer. These protocols are many times more rapid than conventional detection methodologies and also have the potential for automation.     

大量Pichia pastoris酵母基因组DNA的提取

巴斯德毕赤酵母(Pichia pastoris)表达系统是目前应用最广泛的外源基因表达系统之一,提取酵母基因组是研究酵母必需的方法之一.针对常用的几种毕赤酵母基因组DNA的制备方法进行比较,并对玻璃珠法进行改进.改良的玻璃珠法不但具有省时省力、操作简便且结果稳定的优,适合于大量DNA的提取.该方法的革新将对酵母重组子的PCR鉴定检测及表达产品DNA相关检测提供更高效稳定的保证,将成为酵母等类似微生物基因组DNA制备的首选方法.     

Comparison of Eleven Methods for Genomic DNA Extraction Suitable for Large-Scale Whole-Genome Genotyping and Long-Term DNA Banking Using Blood Samples

Over the recent years, next generation sequencing and microarray technologies have revolutionized scientific research with their applications to high-throughput analysis of biological systems. Isolation of high quantities of pure, intact, double stranded, highly concentrated, not contaminated genomic DNA is prerequisite for successful and reliable large scale genotyping analysis. High quantities of pure DNA are also required for the creation of DNA-banks. In the present study, eleven different DNA extraction procedures, including phenol-chloroform, silica and magnetic beads based extractions, were examined to ascertain their relative effectiveness for extracting DNA from ovine blood samples. The quality and quantity of the differentially extracted DNA was subsequently assessed by spectrophotometric measurements, Qubit measurements, real-time PCR amplifications and gel electrophoresis. Processing time, intensity of labor and cost for each method were also evaluated. Results revealed significant differences among the eleven procedures and only four of the methods yielded satisfactory outputs. These four methods, comprising three modified silica based commercial kits (Modified Blood, Modified Tissue, Modified Dx kits) and an in-house developed magnetic beads based protocol, were most appropriate for extracting high quality and quantity DNA suitable for large-scale microarray genotyping and also for long-term DNA storage as demonstrated by their successful application to 600 individuals.     

Comparison of Methods for DNA Isolation from Food Samples for Detection of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli by Real-Time PCR

In this study, food samples were intentionally contaminated with Escherichia coli O157:H7, and then DNA was isolated by using four commercial kits. The isolated DNA samples were compared by using real-time PCR detection of the Shiga toxin genes. The four kits tested worked similarly.     

小鼠胚胎胃肠道细菌基因组DNA提取方法比较

目的:筛选能均衡地提取小鼠胚胎胃肠道微生物区系各种细菌总DNA的方法.方法:分别采用反复冻融法、CTAB -SDS法、柱式基因组DNA提取试剂盒法提取小鼠胚胎胃肠道细菌基因组DNA,对其进行琼脂糖凝胶电泳、紫外分光光度计测定、PCR扩增等质量检测.结果:CTAB -SDS方法提取的基因组DNA纯度较高,OD260/OD280平均值最高,为1.845,电泳条带清晰,能满足下游的PCR扩增等分子操作.结论:确定CTAB -SDS方法为提取小鼠胚胎胃肠道细菌基因组DNA的最佳方法,为研究不同种动物胚胎的肠道菌群的结构和多样性奠定了基础.     

Expanding the Diagnostic Use of PCR in Leptospirosis: Improved Method for DNA Extraction from Blood Cultures

Background

Leptospirosis is a neglected zoonosis of ubiquitous distribution. Symptoms are often non-specific and may range from flu-like symptoms to multi-organ failure. Diagnosis can only be made by specific diagnostic tests like serology and PCR. In non-endemic countries, leptospirosis is often not suspected before antibiotic treatment has been initiated and consequently, relevant samples for diagnostic PCR are difficult to obtain. Blood cultures are obtained from most hospitalized patients before antibiotic therapy and incubated for at least five days, thus providing an important source of blood for PCR diagnosis. However, blood cultures contain inhibitors of PCR that are not readily removed by most DNA-extraction methods, primarily sodium polyanetholesulfonate (SPS).

Methodology/Principal Findings

In this study, two improved DNA extraction methods for use with blood cultures are presented and found to be superior in recovering DNA of Leptospira interrogans when compared with three previously described methods. The improved methods were easy and robust in use with all tested brands of blood culture media. Applied to 96 blood cultures obtained from 36 patients suspected of leptospirosis, all seven patients with positive convalescence serology were found positive by PCR if at least one anaerobic and one aerobic blood culture, sampled before antibiotic therapy were tested.

Conclusions/Significance

This study suggests that a specific and early diagnosis can be obtained in most cases of severe leptospirosis for up to five days after initiation of antimicrobial therapy, if PCR is applied to blood cultures already sampled as a routine procedure in most septic patients.