蚱蝉(Cryptotympana atrata Fabricius)发声器结构:发声膜与鸣声

蚱蝉单发声膜发出的click声波形由高幅值和低幅脉冲列(pulse train,PT)组成.高幅值PT含脉冲越多,主峰频率(main peak frequency,MPF)就越高.本文进一步阐明:1、高幅值PT多含有11个脉冲,当含有1,2,3个时,脉冲个数与MPF成准线性关系 超过三个为非线性关系.2、双发声膜发声的频带主要在2700Hz-6700Hz之间.数个click声组成的波形中,低幅值PT功率谱包络波近似于标准高斯型,MPF约为4900Hz;不同高幅值PT内含主脉冲的频率不同是MPF变化的主要因素.3、蚱蝉鸣声功率谱主要有三个子谱区A,B,及C,对应的频带依次约为2700Hz—3700Hz,3700Hz-5700Hz,及5700Hz—6700Hz.     

非洲蝼蛄(G.africana Palisot de Beauvois)的鸣声特点

本文对北京非洲蝼蛄(G.africana.)的鸣声特点进行了分析.非洲蝼蛄的鸣声类似由调幅单音节组成的哨声.单音节的频谱特性基本相一致,其载波的主峰频率(MPF)调谐度(Q_(3dB))和MPF下降20dB的带宽分别为2539Hz、17.3和479Hz.但是哨声和单音节的周期是不均一的.在由302个哨声组成的鸣声段中,哨声周期和每个哨声内单音节平均周期的主要分布区分别为115-225ms和12.90-15.75ms.这些结果可能为蝼蛄声诱捕装置的生物原型和数学模型的研究提供某些依据.     

鸣鸣蝉(Oncotympana maculaticollisMotsch)调音肌的功能特性

本文给出了鸣鸣蝉调音肌(TMc)的结构及其与发声膜(SM)的连接关系,揭示了TMc的调音功能。 TMc的前、后支分别与SM前缘底面的外、内侧连接,有助于牵拉SM,其纵轴与SM的膜面约成120°角。理论上估计,TMc对SM的向下垂直拉力和沿膜面的向前水平拉力可能分别约为总拉力的87％和50％。 TMc具有重要的调音功能。不仅影响每侧SM产生的2个脉冲列(PT)的脉冲幅值,每个PT中第1和2脉冲幅值平均约下降3—10dB;而且影响SM发声过程的均一性。同时,对鸣声谱中第二陪音的峰值频率的幅值有明显的影响,其13600—13900Hz、15015—15100Hz和16756—17090Hz的幅值分别平均下降约5.9、8.4和16.3dB。     

猕猴(Macaca mulatta)叫声特点的研究

本文对海南岛南湾半岛野生猕猴的正常和受惊叫声进行了分析和研究：成年母猴与幼体正常和受惊时的叫声是一种谐波结构,其叫声的变化表现为谐波频数上不同的幅值组台。成年母猴正常和受惊叫声的高幅谐波SHHA_1,2 分别为300Hz、550Hz和300Hz、1.2KHz;幼年猴正常和受惊叫声的高幅谐波SHHA_1,2,3． 分别为300Hz、1KHz、2KHz和350Hz、IKHz、3KHz。SHHA₁是波形结构中周期波上叠加的低幅波动LAP在功率谱上的反映,而SHHA_2,3,是与波行中高幅阵脉冲列HAPT相对应的,波形结构中周期波的平均周期T始终保持一致为20ms。     

蟋蟀(Loxoblemmus doenitzi Stein)鸣声的特征和黑蝉(C.atrata Fabricius.)鸣声对其的影响

本文由1741个叫声的分析,给出了蟋蟀的鸣声特征和黑蝉叫声的影响.雄蟋招引声的每个单次叫声(SC)平均含有7.6个节拍,每个含有2个脉冲列组,每组含有4个主要的调幅脉冲列.每个SC的声长、间隔和平均重复周期(?)及节拍速(?)分别为1.285-1.325s,0.755—0.746s和2.078s及每秒7.6个节拍.鸣声谱的主峰频率(MPF)和MPF下降20db的带宽分别为5223±79Hz和(4498±82)—(5656±68)Hz.正在歌唱的蟋蟀鸣声基本上不受黑蝉自鸣声的影响,但黑蝉的前置自鸣声对蟋蟀鸣声波形有一定的影响.黑蝉的惊叫声不仅对蟋蟀鸣声波形有明显影响,而且时间特性有一定影响,即(?)约缩短一半,(?)的变差明显扩大.但对频率特性都无影响.     

蟋蟀(Loxoblemmus doenitzi Stein)鸣声的特征和黑蝉(C.atrata Fabricius.)鸣声对其的影响

本文由1741个叫声的分析,给出了蟋蟀的鸣声特征和黑蝉叫声的影响.雄蟋招引声的每个单次叫声(SC)平均含有7.6个节拍,每个含有2个脉冲列组,每组含有4个主要的调幅脉冲列.每个SC的声长、间隔和平均重复周期(?)及节拍速(?)分别为1.285-1.325s,0.755—0.746s和2.078s及每秒7.6个节拍.鸣声谱的主峰频率(MPF)和MPF下降20db的带宽分别为5223±79Hz和(4498±82)—(5656±68)Hz.正在歌唱的蟋蟀鸣声基本上不受黑蝉自鸣声的影响,但黑蝉的前置自鸣声对蟋蟀鸣声波形有一定的影响.黑蝉的惊叫声不仅对蟋蟀鸣声波形有明显影响,而且时间特性有一定影响,即(?)约缩短一半,(?)的变差明显扩大.但对频率特性都无影响.     

刺激家鸽中脑丘间复合体背内侧核诱发叫声与其自鸣声的比较

利用计算机声谱分析技术比较了家鸽刺激中脑丘间复合体背内侧核(DM)诱发叫声和其正常自鸣声。家鸽的单次自鸣声“di·Gu—”,包括前奏、高潮声和尾声,其主频率和相对幅值都呈明显的逐步递增、平稳和逐步下降过程。高潮声平稳期的载波主频率(318Hz)所表征的主音调比前奏和尾声的主频率(239Hz)分别平均高4.9个半音,相对幅值分别平均高24.4dB和13.2dB,品质因数(Q6dB)分别增高1.8倍和2.8倍。随着刺激电压的增大和减小,家鸽单次鸣声持续时间呈显著的线性递减和递增。诱发叫声的主频率显著性低于自鸣声,声图中有1-2个陪音。本实验为阐明非鸣禽发声调控提供声学特征上的依据     

模拟失重降低大鼠心肌细胞对异丙肾上腺素的反应性

本文旨在研究模拟失重对大鼠单个心肌细胞无负荷收缩功能的影响以及对异丙肾上腺素(isoproterenol,ISO)反应性的变化.采用人鼠尾部悬吊法在地面模拟失重状态,4周后以胶原酶I消化分离心肌细胞,分别对左、右两心室心肌细胞进行收缩功能测量.结果显示,悬吊4周大鼠(悬吊组)左,右心室心肌细胞的长度和宽度与正常大鼠(对照组)相比均无显著差异.随刺激频率增加,对照组与悬吊组大鼠心肌细胞缩短幅值均逐步增加.在1.0、2.0与4.0 Hz刺激下,对照组大鼠左心室心肌细胞缩短幅值分别为(8.50±1.26)%、(9.00±1.38)%与(9.23±1.83)%,右心室心肌细胞缩短幅值分别为(9.80±2.48)%、(10.03±2.48)%与(10.28±2.27)%;与对照组大鼠相比,在1.0与2.0Hz刺激下,悬吊组大鼠左心室心肌细胞无负荷缩短幅值分别降低12.2%、10.9%(P《0.05),右心室则分别降低16.5%、16.3%(P《0.05);但是在4.0 Hz刺激下却无显著性改变.与同一频率刺激下的对照组大鼠相比,悬吊组大鼠左、右心室心肌细胞达到缩短峰值的时程(time to peak shortening,TPS)明显缩短(P《0.05);而从缩短峰值至75%舒张的时程(TR75)则明显延长(P《0.05).在各刺激频率下,悬吊组大鼠左、右心室心肌细胞缩短(+dL/dtmax)与舒张(-dL/dtmax)速度均未发生明显改变.用1、5、10 nmol/L ISO灌流达稳态水平后,对照组大鼠心肌细胞缩短幅值分别增加了(10.63±0.83)%、(35.06±5.22)%和(71.64±6.83)%;而悬吊组大鼠心肌细胞缩短幅值仅增加(5.75±0.76)%、(23.97±4.50)%和(26.38±8.13)%,均有显著性差异(P《0.05,P《0.01).用10、50、100 nmol/L forskolin 灌流达稳定水平后,对照组大鼠心肌细胞缩短幅值分别增加了(3.04±0.27)%、(9.81±2.66)%、(20.20±3.47)%;而悬吊组大鼠心肌细胞缩短幅值仅增加了(1.42±0.53)%、(3.83±1.71)%、(5.49±4.08)%,均有显著性差异(P《0.05).以上结果表明,模拟失重4周降低人鼠心肌细胞无负荷缩短幅值以及对ISO的反应性.     

褐家鼠声行为的种特性和种族变异

本文比较了不同种类和不同种族的鼠的惊叫声（SC）,给出了鼠类SC的种特异性和种族变异性。褐家鼠（Rattus norvegicus),金黄地鼠（Mesocicetus auratus)和黑线仓鼠（Cricetulus barabensis)的SC呈不同的谱系性状,具有不同的种特性。褐镓鼠（BHR）的变种－大白鼠（WR）（♀）和BHR（♂）的混种鼠（MSR）,其单主音SC（MDTSC）类似于BHR的谱系性状,但主峰频率（MPF）分别平均下降2．2和4．9个半音。其多谱SC（MHSC）的谱系性状虽然类似于BHR,但呈明显的音色变异,不仅基本音的MPF平均下降2．8个半音,而且WR MHSC是以BHR的MPF为2550Hz和5475Hz的隐性分音（RP）为主音,而HR的MPF为3375Hz和6300HZ的主音退化为RP,MSR的MHSC主要继承母本性状,而父本的MPF为4050Hz的RP显性化为次主音,其特有的由MHSC和MDTSC组合的混合SC呈更明显的双亲性状,这些结果为进一步开展动物声行为的种特性和种族变异性的遗传机制和分类上的应用研究提供了依据。     

鸣鸣蝉(Oncotympana maculaticollis Motschulsk)自鸣声信息及其频谱的双倍频特征

本文报道庐山鸣鸣蝉自鸣声信息的长码与短码结构及其部分频谱的双倍频特征。庐山鸣鸣蝉多次重复的“MUYING……MUYING MU A”叫声,仅由三种信息MU(简称M),YING(I)及“A”重复编排而成。M与A的特征类似:持续时间大于170ms,波形具有约为6ms的周期,频谱主峰频率(MPF)约为4kHz,谱能量主要分布在2—7kHz频带内。这是鸣鸣蝉自鸣声长码的近似不变特征。长码I与M,A的不同点是持续期多在300ms以上,MPF为变频特征,在2.7—7.2kHz之间变化,谱能量较均匀地分布在0—14kHz频带内。约为6ms的准周期内含有几个频率不同的脉冲串(PT),这些不同频率的PT称为短码。这表明鸣鸣蝉自鸣声中长码是由变频短码组成的。M与A部分频谱具有双倍频特征,即构成频谱的子谱峰频率为两个倍频序列,其中一序列的共振峰为主峰,另一序列的共振峰为次峰。     

楝星天牛胸部摩擦和鞘翅振动发声及其声学特性的研究*

楝星天牛Anoplophora horsfieldi(Hope)成虫可借两种不同的方式发声： 1.胸部摩擦发声;2.鞘翊振动发声。胸部摩擦发声可连续进行,具有抗拒敌害和种内通讯的生物学意义;鞘翅振动发声为断续产生,受外界刺激而诱发,主要与抗拒敌害有关。测定表明,胸部摩擦声由多个音组连续组成,每一音组的持续时间为1100-1 6000ms,依次由抬头声音节(持续384±22ms,含有250-350个脉冲列)、间隔1(270-600ms)、低头声音节(382±16ms,250-350个脉冲列)和间隔2(80-360ms)组成。 抬头声音节的功率谱由基本音及其分音组成,基本音为信号能量的主要部分,其主峰频率为742±30Hz(雄)和603±34HZ(雌)。鞘翅振动声由间隔不等的,7-9个脉冲列组成,脉冲列的振幅较大、频率较高,持续约7-10ms。功率谱图上虽然脉冲列的频率分布于0-3100Hz,但能量主要集中在850-1050Hz内。与胸部摩擦声相比,鞘翅振动声的能量更高、释放更突然,是一种更为有效的拒敌性行为。     

A new method for estimating voice sounds transmitted to the chest wall in children and adolescents

A new method for estimating voice sound transmission to the chest wall is proposed. The spectral characteristics of voice-transmitted sounds have been estimated in children and adolescents. A total of 37 subjects aged 7–17 yers were examined. The frequency of the first spectral peak of the voice-transmitted sounds “tree, tree” (M ± SD) is 263.7 ± 7.82 and 253 ± 4.29 Hz at ages of 7–11 and 12–14 years, respectively. In male adolescents aged 15–17 years, this frequency is decreased to 100–150 Hz. The slope of the descending segment of the spectrum on the high-frequency side of the peak steadily increases on moving from the upper to the lower zones of the lungs, which may be related to the increase in the air content of the lung tissue. The difference between the amplitudes of the first and second spectral peaks of voice-transmitted sounds over symmetric regions of the chest on the right and left sides (Me(Q75-Q25)) is ?0.1(11.0) dB and does not depend on age or sex, which can be interpreted as an average statistical symmetry of sound transmission.     

菊头幅出生后下丘听神经元反应特性的演化

实验在出生后1周到6周的幼年和成年鲁氏菊头蝠(Rhinolophusrouxi)上进行。结果发现,出生第1周的动物下丘听神经元对超声刺激反应的最佳频率低,潜伏期长,阈值高。它们的平均值分别为:31.24±14.08千赫,16.56±3.83毫秒和74.24±6.22dB。同时,调谐曲线宽阔,Q10-dB值小,其均值为2.34±0.96。随着周令增长,上述特性逐渐改变。到第6周时,最佳频率的均值发展到70.16±19.16千赫,最佳频率分布峰值也移至75—85千赫的高频段,反应潜伏期均值降至8.12±1.86毫秒,阈值均值降至32.82±26.36dB,已出现相当多具有非常陡削调谐曲线的神精元,Q10-dB值在20以上者占到80％,有的高达100以上,已接近成年动物。     

Context Specific Signaling with Different Frequencies - Directed to Different Receivers? A Case Study in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Gonatoxia</Emphasis> Katydids (Orthoptera<Emphasis Type="Italic">,</Emphasis> Phaneropteridae)

In katydids (Orthoptera: Tettigonioidea) of the subfamily Phaneropterinae females ready to mate initiate a duet, announcing her position to the male singer, but also potentially to eavesdropping rivals. In many species the male seems to defend the communication by adding self-produced imitations of a female response. If these signals occur within the male sensory time-window after the female song, they can disturb the orientation of rivals. In two species of the genus Gonatoxia, males and females use short, relatively narrow-banded sounds (width 2–7 kHz 10 dB below peak). Male song and female response, however, differ considerably in peak frequency. In G. maculata, the peak frequency of the last part of the male song (13 kHz) is between that of the first part (15 kHz) and the female response (9 kHz), in G. helleri the last part (9 kHz; assumed imitation) and the female song are identical in peak frequency and by a factor two lower than the first part (19 kHz). The male stridulatory file of this species is correspondingly modified and differs from all other members of the genus. The imitation of spectral properties of the female response is not known from any other katydid.     

The structure and function of songs emitted by southern green stink bugs from Brazil, Florida, Italy and Slovenia

Nezara viridula (L.) (Pentatomidae: Heteroptera) from Brazil, Florida, Italy and Slovenia, communicate by vibratory songs associated with long‐range calling and close‐range courting, rivalry and repelling. Each song is composed of spectrally and temporally different units. Spectrally different pulses of duration less than 300 ms are present in the male calling song. The female calling song is characterized by pulse trains composed of pulses shorter than 150 ms and pulse trains composed of a longer (> 700 ms) and shorter (< 250 ms) pulse. Shorter and longer pulses have different spectral characteristics. The male and female courtship songs are characterized by fusion of shorter (< 150 ms) pulses into a pulse train usually followed by a shorter (< 200 ms) postpulse in the case of the male courtship song. The female repelling song is a several seconds long vibration of irregular temporal structure. The short (< 400 ms) male rival song pulses are frequency modulated. The dominant frequency peaks of the songs investigated lie between 70 and 130 Hz. The dominant frequency and the microstructure of song spectra show no population specificity. The average duration varies more in calling than in courtship songs. The repetition time varies extensively in songs of different populations. Normal communication followed by copulation was observed between mates from Slovenia and Brazil and between mates from Florida and Italy. The potential role of different temporal and spectral parameters for species recognition and mate location is discussed in view of the expected distortion of the characteristic signal structure during transmission through plants.     

Spectral and temporal gating mechanisms enhance the clutter rejection in the echolocating bat,Rhinolophus rouxi

Summary Doppler shift compensation behaviour in horseshoe bats, Rhinolophus rouxi, was used to test the interference of pure tones and narrow band noise with compensation performance. The distortions in Doppler shift compensation to sinusoidally frequency shifted echoes (modulation frequency: 0.1 Hz, maximum frequency shift: 3 kHz) consisted of a reduced compensation amplitude and/or a shift of the emitted frequency to lower frequencies (Fig. 1).Pure tones at frequencies between 200 and 900 Hz above the bat's resting frequency (RF) disturbed the Doppler shift compensation, with a maximum of intererence between 400 and 550 Hz (Fig. 2). Minimum duration of pure tones for interference was 20 ms and durations above 40 ms were most effective (Fig. 3). Interfering pure tones arriving later than about 10 ms after the onset of the echolocation call showed markedly reduced interference (Fig. 4). Doppler shift compensation was affected by pure tones at the optimum interfering frequency with sound pressure levels down to –48 dB rel the intensity level of the emitted call (Figs. 5, 6).Narrow bandwidth noise (bandwidth from ± 100 Hz to ± 800 Hz) disturbed Doppler shift compensation at carrier frequencies between –250 Hz below and 800 Hz above RF with a maximum of interference between 250 and 500 Hz above resting frequency (Fig. 7). The duration and delay of the noise had similar influences on interference with Doppler shift compensation as did pure tones (Figs. 8, 9). Intensity dependence for noise interference was more variable than for pure tones (-32 dB to -45 dB rel emitted sound pressure level, Fig. 10).The temporal and spectral gating in Doppler shift compensation behaviour is discussed as an effective mechanism for clutter rejection by improving the processing of frequency and amplitude transients in the echoes of horseshoe bats.Abbreviations CF constant frequency - FM frequency modulation - RF resting frequency - SPL sound pressure level     

Modulation rate transfer functions in bottlenose dolphins (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Tursiops truncatus</Emphasis>) with normal hearing and high-frequency hearing loss

Envelope following responses were measured in two bottlenose dolphins in response to sinusoidal amplitude modulated tones with carrier frequencies from 20 to 60 kHz and modulation rates from 100 to 5,000 Hz. One subject had elevated hearing thresholds at higher frequencies, with threshold differences between subjects varying from ±4 dB at 20 and 30 kHz to +40 dB at 50 and 60 kHz. At each carrier frequency, evoked response amplitudes and phase angles were plotted with respect to modulation frequency to construct modulation rate transfer functions. Results showed that both subjects could follow the stimulus envelope components up to at least 2,000 Hz, regardless of carrier frequency. There were no substantial differences in modulation rate transfer functions for the two subjects suggesting that reductions in hearing sensitivity did not result in reduced temporal processing ability. In contrast to earlier studies, phase data showed group delays of approximately 3.5 ms across the tested frequency range, implying generation site(s) within the brainstem rather than the periphery at modulation rates from 100 to 1,600 Hz. This discrepancy is believed to be the result of undersampling of the modulation rate during previous phase measurements.