美发现抗马铃薯晚疫病基因

Resource 2003年10卷9期4页报道：已知马铃薯晚疫病是由疫霉(Phytophthora spp．)引起的严重的真菌病。目前美国商业种植的全部马铃薯品种均高度易感马铃薯晚疫病。为了防治这种病害,最近美国威斯康星大学麦迪逊分校的植物病理学教授和美国农业部农业研究署的研究员John Helgeson及其同事已利用基因工程,将从墨西哥野生马铃薯(Solanum bulaocastanum)基因组中分离出来的抗马铃薯晚疫病的单基因,转移于栽培马铃薯。结果证实,这些转基因马铃薯可成功地抵抗多种疫霉的感染。     

马铃薯晚疫病防治的转基因策略

晚疫病是由致病疫霉菌(Phytophthora infestans)引起的病害,是限制马铃薯产业发展最严重的病害之一。采用传统育种和化学农药等方法防治马铃薯晚疫病虽然早有研究,但至今收效甚微。基因工程技术的兴起为防治马铃薯晚疫病提供了新的契机,并已取得了一定成效。但单基因抗性容易丧失、水平抗性应用难度大,要提高抗病基因的持久性,同时释放多个抗病基因,人为提高田间抗病基因的多态性是目前可选途径之一。对各种防治方法进行了综述,通过转基因技术创建抗病基因近等混合系是持久防治马铃薯晚疫病的首选可行方法,概述了其发展前景。     

马铃薯抗病基因工程研究

马铃薯是世界上最主要的粮食作物之一,但真菌性病害、病毒性病害和细菌性病害等对马铃薯的危害非常严重,成为制约其产量的主要影响因素之一。近年来,随着基因工程的迅速发展,通过转基因的方法在提高马铃薯抗病性方面取得了较大进展,对其进展进行了综述。     

马铃薯抗晚疫病转基因的研究进展

晚疫病是影响马铃薯最严重的一种真菌性病害,农业技术的综合应用、化学药剂的使用对晚疫病的防治存在种种弊端。因此,寻找新的抗病基因型,获得抗晚疫病的转基因新品种一直是马铃薯抗晚疫病的主要任务。本文简要介绍了马铃薯晚疫病的危害及防治,着重对从Osmotin蛋白诱导抗性、病原诱导葡萄糖氧化酶(GO)基因表达生成H2O2获得抗性、Harpin蛋白基因表达诱导抗性途径对马铃薯抗晚疫病转基因研究进展进行了综述,同时对转基因植物的生物安全性作了评价。     

马铃薯晚疫病和病毒病防治技术

在北方马铃薯病害中晚疫病和病毒病一直是困扰马铃薯产量和品质发展的重要原因,病害损失可达20~40%。本文介绍一下马铃薯晚疫病和病毒病症状、发生规律及防治方法。     

利用马铃薯晚疫病菌粗毒素离体筛选马铃薯抗晚疫病无性系

以3个马铃薯品种叶片外植体的愈伤组织为材料、马铃薯晚疫病病菌培养粗毒素为筛选压力进行马铃薯抗晚疫病细胞变异无性系筛选。结果表明,不同品种的叶片、愈伤组织对毒素有不同的忍耐力。“费乌瑞它”最大忍耐的粗毒素浓度为40％,“东农303”、“早大白”则为50％。马铃薯晚疫病病原菌粗毒素对愈伤组织的诱导、生长、不定芽的分化及再生苗生根有显著的抑制作用,而且浓度越大,抑制作用越强。筛选结果抗性鉴定表明,经过粗毒素筛选的细胞无性系及其再生植株对高浓度粗毒素的抗性能力显著高于对照。     

浅谈马铃薯晚疫病防治技术

马铃薯晚疫病是一种真菌类病害,其危害之重,范围之广。几乎所有马铃薯种植地区都有晚疫病的发生。晚疫病是马铃薯的主要病害之一,每年都有不同程度的发生和流行,其造成的损失严重,在一般年份减产20%左右,流行年份,会造大量成植株提前枯死,如防治措施不当,会造成70-80%的减产,甚至绝产。本文分析了马铃薯晚疫病的发病症状、流行规律,并介绍了防治技术,以供参考。     

影响活体内马铃薯晚疫病菌卵孢子产生因素的研究

研究了不同菌株组合,马铃薯植株茎、叶及接种物中A1和A2菌株孢子囊比例、温度、湿度对卵孢子产生的影响。不同菌株组合产生卵孢子的数量有显著差异;在离体接种情况下,叶片中产生卵孢子数量大于茎中产生卵孢子数量;A1和A2菌株中孢子囊不同比例对卵孢子产生影响很大,当比例为1：1时卵孢子产生量最大;15℃光照条件下培养,并给侵染叶片持续的水分供应才能产生大量卵孢子;寄主的抗性水平对卵孢子产生有明显的影响,中抗品种上产生卵孢子量最多,高抗品种上产生卵孢子量最少,感病品种上产生卵孢子量居中。     

马铃薯晚疫病菌卵孢子萌发的初步研究

描述了马铃薯晚疫病菌卵孢子萌发的方式并研究了菌株组合、卵孢子形成时间、在琼脂培养基上培养时间及光照对卵孢子萌发的影响,结果表明不同菌株组合卵孢子萌发率为0—7.2%,对峙培养20天后形成的卵孢子的萌发率最高达8.7%,在琼脂培养基上培养25-30d 萌发率最高达11.4%,卵孢子形成时黑暗及在琼脂培养基上萌发时光照萌发率最高达11.8%。     

利用抑制差减杂交技术分离马铃薯晚疫病抗性相关基因

以晚疫病病原菌混合小种接种处理48h的马铃薯水平抗性材料(R-gene-free)叶片为目的材料,以未处理材料作为对照,用抑制差减杂交技术构建了一个富集晚疫病抗性相关基因的差减文库。应用反向Northern技术对840个克隆进行斑点杂交筛选,筛选出150个病原诱导后信号明显增强的克隆。26个片段测序结果表明：部分片段基因功能与抗病性明显相关。7个差异表达片段与GenBank EST数据库中已有晚疫病原诱导马铃薯叶片得到的EST有很高同源性(达95％～100％);部分片段核苷酸或氨基酸序列分别与番茄、烟草、拟南芥等的EST序列或氨基酸序列有较高同源性;另有4个基因片段在GenBank EST数据库中未找到明显的同源序列,可能为新发现的基因片段。     

Oospore Germination and Formation by the Late Blight Pathogen Phytophthora infestans in vitro and under Field Conditions

The ability of the late blight pathogen Phytophthora infestans to form oospores in leaves of seven potato cultivars was examined at different incubation temperatures under controlled environmental conditions and under field conditions. At 10°C, the oospore formation in three intermediate-resistant cultivars all differed significantly from each other (P < 0.05), with the lowest amount formed in cv. Asterix. This latter cultivar did not form oospores at any other temperature. Under field conditions oospores were formed abundantly in a naturally infected field. A significant date by cultivar interaction showed that P. infestans increased the oospore formation in foliage by time in cvs Columbo, Hertha and Matilda, whereas no significant differences between dates were found for other cultivars. The genetic structure of P. infestans in the naturally infected field plot, where oospores formed abundantly, was studied by using amplified fragment length polymorphism and a high genetic diversity was revealed. Oospore germination from two Scandinavian (A1 and A2) P. infestans isolates was stimulated in visible light and in 1 : 2 and 1 : 10 soil extract. The effect of light and nutrients on oosporogenesis is discussed.     

Salicylic Acid and Phenylalanine Ammonia-Lyase in Potato Plants Infected with the Causal Agent of Late Blight

In tuber tissues of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) infected with an incompatible race of Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary, the activity of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and the contents of free and bound salicylic acid (SA) considerably exceeded the corresponding indices in the tissues infected with a compatible race of the oomycete. The accumulation of the free form of SA apparently resulted from both enhanced SA biosynthesis and the liberation from the bound SA forms. SA accumulation in the incompatible host-pathogen combination presumes that SA participated in the local potato resistance to late blight.__________Translated from Fiziologiya Rastenii, Vol. 52, No. 4, 2005, pp. 573–577.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Panina, Gerasimova, Chalenko, Vasyukova, Ozeretskovskaya.     

马铃薯种质资源的晚疫病抗性鉴定

采用离体叶片接种法,对43份马铃薯种质资源进行晚疫病抗性鉴定、比较和评价。以接种5 d后的感病品种‘Désirée’和抗病品种‘加湘1号’叶片症状为对照,鉴定出5份表现为高抗的种质资源,其中包含3个Solanum phurejia和2个S. tuberosum ssp. andigena材料。另外,还鉴定出14份中抗材料(No. 7～20)。结果表明,野生种和安第斯山栽培亚种马铃薯资源的抗性材料较为丰富,可作为晚疫病抗病育种的亲本。     

Invasions by the Late Blight Pathogen: Renewed Sex and Enhanced Fitness

Introductions of Phytophthora infestans, the oomycete plant pathogen responsible for late blight of potato and tomato, have had devastating human impacts wherever they have occurred. This pathogen was apparently sequestered in central Mexico until the mid-19th century, when introductions into the USA and Europe led to a series of crop failures – the most notable of which resulted in the Irish potato famine. A second series was documented in the late 20th century. There were terrible effects also from the second set of introductions, but no population was as vulnerable as the Irish peasants in the mid-19th century. Examination and comparison of these introductions has taught us that we must be prepared for the invasion of species that are more fit than the current population.     

番茄幼苗对接种晚疫病菌的生理响应

以番茄晚疫病抗病品系CLN2037E、感病品系5号自交系及其杂种一代F1为材料,人工接种番茄晚疫病菌生理小种T1、T2、T3,研究番茄苗期抵抗晚疫病的生理响应.结果显示：（1）感病品系的膜脂过氧化产物丙二醛（MDA）与过氧化氢（H2O2）的含量增加幅度较大,抗病品系的含量则相对稳定,F1代的变化趋势接近感病品系;（2）抗病品系和感病品系的多酚氧化酶（PPO）、过氧化物酶（POD）和超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性变化都呈先升高后下降,抗病品系的酶活性高峰出现早且峰值小于感病品系.研究发现,抗病番茄品系幼苗的多项生理指标在接种晚疫病菌后变化幅度小而稳定,并能在短时间内基本恢复到原来的正常状态,从而表现出较强的抗病性.     

A genetic analysis of quantitative resistance to late blight in potato: towards marker-assisted selection

Late blight caused by the oomycete Phytophthora infestans is the most important fungal disease in potato cultivation worldwide. Resistance to late blight is controlled by a few major genes (R genes) which can be easily overcome by new races of P. infestans and/or by an unknown number of genes expressing a quantitative type of resistance which may be more durable. Quantitative resistance of foliage to late blight was evaluated in five F₁ hybrid families originating from crosses among seven different diploid potato clones. Tuber resistance was evaluated in four of the families. Two of the families were scored for both foliage maturity and vigour. The five families were genotyped with DNA-based markers and tested for linkage with the traits analysed. QTL (quantitative trait locus) analysis identified at least twelve segments on ten chromosomes of potato having genes that affect reproducibly foliage resistance. Two of those segments also have major R genes for resistance to late blight. The segments are tagged by 21 markers that can be analyzed based on PCR (polymerase chain reaction) with specific oligonucleotide primers. One QTL was detected for tuber resistance and one for foliage vigour. Two QTLs were mapped for foliage maturity. Major QTL effects on foliage and tuber resistance to late blight and on foliage maturity and vigour were all linked with marker GP179 on linkage group V of potato. Plants having alleles at this QTL, which increased foliage resistance, exhibited decreased tuber resistance, later maturity and more vigour.     

Tuber Blight Development in Potato Cultivars in Response to Different Genotypes of Phytophthora infestans

Migrations or introduction of new genotypes of Phytophthora infestans to a specific region imposes a different perspective for potato production. During 2009–2010, a late blight epidemic affected the Northeastern United States, which quickly spread through several states. The epidemic was characterized by the appearance of a new genotype of P. infestans designated US‐22, which was isolated from tomato and potato. Potato tubers are an essential component of late blight epidemics where the pathogen cannot overwinter on Solanaceous plants. Six potato cultivars were inoculated with 12 isolates of P. infestans (five different genotypes), including isolates of the genotype US‐22. Tuber blight development was characterized in terms of tissue darkening expressed as area under the disease progress curve values and lenticel infection. The responses indicated that US‐8 was more aggressive than US‐22, but US‐22 isolates obtained from potato were more aggressive on potato than those acquired from tomato. Tuber periderm responses to infection were limited, yet US‐8 isolates infected the periderm more often than US‐22 isolates. There were significant differences among the cultivars tested but cv. Jacqueline Lee was the most resistant overall. Although isolates of P. infestans genotype US‐22 were less aggressive in comparison with US‐8 isolates, US‐22 isolates still infected potato tubers and were as aggressive us US‐8 isolates on some cultivars. Management of late blight caused by isolates of US‐22 through host resistance may be feasible but imposes a different set of criteria for consideration from those that US‐8 imposed.     

中国部分地区马铃薯寄主上致病疫霉SSR基因型分析

利用两对SSR引物对两个基因座Pi4B和Pi4G进行了PCR扩增,测定了中国部分地区66个致病疫霉Phyophthora infestans(马铃薯晚疫病菌)菌株和2个参考菌株的SSR基因型,并对菌株的基因型进行了鉴定和命名.在被测定的66个致病疫霉菌株中,共产生了7种SSR基因型D-03,D-05,D-06,G-02,H-01,F-01和F-06,其中F-06为本研究新命名的基因型.F-01基因型菌株53个,占总菌株数目的80.3%,该基因型为中国致病疫霉的优势基因型.在对两个基因座Pi4B和Pi4G产生的等位基因统计分析发现基因座Pi4B产生的多样性比Pi4G高.对SSR数据揭示的河北、黑龙江和云南3个不同省份致病疫霉遗传多样性的比较发现,河北省和黑龙江省致病疫霉遗传多样性几乎相同,然而与云南省致病疫霉有较大的遗传差异.此外,发现致病疫霉SSR基因型与其对甲霜灵抗性无相关性.     

马铃薯泛素结合酶基因StUBC17的克隆与功能分析

泛素结合酶(Ubiquitin-conjugating Enzyme E2,UBC)与植物生长发育和抗病反应密切相关。为了解泛素结合酶基因对植物抗晚疫病的贡献,从马铃薯栽培种"合作88"中克隆出一个E2泛素结合酶基因,命名为StUBC17,并对其受晚疫病菌诱导表达特性及功能进行分析。利用病毒诱导的基因沉默(Virus-induced gene silencing,VIGS)技术降低本氏烟(Nicotiana benthamiana)中StUBC17同源基因(NbUBC)的转录水平,再接种晚疫病菌进行抗病性鉴定。进一步在基因沉默植株上瞬时表达马铃薯抗病基因和其相应的无毒基因(R3a+AVR3a、R3b+AVR3b和Rx+CP)及INF1。StUBC17编码区全长447 bp,编码148个氨基酸,其蛋白分子量为16.52 kD,理论等电点为7.72。表达分析结果表明,StUBC17受晚疫病菌诱导表达。抗病鉴定结果显示,与对照植株相比,NbUBC沉默植株的抗病性显著降低。沉默NbUBC不影响过敏反应(Hypersensitive responses,HR)的发生。StUBC17是植物防御晚疫病所需,但该基因的沉默并不影响R3a、R3b、Rx及INF1介导的HR反应。