海南与市售槟榔等中药材中重金属含量比较研究

本文用石墨炉原子吸收分光光度法测定了海南与市售槟榔等六种中药材中的铅元素含量 ,用原子荧光法测定了其中砷、汞元素的含量 ;通过对海南与市售槟榔等六种中药材 (槟榔、益智仁、砂仁、巴戟天、丁香及肉豆蔻 )中铅、砷、汞含量的比较研究 ,说明海南生态环境的优良是实现中药材GAP种植 ,生产绿色中药材的最佳环境     

黑果枸杞中十三种元素含量的测定

采用原子吸收法测定了黑果枸杞中钙、镁、铜、锌、锰、铁、铅、镍、镉、钴、铬、钾、钠等元素的含量 ,为对其深入研究提供了科学资料。结果表明 :黑果枸杞中钙、镁、铜、锌、铁等元素的含量远高于宁夏枸杞中相应各元素的平均含量 ,钾、锰含量远低于其平均值 ,钠含量与其相当。钴含量远高于绿叶蔬菜的含量 ,铬含量较牛奶中含量低。镍含量比谷物、腌肉、蔬菜中的高。镉、铅含量较普通植物中的略低 ,不构成污染。     

微波消解ICP-AES法测定糙苏不同部位中的微量元素

利用微波消解电感耦合等离子发射光谱(ICP-AES)法测定野生中药糙苏根、茎、叶、花和籽中钠、钾、钙、铁、锌、镁、锰、铜、镍、钼、铅和镉的含量,并进行了分析比较。糙苏不同用药部位的微量元素含量存在差异,其中钠、钾、钙、铁、镁在根、茎、叶、花和籽中的含量均较高,锌、锰、铜、镍、钼的含量较少,铅和镉只在根和茎中痕量存在,结果表明糙苏中含有大量人体必需的微量元素,可为进一步探讨糙苏中元素含量与其药效的相关性提供科学的理论依据。     

重金属在环颈雉不同组织中的分布规律

本文对采自太原工业区环颈雉不同组织中的铁、镍、镉、锌、铜、锰的含量进行了测定 ,并对以上元素在环颈雉不同组织中的分布规律进行了研究。结果表明 :镍和锌主要分布于骨骼组织中 ,铁在肺部含量较高 ,心脏中的铜含量较高 ,锰和镉主要分布于肾脏中 ,以上六种元素在肌肉组织中的含量都较低。     

长江三峡库区江段沉积物的重金属污染特征

测定了三峡库区江段沉积物中２１个元素的含量,比例比配统计分析指出,重庆至涪陵江段的沉积物样品间无明显相关,涪陵至巴陵段的沉积物间在９０％置信水平上显著相关;沉积物中钙、镁、锶、钡、铁、钴、镍、镉、锰、锌、铝、钒、镧、钇、钛等元素间在９０％置信水平上有显著相关,伸砷、镉、铜、汞、铜、磷等元素间以及它们与上述元素间无显著相关,这表明涪陵以上江段的沉积物因受重庆和长春污染影响大,样品间的相似性小,而涪陵     

大鼠主要脏器中微量元素含量研究

用原子吸收光谱法测定了铜、铁、锌、锰、铬、镁、铅、钾在SPF大鼠心、肝、肾、肺、脾中的含量,发现铜、锌、铁、锰、在肝脏中浓度最高（P＜0．001）;铬、钾在肺脏中浓度最高（P＜0．001）;镁、铅在各脏器中浓度无显著性差别（P＞0．05）。     

人工饲养与野生川金丝猴体毛10种微量元素的含量及比较

测定了秦岭人工饲养(10只)和野生(14只)川金丝猴体毛中的10种微量元素含量。锌、铁、铜、钙、镁5种元素采用火焰原子吸收法;锰、铬、铅采用石墨炉原子吸收法;铝采用等离子光谱;硒经硝解后采用原子吸收法测定。结果表明,铬、锰、镁、铅、锌和硒的含量,人工猴极显著或显著高于野生猴;铁含量,人工猴极显著低于野生猴;钙、铜和铝的含量,人工猴与野生猴无显著差异。以人类毛发10种微量元素的正常范围为参照,人工猴铅、铬、锰与锌4种含量均显著超出正常范围的上限,属于严重超量。这可能与金丝猴饲养过程中添加营养制剂有关。     

小花清风藤中金属元素的ICP-MS分析

分析了采自中国广西清风藤科植物小花清风藤中13种金属元素的含量。小花清风藤茎叶样品经微波消解处理,采用电感耦合等离子体质谱（inductively coupled plasma massspectrometry,ICP-MS）技术检测。钛、钒、铬、锰、铁、铜、锌、砷、硒、铅10种元素采用普通模式检测;为消除多原子离子的干扰,铝、钴和镍3种元素采用了碰撞/反应池技术（collision/reaction cell technology）检测。结果表明试验条件下,硒元素未检出,各金属元素的方法检出限（3s）在0.083~1.564 μg/L之间,方法精密度（n=8）在0.028%~1.510%之间,加标回收率在90%~110%之间。研究结果为了解小花清风藤中金属元素的种类与含量,进一步开发利用小花清风藤提供了参考。     

42种化学元素在桃树叶组织内的积累水平

采用中子活化,原子吸收,火焰光度,比色,比浊,滴定等分析方法,测定了陕西省关中地区果园的桃树叶组织内42种化学元素。表明各类元素有不同的积累变化:其中大量营养元素氮、磷、钾、钙、镁、硫的含量累积较多,约占干物质的1～5%;微量营养元素铁、锰、锌、钼、铜、硼、氯、钠的含量累积较少,变化不大,比较稳定,约占干物质的10～40ppm;一些非营养元素汞、镉、铅、砷、铬、氟以及稀土元素等均可检出。各类元素的累积水平随生长条件而有所差异。栽培桃树叶片营养元素含量与桃叶标准值、野生山桃树叶片营养元素含量测定值比较一致。说明桃叶组织内各类元素累积水平的揭示,将对指导该地区果树生产和环境保护起一定作用。     

三峡库区汞污染的化学生态效应

测定长江三峡库区江段鲤、铜鱼、鲇、长吻中的砷、镉、铜、汞、铅、硒、锌等元素的含量。比例匹配分析表明,样品或元素间无显著相关。铜鱼、鲤、鲇及长吻对汞的富集系数分别为8．0×103、1．5×104、3．3×104、8．4×104（L／kg）。这表明鱼体汞元素含量与鱼类在食物链营养级的位置密切相关,食物链越长,汞的富集系数越高。鲤、鲇及长吻的肌肉、肝、肾和牌间的汞含量比值约为6：2：1,而铜鱼为1：1：2．5。三峡库区降低鲤、鲇及长吻的肌肉有机汞含量占总汞含量的84％－92％,肝、肾和脾的有机汞占总汞的55％－77％。但铜鱼脾中的无机汞约占总汞的89％。并且有机汞与总汞含量间具有显著地线性关系：肌肉：Hg－o＝－0.001094＋0．9101Hg-gP＜0．01这表明鱼体肌肉是储存有机汞主要组织。并且鱼体肌肉汞元素含量C与鱼的体长L或体重W间满足经验方程：LnC＝A＋BLnLLnC＝A'＋B'LnW三峡库区江段因受川东高汞背景的影响,鲤肌肉汞含量高于长江水系鲤汞含量的背景水平。     

Investigation of the mechanism of temperature sensitivity of the electroreceptors of ampullae of lorenzini

In experiments on Black Sea skates (Raja clavata), the potential of the receptor epithelium of the ampullae of Lorenzini and spike activity of single nerve fibers connected to them were investigated during electrical and temperature stimulation. Usually the potential within the canal was between 0 and –2 mV, and the input resistance of the ampulla 250–400 k. Heating of the region of the receptor epithelium was accompanied by a negative wave of potential, an increase in input resistance, and inhibition of spike activity. With worsening of the animal's condition the transepithelial potential became positive (up to +10 mV) but the input resistance of the ampulla during stimulation with a positive current was nonlinear in some cases: a regenerative spike of positive polarity appeared in the channel. During heating, the spike response was sometimes reversed in sign. It is suggested that fluctuations of the transepithelial potential and spike responses to temperature stimulation reflect changes in the potential difference on the basal membrane of the receptor cells, which is described by a relationship of the Nernst's or Goldman's equation type.I. P. Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Leningrad. I. M. Sechenov, Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Leningrad. Pacific Institute of Oceanology, Far Eastern Scientific Center, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Vladivostok. Translated from Neirofiziologiya, Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 67–74, January–February, 1980.     

Principles of organization and evolution of systems of regulation of functions

Evolution of living organisms is closely connected with evolution of structure of the system of regulations and its mechanisms. The functional ground of regulations is chemical signalization. As early as in unicellular organisms there is a set of signal mechanisms providing their life activity and orientation in space and time. Subsequent evolution of ways of chemical signalization followed the way of development of delivery pathways of chemical signal and development of mechanisms of its regulation. The mechanism of chemical regulation of the signal interaction is discussed by the example of the specialized system of transduction of signal from neuron to neuron, of effect of hormone on the epithelial cell and modulation of this effect. These mechanisms are considered as the most important ways of the fine and precise adaptation of chemical signalization underlying functioning of physiological systems and organs of the living organism