北京东灵山地区辽东栎、大叶白蜡和五角枫种群分布格局与动态

对北京东灵山地区三块样地中的辽东栎(Quercus liaotungensis)、大叶白蜡(Fraxinus rhynchophylla)和五角枫(Acer mono)种群的分布格局和种群动态进行了考察.调查三块样地中每个树种的全部个体,按高度将它们分为4个不同龄级,用相邻格子样方法进行取样.在研究分布格局时,计算了扩散系数C、扩散型指数Iδ与IA、CA指数和聚块指数m/m等各项指标,测定它们的分布格局,并通过计算拟合它们的分布类型.结果表明,不同地点各种群的幼苗(<0.4 m)、小幼树(0.4～1 m)和大幼树(1～2 m)绝大多数呈聚集分布,少量呈随机分布;成林辽东栎成熟个体(≥2 m)是一种界于均匀分布和随机分布之间的状态,幼林辽东栎成体和灌丛大叶白蜡属于随机分布,成林大叶白蜡和五角枫、灌丛辽东栎呈聚集分布.在研究种群动态时,分别作出每个种群的龄级结构图,再对同一样地不同种群以及同一种群不同龄级个体的数量差异进行最小显著差法(LSD)检验和比较,结果表明检验结果和龄级结构图显示出来的趋势是一致的,即成林辽东栎种群具有较稳定的结构,成林大叶白蜡和五角枫表现为增长型结构,幼林辽东栎、大叶白蜡和五角枫都表现为衰退型结构,灌丛辽东栎具有稳定型结构,灌丛大叶白蜡具有增长型结构.研究表明,作为优势种的辽东栎种群个体之间的竞争很激烈,在乔木层中占有明显优势;作为伴生种的大叶白蜡的幼苗对环境的适应能力很强,在较低位层中占有明显优势.     

北京东灵山地区辽东栎、大叶白蜡和五角枫种群分布格局与动态

对北京东灵山地区 3块样地中的辽东栎 (QuercusliaotungensisKoidz .)、大叶白蜡 (FraxinusrhynchophyllaHance)和五角枫 (AcermonoMaxim .)种群的分布格局和种群动态进行了考察。调查 3块样地中每个树种的全部个体 ,按高度将它们分为 4个不同龄级 ,用相邻格子样方法进行取样。在研究分布格局时 ,计算了扩散系数C、扩散型指数Iδ 与IA、CA 指数和聚块指数m /m等各项指标 ,测定它们的分布格局 ,并通过计算拟合它们的分布类型。结果表明 ,不同地点各种群的幼苗 (<0 .4m)、小幼树 (0 .4～ 1m)和大幼树 (1～ 2m)绝大多数呈聚集分布 ,少量呈随机分布 ;成林辽东栎成熟个体 (≥ 2m)是一种介于均匀分布和随机分布之间的状态 ,幼林辽东栎成林和灌丛大叶白蜡属于随机分布 ,成林大叶白蜡和五角枫、灌丛辽东栎呈聚集分布。在研究种群动态时 ,分别作出每个种群的龄级结构图 ,再对同一样地不同种群以及同一种群不同龄级个体的数量差异进行最小显著差法 (LSD)检验和比较 ,结果表明检验结果和龄级结构图显示出来的趋势是一致的 ,即成林辽东栎种群具有较稳定的结构 ,成林大叶白蜡和五角枫表现为增长型结构 ,幼林辽东栎、大叶白蜡和五角枫都表现为衰退型结构 ,灌丛辽东栎具有稳定型结构 ,灌丛大叶白蜡具有增长型结构。研究     

东灵山两个落叶阔叶林中辽东栎种群结构和动态

对北京东灵山地区的两个辽东栎种群的结构和数量动态进行了研究。在研究种群的空间分别格局时,分别将两个种群中的每个辽东栎个体在样地中进行定位。将辽东栎个体按不同尺度大小分为４类,在每一尺度中,按不同格子尺度进行机取样,分别计算Ｍｏｒｉｓｔａ的分布指数,聚块性指数,方差／均值比。用这些指数判断辽东栎不同大小级别以及不同取样尺度上的格局强度。结果表明,两个种群的格局强度都随尺度的不同而变化。５０龄辽东栎林     

黄龙山林区不同培育措施对辽东栎种群结构与动态的影响

采用样地法对黄龙山林区实施抚育和封育措施的辽东栎林进行了调查,分析了2种培育措施对辽东栎种群径级结构、静态生命表和存活曲线的影响,并运用时间序列模型对不同培育措施的辽东栎种群数量动态进行了预测,结果表明:黄龙山林区辽东栎种群的径级结构从整体上为金字塔形,小径级个体数量较多,中、大径级个体数量较少,属于稳定型,经过抚育,辽东栎种群的径级结构更加合理;不同培育措施的辽东栎种群存活曲线都基本接近DeeveyⅢ型,种群个体早期死亡率较高,进入生理衰退年龄之后,死亡率趋于稳定;时间序列分析表明不同培育措施的辽东栎各径级株数均有不同程度的增加,径级越小增加幅度越大。根据黄龙山林区辽东栎种群的生长特点,建议在辽东栎林发育到一定时期进行抚育以创造有利的生长和发育条件,另外在种子丰产年,适时采收种子,建立苗圃,扩大人工种群。     

黄土高原马栏林区辽东栎更新特性研究

研究了黄土高原马栏林区主要植被类型中的辽东栎幼苗的数量特征,更新层幼苗、幼树的实生和萌生特性及其辽东栎在垂直结构上的数量分布。结果表明:(1)辽东栎幼苗在黄土高原马栏林区分布广泛且数量充足。不同的植被类型中辽东栎种群表现出不同的大小级结构,在油松—辽东栎混交林、油松林和辽东栎林中辽东栎种群的幼苗、幼树和成树均占一定的比例,而在油松—白桦混交林、白桦林、山杨林和山杨—白桦混交林中辽东栎种群则以幼苗和幼树为主。表明辽东栎种群在该地区植被的发展过程中将产生重要的作用。(2)辽东栎在这一地区是由实生和萌生的个体混合组成的。在各种植被类型中实生植株的密度都高于萌生植株,辽东栎种群的更新在该地区可能主要是通过实生植株来完成的,即辽东栎实生植株在更新过程中起重要的作用。但萌生植株作为辽东栎顺利通过瓶颈的一种手段,作为辽东栎种群繁衍和稳定的一种途径,在辽东栎种群的更新中也起着一定的作用。     

辽东栎（Quercus liaotungensis ）叶特性沿海拔梯度的变化及其环境解释

植物对环境的适应一直是生态学研究的核心问题之一。山地由于海拔剧烈变化造成显著的环境差异,成为研究植物对环境适应性变化的理想对象。为阐明辽东栎(Quercus liaotungensis Koidz.)叶对环境的适应性变化,在北京东灵山地区辽东栎海拔分布范围(1000~1800 m)内研究了叶特性的变化规律及其与地形和土壤养分的关系。回归分析发现：辽东栎气孔密度、气孔长度和叶面积随海拔的升高呈现曲线变化形式。在海拔约1400m处,气孔密度最小而气孔长度和叶面积最大;气孔密度和长度成反比;叶长宽比没有明显变化;叶绿素(a+b)含量和单位干重叶氮、磷和钾含量沿海拔梯度呈上升趋势,同时叶绿素含量和叶氮含量有较弱的正相关。偏相关分析显示：叶绿素含量和坡位有显著的相关关系,叶磷含量与坡度关系显著,但叶养分与土壤养分之间未表现出明显的相关关系;地形和土壤养分与气孔密度、长度和叶面积等形态指标的关系均不显著。方差分析表明上坡位与中、下坡位的叶绿素含量有显著差异,上坡位的叶绿素含量最高。辽东栎大部分叶特性在其海拔分布范围内有显著的变化,并且形态特征和养分特征的变化形式不同,海拔1400 m左右是辽东栎叶形态特征变化最显著的范围。这些叶特征的变化与土壤养分的关系不明显。     

北桑寄生种群的分布格局及其寄生特性

北桑寄生(Loranthus tanakae)是桑寄生科桑寄生属的落叶灌木,多以壳斗科植物为寄主。辽东栎(Quercus wutaishanica)是黄土高原主要的优势种和建群种,也是北桑寄生的主要寄主植物。本研究调查了寄主植物辽东栎和寄生植物北桑寄生的生长状况、北桑寄生和辽东栎的空间分布格局、北桑寄生的寄生行为偏好。结果显示:(1)在调查的851株辽东栎个体中有358株(占总辽东栎个体的42.1%)被感染,共调查1112个北桑寄生个体,每株辽东栎上感染的北桑寄生个数范围为1~20个。(2)辽东栎在0~60 m尺度上呈聚集分布,在≥60 m尺度上呈随机分布;北桑寄生在0~100 m尺度上均呈聚集分布。(3)有964个北桑寄生个体生长在辽东栎上端1/2高度内,北桑寄生吸根周长大小与其寄主枝的周长呈极显著正相关(r=0.713,P0.01)。较高和较大的辽东栎个体更容易被感染,北桑寄生倾向于寄生在寄主辽东栎个体更高的位置上。     

不同生境中辽东栎的构型差异

辽东栎具有很强的萌生能力,在东灵山区,存在于多种林分中,对生活在落叶阔叶混交林和次生落叶阔叶灌丛中辽东栎植株的构型进行了比较统计分析,结果表明不同生境中的辽东栎构型具有较大差异。具体表现在：（１）混交林中的辽东栎个体多生活在林隙中,同灌丛中的个体相比,树冠窄小,枝倾角较大,第一枝级枝条（上层）较长,但分枝率较小,叶面积指数较低;（２）枝,叶的方位角,叶倾角（上层）在不同生境中发生显著变化。因此,叶     

土壤干旱对辽东栎、大叶细裂槭幼苗生长及水分利用的影响

在盆栽条件下研究了不同土壤干旱条件对辽东栎和大叶细裂槭幼苗生长及水分利用率的影响。结果表明,随干旱胁迫程度加剧,两树种叶水势均下降,随胁迫时间延长水势又有一回升趋势,显示出树种自身的调节能力,大叶细裂槭调节水势的能力强于辽东栎。叶水势与叶片含水量关系密切,水势的高低决定叶片水分状况,水分含量又决定了幼苗的生长状况。大叶细裂槭新梢在5、6月增长增粗迅速,而辽东栎在4月、5月生长迅速及叶面积扩展快,适宜水分下增粗可持续至9月份。不同土壤水分处理下两树种水分利用效率差异明显。在中度干旱下整体WUE有所上升,尤其是辽东栎提高约10％;大叶细裂槭的根冠比在重度干旱下可达2以上,说明它对干旱的适应性很强,在严重干旱胁迫下也能长期维持生命,成活率高于辽东栎,接近100％,可见其适应性强于辽东栎。     

辽东栎(Quercus liaotungensis )叶特性沿海拔梯度的变化及其环境解释

植物对环境的适应一直是生态学研究的核心问题之一。山地由于海拔剧烈变化造成显著的环境差异,成为研究植物对环境适应性变化的理想对象。为阐明辽东栎（Quercus liaotungensis Koidz.）叶对环境的适应性变化,在北京东灵山地区辽东栎海拔分布范围（1000~1800m）内研究了叶特性的变化规律及其与地形和土壤养分的关系。回归分析发现：辽东栎气孔密度、气孔长度和叶面积随海拔的升高呈现曲线变化形式。在海拔约1400m处,气孔密度最小而气孔长度和叶面积最大;气孔密度和长度成反比;叶长宽比没有明显变化;叶绿素（a＋b）含量和单位干重叶氮、磷和钾含量沿海拔梯度呈上升趋势,同时叶绿素含量和叶氮含量有较弱的正相关。偏相关分析显示：叶绿素含量和坡位有显著的相关关系,叶磷含量与坡度关系显著,但叶养分与土壤养分之间未表现出明显的相关关系;地形和土壤养分与气孔密度、长度和叶面积等形态指标的关系均不显著。方差分析表明上坡位与中、下坡位的叶绿素含量有显著差异,上坡位的叶绿素含量最高。辽东栎大部分叶特性在其海拔分布范围内有显著的变化,并且形态特征和养分特征的变化形式不同,海拔1400m左右是辽东栎叶形态特征变化最显著的范围。这些叶特征的变化与土壤养分的关系不明显。     

南京地区落叶栎林主要木本植物的展叶动态研究

 植物的展叶过程是由自身遗传因子决定的,同时又受到多种生态因子的调节,反映了植物的生活史对策和群落物种多样性的维持机制。在2001和2002年的3～6月间,不定期记录了南京地区三个落叶栎(Quercus spp.)林中主要木本植物的展叶情况,包括被标记标准枝的叶数、叶的长度、宽度、叶面积、叶干重等参数。结果表明在所调查的落叶栎林中,林冠层物种的成熟叶面积和单位叶面积干重都显著大于林下层物种;最早展叶的物种为林下层物种,但林冠层展叶顺序与林下层无显著差异。叶面积越大、单位叶面积干重越小的物种展叶越晚;林冠层物种展叶较林下层快,物种成熟叶面积越大,展叶速率越大。最后对展叶顺序和展叶速度的生态学意义作了讨论。     

Leaf dynamics,self-shading and carbon gain in seedlings of a tropical pioneer tree

We examined leaf dynamics and leaf age gradients of photosynthetic capacity and nitrogen concentration in seedlings of the tropical pioneer tree, Heliocarpus appendiculatus, grown in a factorial design under controlled conditions with two levels each of nutrients, ambient light (light levels incident above the canopy), and self-shading (the gradient of light levels from upper to lower leaves on the shoot). Correlations among these parameters were examined in order to determine the influence of self-shading, and the regulation of standing leaf numbers, on leaf longevity and its association with leaf photosynthetic capacity. Leaf longevity and the number of leaves on the main shoot were both reduced in high light, while in the low light environment, they were reduced in the steeper self-shading gradient. In high nutrients, leaf longevity was reduced whereas leaf number increased. Leaf initiation rates were higher in the high nutrient treatment but were not influenced by either light treatment. Maximum-light saturated photosynthetic rate, on an area basis, was greater in the high light and nutrient treatments, while the decline in photosynthetic capacity in realtion to leaf position on the shoot was more rapid in high light and in low nutrients. Leaf longevity was negatively correlated among treatments with initial photosynthetic capacity. The leaf position at which photosynthetic capacity was predicted to reach zero was positively correlated with the number of leaves on the shoot, supporting the hypothesis that leaf numbers are regulated by patterns of self-shading. The negative association of longevity and initial photosynthetic capacity apparently arises from different associations among gradients of photosynthetic capacity, leaf numbers and leaf initiation rates in relation to light and nutrient availability. The simultaneous consideration of age and position of leaves illuminates the role of self-shading as an important factor influencing leaf senescence and canopy structure and dynamics.     

Variations in leaf traits and susceptibility to insect herbivory within a Salix miyabeana population under field conditions

Variations in leaf traits (toughness, total nitrogen and total phenolic concentrations) and susceptibility to herbivory in Salix miyabeana were studied among individual trees within a population under field conditions. Leaf quality clearly decreased as season progressed, i.e. increases in leaf toughness and total phenolics and decrease in leaf nitrogen. Seasonal pattern and extent of herbivore attack were similar between years. Significant correlation between leaf traits and susceptibility to herbivore attack was detected, while effects of sex and plant size on leaf traits and herbivory were less clear. There was a negative correlation between total nitrogen and total phenolics, and a positive correlation between leaf toughness and total phenolics among trees. Trees with high quality leaves tended to suffer from frequent herbivore attack and leaf damage. Such a clear relationship between leaf traits and susceptibility to herbivory may be related with a life-history strategy of willows, which are rapid-growing pioneer species and generally respond to herbivorous damage not by induced resistance but by compensative growth. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Leaf dynamics of seedlings of rain forest species in relation to canopy gaps

Summary Leaf dynamics of eight tropical rain forest species seedlings was studied in three environments: the shaded forest understorey, a small gap of ±50 m², and a large gap of ±500 m². Leaf production rate and leaf loss rate were enhanced in gaps, and a large gap resulted in larger increases than a small gap. For most species net leaf gain rate was larger in gaps, although this rate was not always largest in the large gap. Leaf loss decreased, and leaf survival percentages increased with increasing shade tolerance of species, indicating a slower leaf turnover for more shade tolerant species. Leaf area growth rate was only partly determined by net leaf gain rate. Ontogenetic effects on leaf size were also important, especially in the large gap. Species which possessed leaves with high specific leaf weight (SLW) showed lower leaf loss rates and higher leaf survival percentages than species with low SLW leaves. Leaf life span seemed to be related to leafcost per unit area. The relation of specific patterns in leaf production and leaf loss to the regeneration mode of the species is briefly discussed.     

Substantial variation in leaf senescence times among 1360 temperate woody plant species: implications for phenology and ecosystem processes

Background and Aims Autumn leaf senescence marks the end of the growing season in temperate ecosystems. Its timing influences a number of ecosystem processes, including carbon, water and nutrient cycling. Climate change is altering leaf senescence phenology and, as those changes continue, it will affect individual woody plants, species and ecosystems. In contrast to spring leaf out times, however, leaf senescence times remain relatively understudied. Variation in the phenology of leaf senescence among species and locations is still poorly understood.Methods Leaf senescence phenology of 1360 deciduous plant species at six temperate botanical gardens in Asia, North America and Europe was recorded in 2012 and 2013. This large data set was used to explore ecological and phylogenetic factors associated with variation in leaf senescence.Key Results Leaf senescence dates among species varied by 3 months on average across the six locations. Plant species tended to undergo leaf senescence in the same order in the autumns of both years at each location, but the order of senescence was only weakly correlated across sites. Leaf senescence times were not related to spring leaf out times, were not evolutionarily conserved and were only minimally influenced by growth habit, wood anatomy and percentage colour change or leaf drop. These weak patterns of leaf senescence timing contrast with much stronger leaf out patterns from a previous study.Conclusions The results suggest that, in contrast to the broader temperature effects that determine leaf out times, leaf senescence times are probably determined by a larger or different suite of local environmental effects, including temperature, soil moisture, frost and wind. Determining the importance of these factors for a wide range of species represents the next challenge for understanding how climate change is affecting the end of the growing season and associated ecosystem processes.     

Fertilization effects with P on accumulated leaf area duration,biomass and yield of three cultivars of maize in Toluca,Mexico

The effect of six phosphorus levels (0, 40, 80, 120, 160 and 200 kg/ha) on the duration of cumulative leaf area, biomass and agronomic yield was determined in the maize cultivars: Amarillo Almoloya, Cacahuacintle and Condor in 2010 and 2011. Such cultivars were sown in the Cerrillo Piedras Blancas Mexico. A completely randomized complete block design with factorial arrangement was utilized. High phosphorus levels (120, 160 and 200 kg/ha) positively affected the duration of cumulative leaf area; greatest values were obtained in Cacahuacintle. A greater duration of accumulated leaf area contributes to determine high values of biomass accumulation and grain yield in this cultivar. Leaf area duration appeared to be a useful tool for evaluating different genotypes in a given environment.     

Effect of leaf flutter on the light environment of poplars

The dynamics of the canopy light environment for two poplar species (Populus tremuloides Michx., and P. fremontii Wats.) were characterized with an array of photocells in fixed positions within the canopy or attached directly to leaves and using a data logger that recorded photon flux density (PFD) at frequencies from 1 to 20 Hz. The majority of sunflecks were short in duration (<1 s) with a similar short interval between sunflecks. Sunflecks contribute as much as 90% of the total daily PFD in the lower canopy. Leaf flutter may cause high frequency (3 to 5 Hz) variations of PFD in poplar canopies. The amount of light intercepted by a fluttering leaf at the top of the canopy decreased with increasing flutter, whereas a fluttering lower canopy leaf showed no such trend. When leaves fluttered at the top of the canopy the understory light environment showed an increased number of shorter sunflecks. Leaf flutter may increase mean PFD for understory leaves. It also creates a canopy light environment that is more dynamic temporally and more evenly distributed spatially. The potential benefits of these changes in light dynamics are discussed.     

浙江天童国家森林公园主要常绿阔叶树种叶子寿命的研究

用生命表法对天童国家森林公园主要常绿阔叶树种叶子的寿命进行了研究,结果表明：大多数常绿阔叶树种叶子的寿命在１－３年之间,且变化幅度较大,就平均值来看,小乔木及灌木的叶子寿命较长,中乔木叶子的寿命较短;在演替过程中,组成演替早期群落的物种叶子寿命较短,而后期群落的植物叶子的寿命较长。文中还就叶子寿命和常绿阔叶林的结构及动态机理进行了讨论。     

The relationship between freezing tolerance and thermotropic leaf movement in five Rhododendron species

Summary Leaf movement kinetics in five species of Rhododendron were studied in response to leaf temperature, leaf freezing point, and leaf water deficit. There was a gradient in the degree of leaf curling among species in the following order from the greatest curling to the least curling: Rhododendron catawbiense, R. maximum, R. minus, R. macrophyllum, R. ponticum. Those species found to be tolerant of winter conditions had the most intense leaf movements (both curling and angle) while those species with minimal cold tolerance had limited or no leaf movements. Leaf curling occurred at leaf temperatures above the tissue freezing points in all species. Athough leaf angle was influenced by leaf turgor, general tissue desiccation was not the ultimate cause for thermotropic leaf curling in any species tested. Those species with the greatest leaf curling and angle movements had the highest osmotic potential, the lowest water deficit at the turgor loss point, and the lowest symplastic water fraction. These data suggest that there is a trade off in Rhododendron leaf physiology between cold tolerance (due to leaf movements) and water stress tolerance (due to turgor maintenance mechanisms).     

The effects of leaf size,leaf habit,and leaf form on leaf/stem relationships in plant twigs of temperate woody species

Question: Do thick‐twigged/large‐leaf species have an advantage in leaf display over their counterparts, and what are the effects of leaf habit and leaf form on the leaf‐stem relationship in plant twigs of temperature broadleaf woody species? Location: Gongga Mountain, southwest China. Methods: (1) We investigated stem cross‐sectional area and stem mass, leaf area and leaf/lamina mass of plant twigs (terminal branches of current‐year shoots) of 89 species belonging to 55 genera in 31 families. (2) Data were analyzed to determine leaf‐stem scaling relationships using both the Model type II regression method and the phylogenetically independent comparative (PIC) method. Results: (1) Significant, positive allometric relationships were found between twig cross‐sectional area and total leaf area supported by the twig, and between the cross‐sectional area and individual leaf area, suggesting that species with large leaves and thick twigs could support a disproportionately greater leaf area for a given twig cross‐sectional area. (2) However, the scaling relationships between twig stem mass and total leaf area and between stem mass and total lamina mass were approximately isometric, which indicates that the efficiency of deploying leaf area and lamina mass was independent of leaf size and twig size. The results of PIC were consistent with these correlations. (3) The evergreen species were usually smaller in total leaf area for a given twig stem investment in terms of both cross‐sectional area and stem mass, compared to deciduous species. Leaf mass per area (LMA) was negatively associated with the stem efficiency in deploying leaf area. (4) Compound leaf species could usually support a larger leaf area for a given twig stem mass and were usually larger in both leaf size and twig size than simple leaf species. Conclusions: Generally, thick‐twigged/large‐leaf species do not have an advantage over their counterparts in deploying photosynthetic compartments for a given twig stem investment. Leaf habit and leaf form types can modify leaf‐stem scaling relationships, possibly because of contrasting leaf properties. The leaf size‐twig size spectrum is related to the LMA‐leaf life span dimension of plant life history strategies.