中国林蛙蝌蚪和大蟾蜍蝌蚪的最适温度、逃避温度及致死温度

报道了中国林蛙蝌蚪 (Ranachensinensis)和大蟾蜍蝌蚪 (Bufogargarizans)在不同驯化温度下的最适温度、逃避温度和致死温度的研究结果。将中国林蛙蝌蚪和大蟾蜍蝌蚪分别在 5、1 5和 2 5℃ 3个不同温度下驯养 3周 ,利用温度梯度装置观察记录 2种蝌蚪的最适温度、逃避温度和最高致死温度。结果表明 ,经过在 5、1 5和 2 5℃ 3个温度下的驯化 ,中国林蛙蝌蚪的最适温度范围分别为 1 3 . 5～ 1 8℃、2 0. 5～2 5℃和 2 3～ 2 7. 5℃ ;大蟾蜍蝌蚪的最适温度范围分别为 1 2～ 1 6 .5℃、2 1～ 2 5. 5℃和 2 2～ 2 6. 5℃。中国林蛙蝌蚪和大蟾蜍蝌蚪的最高致死温均在 3 7～ 3 8℃之间 ,最低致死温均为 0℃。驯化温度对最适温度影响显著 (P <0 .0 1 ) ,对致死温度则没有显著影响。驯化温度对中国林蛙蝌蚪和大蟾蜍蝌蚪的逃避温度产生的影响比最适温度的大。     

温度对中国林蛙卵孵化和孵出热耐受性的影响

为了解中国林蛙(Rana chensinensis)卵的孵化率、发育起点温度、发育有效积温、孵化后蝌蚪的成活率和蝌蚪的热耐受性,将当天产出的中国林蛙卵采集回实验室,分别置于5个不同温度(10℃、15℃、20℃、25℃和30℃)下孵化,观察和测量记录卵的孵化率、孵化3d后蝌蚪的成活率、全长及每个温度下卵的发育历期。利用温度梯度装置观察记录孵化10d后蝌蚪的最适温度、逃避温度和致死温度。光照周期设为14L∶10D,湿度设为85%。结果表明,温度对中国林蛙卵的孵化率影响显著;孵化3d后蝌蚪的成活率随着温度的升高而降低,30℃下孵化的蝌蚪在2d之内全部死亡;温度对中国林蛙卵孵化3d后蝌蚪全长的影响极显著,蝌蚪的全长随着温度的升高而增加;应用直线回归法和直接最优化法计算中国林蛙卵的发育起点温度和有效积温,分别为0.51℃、65.29日度和0.38℃、65.52日度,直接最优化法优于直线回归法。经过4个不同温度(10℃、15℃、20℃和25℃)孵化10d后蝌蚪的最适温度分别为(13.2±1.6)℃、(15.7±1.9)℃、(17.3±2.1)℃和(19.5±2.3)℃;逃避温度分别为(28.8±1.4)℃、(30.2±1.6)℃、(31.6±1.3)℃和(33.1±1.8)℃;致死温度分别为(32.9±1.7)℃、(33.8±1.5)℃、(35.2±1.2)℃和(36.7±0.9)℃。经过不同温度孵化10d后蝌蚪的最适温度、逃避温度和致死温度都存在显著差异。     

热驯化对鼎突多刺蚁热适应和运动行为的影响

为比较恒温和变温驯化对鼎突多刺蚁（Polyrhachis vicina Roger）热适应和运动行为的影响,将鼎突多翅蚁分别在15℃恒温和13.4～21.6℃变温下进行驯化,定量分析两种驯化温度对鼎突多翅蚁热适应和运动行为的影响.结果表明,恒温和变温驯化对鼎突多刺蚁的最适温度、逃避高温、运动中的停顿频率、疾跑速度、最大持续运动距离均有显著影响（p＜0.01）,而对逃避低温的影响不显著（p=0.343）;变温驯化后鼎突多刺蚁的最适温度仅有一个峰值,这不符合最适性模型的预测;恒温和变温驯化下鼎突多刺蚁的疾跑速度与最大持续运动距离都呈显著的正相关（分别为p=0.017和p＜0.001）,且经过变温驯化的鼎突多刺蚁的运动能力明显强于恒温驯化下个体的运动能力.     

大蟾蜍蝌蚪与中国林蛙蝌蚪生长发育的温度效应

将大蟾蜍（Bufo gargarizans）蝌蚪及中国林蛙（Rana chensinensis）蝌蚪分别饲养在5℃、15℃、25℃3个不同的温度条件下,通过定时定量喂食及测量其全长、体长、体宽的变化,分析温度对蝌蚪生长发育的影响。实验结果表明：（1）在5℃下,大蟾蜍蝌蚪的全长和中国林蛙蝌蚪的全长及体长的增长速率最快;在25℃下,大蟾蜍蝌蚪的体长、体宽和中国林蛙蝌蚪的体宽的增长速率最快。（2）在不问温度条件下,大蟾蜍蝌蚪的全长和体长与时间都呈指数关系,而体宽的生长发育与时间呈一种对数增长关系;中国林蛙蝌蚪的全长和体长与时间都呈对数关系,而体宽的生长发育与时间呈一种线形关系,并且相关系数尺都在0．75以上。（3）在相同时间内,25℃的温度条件下大蟾蜍蝌蚪和中国林蛙蝌蚪的变态率最高;在5℃的温度条件下,两种蝌蚪都不能完成变态发育过程,温度对大蟾蜍蝌蚪和中国林蛙蝌蚪的生长发育有显著影响,生长发育速度随生长温度的升高而加快。     

南方鲇幼鱼的热耐受特征

为了研究不同驯化温度对南方鲇（Silurus meridionalis Chen）幼鱼热耐受性特征的影响,在水温为10 ℃、20 ℃和30 ℃的条件下,对南方鲇幼鱼（（16.9±0.3）g）进行2周的驯化,以1 ℃·h^-1的变温速率连续观测实验鱼的耐受温度,各驯化温度下的最大临界温度（CT_max）、最大致死温度（LT_max）、最小临界温度（CT_min）和最小致死温度(LT_min）分别为3413 ℃、3822 ℃、39.41 ℃;34.84 ℃、38.63 ℃、39.53 ℃;4.88 ℃、5.90 ℃、9.80 ℃;4.12 ℃、5.03 ℃、8.29 ℃。结果表明：最大临界温度和最大致死温度随驯化温度的升高而增大,最小临界温度和最小致死温度随驯化温度的降低而减小;经计算,南方鲇幼鱼在各驯化温度下的温度耐受幅分别为29.25 ℃、32.32 ℃和29.61 ℃;在10 ℃～20 ℃的驯化温度范围内高、低温驯化反应率分别为0.41和0.12,而在20 ℃～30 ℃驯化温度范围内高、低温驯化反应率分别为0.10和0.39;热耐受区域面积为617.5 ℃²;证明南方鲇幼鱼的热耐受性明显有赖于驯化温度。     

变温和恒温对沙葱萤叶甲发育速率的影响

沙葱萤叶甲为近年来在内蒙古草原猖獗成灾的新害虫,为明确温度对其发育速率的影响,分别设置5个变温组合(8/20℃,11/23℃,14/26℃,17/29℃和20/32℃)和6个恒温(13℃,17℃,21℃,25℃,29℃和33℃),比较了变温和恒温对沙葱萤叶甲幼虫和蛹发育速率的影响。结果表明,不同变温组合和恒温对沙葱萤叶甲幼虫和蛹的发育速率有显著的影响。发育历期随温度的升高而缩短,在变温条件下,1龄幼虫期、2龄幼虫期、3龄幼虫期、总幼虫期和蛹期分别从最低温度组合(8/20℃,平均15℃)的11.00,13.44,23.18,46.42和16.89 d,缩短至最高温度组合(20/32℃,平均27℃)的4.92,4.63,9.17,17.83和5.83 d;在恒温条件下,13℃下幼虫不能发育和存活,1龄幼虫期、2龄幼虫期、3龄幼虫期、总幼虫期和蛹期分别从17℃的14.50,10.75,20.63,45.50和11.00 d,缩短至33℃的6.10,5.47,10.60,22.17和5.33 d。在变温条件下,幼虫和蛹的发育起点温度分别为7.44℃和8.48℃,有效积温分别为344.82日度和113.52日度;在恒温条件下,幼虫和蛹的发育起点温度分别为0.64℃和5.11℃,有效积温分别为714.28日度和147.06日度。变温促进了沙葱萤叶甲幼虫和蛹的发育,本研究结果为沙葱萤叶甲的预测预报及综合防控提供了科学依据。     

温度对扶桑绵粉蚧生长发育的影响

【目的】扶桑绵粉蚧Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley是近年在我国新发现的一种重要外来入侵害虫,对我国棉花生产具有潜在的巨大威胁。本研究以棉花作为寄主,探索恒温及变温条件对扶桑绵粉蚧生长发育的影响。【方法】在光周期为12L∶12D,RH 70%±5％,在系列恒温及变温（温度波动范围为±1℃）条件下,用棉花饲养扶桑绵粉蚧,观察和分析了不同温度下各龄虫态的发育历期、发育速率、存活率和繁殖力及发育起点温度、有效积温、最适发育温度、极限高温等。【结果】在恒温17~32℃范围内,扶桑绵粉蚧各虫态的发育历期随温度升高而逐渐缩短,当温度达到27℃时发育速率值增幅最大,其中在恒温22~32℃范围内,该虫具有较高的生长发育速率和存活率,且繁殖能力较强,而在恒温37℃条件下,该虫不能完成整个生活史而死亡。在循环变温条件（25~40℃）下,该虫表现出更好的适应性：发育历期更短,速率更快,存活率更高,繁殖力也达到了恒温条件下的平均水平。雌雄虫的发育起点温度分别为9.0℃和8.1℃,而达到成虫时所需有效积温分别为322.6日度和344.8日度。通过拟合发育速率与温度之间的非线性回归关系求出雌雄虫最适发育温度分别为30.5℃和29.9℃,而极限高温分别为36.6℃和35.8℃。【结论】扶桑绵粉蚧适温范围广泛,特别是在变温条件下的适应性非常强。这些结果为预测扶桑绵粉蚧在我国主要棉区的分布提供了依据。     

不同温度条件下食蟹猴疟原虫在蚊体发育的实验室观察

为了解疟原虫在低于其最佳发育温度的变温状况下的发育情况,进行了本实验。方法自四川达县地区购回健康恒河猴,体重3.8kg,实验前血检未查见疟原虫。4月3日静脉接种食蟹猴疟原虫(Plasmodium cynomolgi)B株后第9天开始以实验室饲育的斯氏按蚊叮咬供血猴。自感染后第5天开始抽查蚊胃卵囊,15天起解剖唾腺,观察子孢子。室温控制及分组:恒温对照组置于25±3℃的恒温室。变温l组设在底楼,4月中、下旬和5月上旬平均最低自然室温分别为16.0±1.7、17.3±1.8和18.0±1.2℃;最高自然室温分别为17.0±1.5、20.2±2.1和20.7±1.0℃。变温2组设在顶层(四…     

昼夜变温幅度对小菜蛾不同发育阶段生活史性状的影响

【目的】昼夜变温幅度对昆虫的发育、存活、寿命、繁殖等核心生命活动有非常重要的影响。以往研究主要以恒温为主,温度设置不符合自然界中昼夜温度波动变化,无法明确温度波动幅度与恒温之间的生物效应差别。【方法】本研究采用了二步变温,模拟了不同的昼夜温度波动幅度(25±2℃,25±4℃,25±6℃,25±8℃,25±10℃和25±12℃)与相应恒温25℃,研究了不同变温幅度对十字花科世界性害虫小菜蛾Plutella xylostella不同生活史阶段中发育、存活、寿命与繁殖的影响。【结果】结果表明,变温幅度对小菜蛾不同阶段的发育、存活、寿命与繁殖影响存在显著差异。25±2℃,25±4℃和25±6℃对小菜蛾生活史性状的影响与恒温(25℃)相似,但25±10℃和25±12℃却产生了显著的负面影响。【结论】我们发现,较大的昼夜变温幅度显著影响小菜蛾不同阶段的发育、存活、寿命与繁殖,而适宜夜低温在一定程度上修复了日高温胁迫对小菜蛾的不利影响;并且认为昼夜变温幅度作为影响昆虫核心生命活动一种重要决定因素,必需纳入到昆虫种群数量预测模型中,才能真实地反映自然界中复杂变温模式对昆虫生态学效应的影响,才能提高昆虫田间发生预测预报的准确性。     

不同温度对三叶虫萤卵孵化和初孵幼虫发育的影响

本文研究了三叶虫萤Emeia pseudosauteri在不同恒温设置和室内变温条件下卵孵化率和初孵幼虫存活率,并通过直接最优法和直线回归法计算出了三叶虫萤卵的发育起点温度和有效积温。结果表明:12~30℃恒温条件下,卵的孵化率随着温度升高显著下降(P<0.05),且均低于室内变温条件(P<0.05)下的孵化率;初孵幼虫在恒温15℃下的存活率最高,为73.13%;低于12℃和高于30℃恒温中初孵幼虫均无法存活;在恒温条件12~30℃下,卵的发育历期随温度升高而缩短,其中恒温12℃下最长,发育历期为42.96 d(n=3),恒温30℃下最短,发育历期仅12.75 d(n=3)。通过直接最优法计算出三叶虫萤卵的发育起点温度为3.52℃,有效积温分别为382.20 d·℃。上述结果为三叶虫萤的人工繁育提供了参考。     

High-throughput thermal stability assessment of DNA hairpins based on high resolution melting

On the basis of high-resolution melting, a high-throughput approach to measure melting temperatures (T_ms) of short DNA hairpins was developed. With this method, T_ms of thousands of triloop, tetraloop, and pentaloop hairpins involving various loop sequences and various closing base pairs (cbp) were obtained in hours. The stability of triloop hairpins decreased with the change of cbp (5′–3′) in the order of c-g > g-c > t-a ≥ a-t, showing that the cbp of 5′-Pyr-Pur-3′ (Pyr = pyrimidine, Pur = purine) contributed more stability than 5′-Pur-Pyr-3′. For tetraloop hairpins, GNNA, GNAB, and CNNG (N = A, G, C, or T; B = G, C, or T) were found to be highly stable irrespective of the cbp type. TNNA was also stable in both g-c and a-t families, while CGNA only in the c-g family. Pentaloop hairpins of cTGNAGg, cGNYNAg (Y = T or C) and cCGNNAg were exceptionally stable motifs. In most cases, pyrimidine-rich loops were more favorable to stabilize the whole structure than purine-rich ones. The present approach showed a good performance in assessing the thermal stability of large amounts of DNA hairpins comprehensively. These data are useful to understand the sequence dependence of the stability of DNA secondary structures and promising to improve the structure simulation by consummating basic databases.     

Shoot temperatures and thermal tolerances for succulent species of Haworthia and Lithops

Abstract. Temperatures of small succulent plants, such as species in the genera Haworthia and Lithops , are highly influenced by temperatures of the surrounding soil. Indeed, the minimum and the maximum temperatures of the upper leaf epidermis of Haworthia retusa. H. turgida. Lithops leslei , and L. turbiniformis were generally within 1°C of the accompanying soil surface temperatures. An energybudget model closely predicted such soil-to-plant temperature differences as well as the effect of the greater convective exchange for the protruding Haworthia species compared with the Lithops species, which were flush with the soil surface. Although a lower shortwave absorptance would reduce maximum shoot temperatures, the shortwave absorptances of all four species were similar to those of the soil in their respective native habitats in South Africa. Tolerances of the four species to low and to high temperatures at three different day/night air temperatures (15°C/5°C, 30°C/20°C, and 45°C/35°C) were analysed using cellular accumulation of a vital stain, neutral red. Chlorenchyma cells were slightly more tolerant of extreme temperatures than were cells of the water-storage parenchyma. In this regard, H. retusa survived low and high temperatures that killed the water-storage parenchyma but not the chlorenchyma. Acclimation to low temperatures and to high temperatures, which was exhibited by all four species, led to estimated tolerances to 1 h at −16°C and 68°C. Although the low temperature tolerance is not particularly noteworthy, very few vascular plants are reportedly able to tolerate such high temperatures.     

恒温驯化对中国林蛙热耐受性的影响

外温动物主要利用外热源,选择活动时间和冷热斑块之间穿梭等行为途径进行体温调节,以维持相对较高且稳定的体温。环境温度通过影响体温而影响动物的生理功能和行为表现.过高或过低的体温对动物有害甚至能导致其死亡,在极端高、低体温之间,相对较高的体温有利于动物较好地表达其生理功能和行为表现。[第一段]     

Occupancy‐derived thermal affinities reflect known physiological thermal limits of marine species

Predicting how species will respond to increased environmental temperatures is key to understanding the ecological consequences of global change. The physiological tolerances of a species define its thermal limits, while its thermal affinity is a summary of the environmental temperatures at the localities at which it actually occurs. Experimentally derived thermal limits are known to be related to observed latitudinal ranges in marine species, but accurate range maps from which to derive latitudinal ranges are lacking for many marine species. An alternative approach is to combine widely available data on global occurrences with gridded global temperature datasets to derive measures of species‐level “thermal affinity”—that is, measures of the central tendency, variation, and upper and lower bounds of the environmental temperatures at the locations at which a species has been recorded to occur. Here, we test the extent to which such occupancy‐derived measures of thermal affinity are related to the known thermal limits of marine species using data on 533 marine species from 24 taxonomic classes and with experimentally derived critical upper temperatures spanning 2–44.5°C. We show that thermal affinity estimates are consistently and positively related to the physiological tolerances of marine species, despite gaps and biases in the source data. Our method allows thermal affinity measures to be rapidly and repeatably estimated for many thousands more marine species, substantially expanding the potential to assess vulnerability of marine communities to warming seas.     

A study of human skin and surface temperatures in stable and unstable thermal environments

Skin temperature is a common physiological parameter that reflects human thermal responses. The purpose of this research was to investigate the effects of radiant temperature on human skin temperature and surface temperature in stable and unstable thermal environments. For a clothed human body, the skin temperature is the surface temperature of the skin, while the surface temperature is the outer surface temperature of the clothes. For this aim, the radiant temperature from 26 to 38 °C and then from 38 to 26 °C was controlled in three different ways; in stable condition keeping stable above 40 min, in unstable condition at a rate of 2 °C/5 min, and in another unstable condition at a rate of 2 °C/10 min. Experimental data showed that at the same radiant temperature, the local skin/surface temperatures during the radiant temperature decrease were higher compared to those during the radiant temperature increase. During the radiant temperature increase/decrease, the increments/decrements of the mean skin temperature and the mean surface temperature decreased gradually from the stable condition, 2 °C/10 min to 2 °C/5 min. Compared to surface temperature, the faster the radiant temperature changed, the more obviously the change in skin temperature was delayed. These data demonstrated that the human body has physiological adaptability to unstable thermal environments.     

Influence of seasonal timing on thermal ecology and thermal reaction norm evolution in Wyeomyia smithii

Evolutionary changes in the seasonal timing of life-history events can alter a population's exposure to seasonally variable environmental factors. We illustrate this principle in Wyeomyia smithii by showing that: (1) geographic divergence in diapause timing reduces differences among populations in the thermal habitat experienced by nondiapause stages; and (2) the thermal habitat of the growing season is more divergent at high compared with low temperatures with respect to daily mean temperatures. Geographic variation in thermal reaction norms for development time was greater in a warm compared with a cool rearing treatment, mirroring the geographic trend in daily mean temperature. Geographic variation in body size was unrelated to geographic temperature variation, but was also unrelated to development time or fecundity. Our results suggest that proper interpretation of geographic trends may often require detailed knowledge of life-history timing.     

中国热带静风区林缘水平热力特征的初步分析

利用我国热静风区－西双版纳橡胶林西南向边缘１月的温度观测资料,探讨了昼间林缘区域热力特征及时空变化规律,结果表明,在林缘存在着明显的热力效应;对地面温度的影响深度可至林内约１３ｍ处,地面温度在林处４．５ｍ处达最高,气温则在林缘（０ｍ）出现最大;林缘附近热量的输送在数值和方向上存在较大差异,即林外热量从地面向空中输送;林内在午后与林外相反,热量由上（林冠）向下（地面）输送;林缘附近则在不同地点、不同     

气温和根区温度对葡萄叶片光合荧光特性的影响

为探究气温和根区温度对葡萄(Vitis vinifera)叶片光合荧光特性的影响,以一年生巨峰葡萄为试材,设置对照、高气温、高根区温度和两者交叉作用共4组处理。结果表明,相较于对照和高气温,高根区温度以及交叉处理叶片最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)降低更明显;与对照相比,高根区温度以及高气温与高根区温度交叉处理下光系统II (PSII)实际光化学效率Y(II)显著降低,非调节能量耗散的量子产量Y(NPQ)及QA氧化还原状态(1–qP)值显著上升。同时,高根区温度以及高气温与高根区温度交叉处理显著增加了J点的可变荧光(Vj),而用于电子传递的量子产额(φEo)及性能指数(PIABS)显著降低。此外,高根区温度以及高气温与高根区温度交叉处理下单位面积有活性的反应中心数目(RC/CSm)也显著下降,K点相对可变荧光(Wk)明显上升。综上所述,高根区温度是高气温与根区高温交叉胁迫的主导因子, PSII受体侧是主要的伤害位点,高气温加剧了高根区温度对PSII造成的伤害。     

Daily thermal preference variation of the sand recluse spider Sicarius thomisoides (Araneae: Sicariidae)

Preferential temperature as a physiological feature is crucial for spiders, since it determines the selection of key habitats for their survival and reproduction. In this work, we study the daily and geographical variation of the preferential temperature of the spider Sicarius thomisoides subjected to different degrees of daily thermal oscillation in their habitats. Preferred temperatures differ between coastal and inland populations, but in both cases, there is a marked bimodality in the daily pattern of temperature preference, with two peaks per day that would be given by the changes in the hours of activity. These nocturnal spiders select higher temperatures in the evening (active period) and select lower temperatures during late morning (resting period). In laboratory, spiders have preferred temperatures that differ from those found in their habitats, so they must tolerate or compensate non-preferred temperatures by active thermoregulation in natural conditions.