Short-term effects of mowing on insect communities in Japanese peach orchards

A population survey of insects was conducted at peach orchards in Okayama Prefecture, western Japan, every 2 weeks during May–October in 2011. Pitfall traps were used to sample more than 4000 insects at 10 orchards: 8 orchards where ground vegetation had been managed by mowing and 2 with management by herbicide application. Numbers of insect species (species richness) and numbers of insects captured in pitfall traps (trap catches) were greater after mowing. Details of the effects of mowing on insect communities were examined at four orchards that had been mowed. Results suggest that species richness and trap catches increase up to 5 days after mowing and then return to their original state. Increased species richness and trap catches were mainly attributable to the increase of ants (Formicidae) and carabids (Carabidae). These results suggest that ants and carabids actively seek prey animals that have been killed, injured, or damaged by mowing.     

Population survey of spiders using mt-DNA (COI) sequences in Japanese peach orchards

In this study, we attempted a population survey of spiders in peach orchards with and without pesticide application; however, we had difficulty discriminating them. To identify spiders, we determined the nucleotide sequences of a ca. 640-bp region in the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) gene from 17 species belonging to eight families. To identify five wolf spiders (Araneae: Lycosidae), which are the most abundant spiders in peach orchards in Okayama Prefecture, PCR and restriction fragment length polymorphism were developed on the basis of the COI gene sequences. Population survey results suggest that pesticide applications adversely affect spider populations in peach orchards.     

Attract‐and‐kill systems efficiency against Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae) and effects on non‐target insects in peach orchards

For control of the Mediterranean fruit fly Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae), the attract‐and‐kill or attracticide technique is an alternative to the spraying of traditional organophosphate pesticides. In this study, the effectiveness of Ceranock and AAL&K attract‐and‐kill bait stations was assessed for control of C. capitata in Tunisian peach (Prunus persica) orchards. Our results showed that, in orchards with early‐ripening varieties, the numbers of C. capitata males and fruit damage were significantly lower in plots treated with Ceranock and AAL&K bait stations than in plots treated with conventional organophosphate and pyrethroid insecticides. In addition, the abundances of non‐target insects in the Chrysopidae, Coccinellidae and Miridae were significantly greater in plots treated with the bait stations than in plots treated with the conventional pesticides; that is, the use of attract‐and‐kill bait stations had fewer negative effects than the application of conventional pesticides on the biological diversity in Tunisian peach orchards. Overall, the results indicate that Ceranock and AAL&K attract‐and‐kill bait stations are useful alternatives for the control of C. capitata in Tunisian peach orchards planted with early‐ripening varieties.     

北方桃园秋季桃蚜发生规律与防控药剂筛选

秋季回迁到桃园的越冬桃蚜是翌年早春危害桃树的主要虫源。为明确秋季北方桃园中桃蚜的回迁发生动态和产卵情况,以及筛选高效防治的药剂,本研究分别在北京、石家庄、泰安、兰州各选1个桃园,采用黄板诱虫,监测秋季桃园内桃蚜的成虫种群和产卵动态;通过田间药效试验,评价藜芦碱、苦参碱和矿物油等3种药剂对秋季桃蚜的田间防治效果。2017年和2018年连续两年的调查结果显示,北方桃园中桃蚜9月初开始回迁,在10月中旬有性雌蚜开始产卵越冬,10月下旬桃蚜数量明显减少。藜芦碱、苦参碱和矿物油处理防治秋季蚜虫,虽然药效较慢,但用药后14 d后防效分别在91.6%、80.6%和66.4%。北方桃园回迁的桃蚜会快速繁殖扩增种群,且秋末产卵量较多,可以在9月中下旬选择喷施藜芦碱控制桃园桃蚜,降低桃蚜种群数量,减轻翌年蚜虫防治的压力。     

Mechanisms for flowering plants to benefit arthropod natural enemies of insect pests： Prospects for enhanced use in agriculture

Reduction of noncrop habitats, intensive use of pesticides and high levels of disturbance associated with intensive crop production simplify the farming landscape and bring about a sharp decline of biodiversity. This, in turn, weakens the biological control ecosystem service provided by arthropod natural enemies. Strategic use of flowering plants to enhance plant biodiversity in a well-targeted manner can provide natural enemies with food sources and shelter to improve biological control and reduce dependence on chemical pesticides. This article reviews the nutritional value of various types of plant-derived food for natural enemies, possible adverse effects on pest management, and the practical application of flowering plants in orchards, vegetables and field crops, agricultural systems where most research has taken place. Prospects for more effective use of flowering plants to maximize biological control of insect pests in agroecosystem are good but depend up on selection of optimal plant species based on information on the ecological mechanisms by which natural enemies are selectively favored over pest species.     

桃园捕食性节肢动物群落结构及动态研究

【目的】探讨桃园捕食性节肢动物群落特征、结构组成及动态规律,为桃园害虫防治提供依据。【方法】在西北农林科技大学实验站选择树龄5~6年的桃园为调查对象,系统调查园内节肢动物群落的种类和数量,测定群落的相对丰富度、多样性指数(H')、均匀度指数(E)及优势集中性指数(C)等指标,研究园内捕食性节肢动物群落的变化规律。【结果】桃园捕食性节肢动物群落的多样性指数和均匀度指数表现为高-低-高-低的趋势;群落优势度(B)与优势集中性指数呈现低-高-低趋势。食蚜蝇、蜘蛛、瓢虫、步甲和草蛉是桃园主要捕食性节肢动物亚群落。大灰食蚜蝇Metasyrphus corollae和黑带食蚜蝇Episyrphus balteata是食蚜蝇亚群落的优势种群,5月中旬至6月下旬是其发生高峰期;龟纹瓢虫Propylaea japonica是瓢虫亚群落的优势种群,5月中旬至7月下旬是其发生高峰期,随后数量维持在较低水平;龟纹瓢虫鼎斑变型和锚斑变型是桃园最常见的色斑变型,分别占49.6%和29%;蜘蛛亚群落主要包括皿蛛、蟹蛛和球蛛类群,5月上中旬、8月中下旬和10月中旬是其发生高峰期;步甲亚群落的发生高峰期为5月上旬至6月下旬,随后维持在较低的水平;中华草蛉Chrysoperla sinica为草蛉亚群落的优势种群,6月上旬至8月上旬是其发生高峰期。【结论】桃园捕食性节肢动物主要包括捕食性蜘蛛、食蚜蝇、捕食性瓢虫、步甲和草蛉5个亚群落,不同天敌亚群落的结构特征随着季节和气温的变化而相互演替,共同发挥控制害虫的作用。     

Mapping Rm2 gene conferring resistance to the green peach aphid (Myzus persicae Sulzer) in the peach cultivar ��Rubira?��

The green peach aphid (GPA), Myzus persicae (Sulzer), is a widespread pest insect that significantly reduces yield in peach orchards [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch]. Chemical control of the GPA population in the orchards showed little efficiency because of the development of resistance to most classes of insecticides. Biological control partially gave convincing results. Breeding for resistant peach cultivars is therefore a serious option to take into account for the development of sustainable pest management. Among the few available resistance cultivars, the rootstock peach “Rubira?” shows a strong induced antixenosis-type GPA resistance. This was demonstrated segregating as a single dominant gene. In order to investigate the genetic basis of resistance and develop molecular tools useful in breeding programs, a F₂ population derived from “Rubira?” also segregating for leaf color was grown and scored for GPA resistance under contrasted environmental conditions. An SSR-based genetic linkage map composed of 120 SSR loci spanned over a distance of 497.8 cM was then established. The GPA resistance mapped to a single locus at the bottom end of linkage group 1. We propose to name Rm2 the dominant allele of the underlying gene. Additionally, a reciprocal translocation was identified near the Gr gene controlling leaf color. The red-leaf parent “Rubira?” was demonstrated responsible for the translocation. This study provides the basis for future molecular analysis for the use of Rm2 in peach breeding programs against GPA in peach orchards.     

桃园主要害虫、天敌种群动态及其群落结构的研究

系统研究了3月中旬～10月上旬桃园主要害虫、天敌的种群动态和昆虫群落的相对多度、丰富度、生态优势度、多样性指数、均匀度等群落特征指数的变动,分析了影响昆虫群落多样性的主要因素．     

Population survey of phytoseiid mites and spider mites on peach leaves and wild plants in Japanese peach orchard

A population survey of phytoseiid mites and spider mites was conducted on peach leaves and wild plants in Japanese peach orchards having different pesticide practices. The phytoseiid mite species composition on peach leaves and wild plants, as estimated using quantitative sequencing, changed during the survey period. Moreover, it varied among study sites. The phytoseiid mite species compositions were similar between peach leaves and some wild plants, such as Veronica persica, Paederia foetida, Persicaria longiseta, and Oxalis corniculata with larger quantities of phytoseiid mites, especially after mid-summer. A PCR-based method to detect the ribosomal ITS sequences of Tetranychus kanzawai and Panonychus mori from phytoseiid mites was developed. Results showed that Euseius sojaensis (specialized pollen feeder/generalist predator) uses both spider mites as prey in the field.     

Larval performance of the oriental fruit moth across fruits from primary and secondary hosts

A common characteristic of many invasive herbivorous insects is their ability to utilize a broad range of host plants. By using various hosts in phenological succession, multivoltine herbivores may increase the number of successful annual generations, at the same time as potentially increasing their overall fitness. To achieve such success, herbivores must be able to develop efficiently on the nutritional resources offered by their hosts. The oriental fruit moth Cydia (= Grapholita) molesta (Busck) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) is one of the most damaging invasive insect species. Peach (Prunus persica) is its primary host, whereas the pome fruits apple (Malus × domestica Borkh) and pear (Pyrus communis) are considered as secondary hosts. In many parts of its geographical range, including southern Europe, populations of the moth switch from peach to apple or pear orchards during the growing season. The present study tests whether this temporal switch is supported by the physiological capability of the larvae with respect to developing efficiently on fruits of these taxonomically‐related host plants. Larvae are reared on peach, apple or pear fruits; several life‐history traits are measured; and correlations between the traits are calculated. The results obtained show that larvae do not have the same physiological capability with respect to using apple or pear fruits as hosts compared with using peach fruit. Pear fruit in particular is a sub‐optimal diet. These findings suggest that, in the case of continuous geographical expansion, concomitantly with global warming, apple orchards might support oriental fruit moth populations better than pear orchards, and that the switch onto novel hosts might be accompanied by restricted population growth.     

Developing a set of simulation-based indicators to assess harmfulness and contribution to biodiversity of weed communities in cropping systems

Weeds are both harmful for agricultural production and an essential component of biodiversity in agricultural landscapes. Therefore, new cropping systems aiming at both maximising weed-related biodiversity and minimising weed harmfulness are needed. New cropping systems are now increasingly designed with weed dynamics models but these usually only consider weed densities or crop yield losses. The present paper proposed a set of indicators for assessing the impact on crop production and biodiversity of weed communities simulated with a cropping system model. Five harmfulness indicators were developed to take account of the criteria most frequently listed by farmers via an internet survey: (1) crop yield loss, (2) harvest pollution by weed seeds, stems and leaves, (3) harvesting problems due to green weed biomass blocking the combine, and (4) field infestation represented by weed biomass averaged over cropping seasons. A fifth indicator was added, i.e. (5) the increase in crop disease (i.e. take-all disease of cereals) in the presence of weeds. The biodiversity indicators were chosen in collaboration with ecologists. Two indicators reflect the weed contribution to vegetal biodiversity: (1) species richness and (2) Pielou's index for species equitability. Three other indicators were developed to assess weeds as a trophic resource for other organisms in the agro-ecosystems: (3) the number of weed seeds present on soil surface in autumn and winter to feed field birds, (4) lipid-rich seeds on soil surface in summer to feed insects such as carabids, and (5) weed flowers in spring and summer to feed domestic bees. These indicators were tested in a series of contrasted cropping systems identified in farm surveys and simulated with FlorSys. Analyses of variance showed that the cropping system and the crop sequence presented the highest impact on indicator values. Weather scenario and pedoclimate had little effect. Antagonisms and synergies between weed-related harmfulness and biodiversity were identified with Spearman correlations. Harmfulness indicators were all positively correlated, except for additional disease risk which was at best poorly correlated with other indicators. Most weed-related biodiversity indicators were also positively correlated, except species richness which was negatively correlated with species equitability, bird resource and insect resource. Weed harmfulness generally increased with increasing weed-related biodiversity. These correlations were though weak, and others were negative, showing that increased biodiversity could occur with decreased harmfulness (e.g. trophic resource for insects vs. yield loss or field infestation). Consequently, there are cropping systems that reconcile agricultural production and biodiversity.     

Role of biodiversity in integrated fruit production in eastern North American orchards

• 1 Diversifying agricultural ecosystems to enhance biological control is a promising way of promoting sustainable pest management.
• 2 In the present study, monoculture apple and peach with standard insecticide treatments were compared with three biodiverse treatments (polyculure, monoculture with companion plants and polyculture with companion plants) with reduced standard insecticide use.
• 3 Abundance of insect predators was increased by both the presence of companion plants and extrafloral nectar but parasitism of the leafroller Platynota idaeusalis was not affected.
• 4 There were no consistent effects of biodiversity treatment on either tree growth or fruit yield. Insect injury to Empire apple and peach fruit was not consistently affected by the biodiversity treatments. Granny Smith apples were harvested later than Empire and had more fruit injury in the biodiverse treatments than the standard insecticide control.
• 5 A reduction in pesticides with added biodiversity proved to be a viable alternative to standard chemical insecticide management for temperate tree fruit. Increases in the natural control of pests resulting from increased plant diversity has promise for reducing the reliance on chemical insecticides for pest suppression.

     

Monitoring carabid indicators could reveal environmental impacts of genetically modified maize

相似文献   

Phytoseiid mite species composition in Japanese peach orchards estimated using quantitative sequencing

We attempted a population survey of spider mites and phytoseiid mites in Japanese peach orchards with different pesticide practices; however, we had difficulty discriminating phytoseiid mites. To estimate phytoseiid mite species composition, ribosomal gene fragments were amplified from genomic DNA of five phytoseiid mite species using PCR. Cloning and nucleotide sequencing of amplified fragments identified species-specific polymorphic sites. Newly amplified fragments from recombinant plasmids were mixed in various ratios to produce standard DNA template mixtures. After direct sequencing, the signal ratios between two nucleotides at each species-specific polymorphic site were calculated and shown against the corresponding expected ratios. Quadratic regression equations were used to estimate the phytoseiid mite species composition. Results showed that the phytoseiid mite species composition changed during the survey period and varied among study sites.     

油菜田害虫调查及蚜虫防治药剂筛选

田间调查试验表明,合肥市油菜田害虫的发生种类有15种,主要害虫为蚜虫类、油菜潜叶蝇Phytomyza horticola、小菜蛾Plutella maculipennis和菜青虫Pieris rapae。其中,以蚜虫类危害最重,全生育期在冬、春季各有一个峰值。油菜苗期以萝卜蚜、小菜蛾危害较重,后期以桃蚜Myzus persicae、油菜潜叶蝇危害较重。蚜虫防治药剂筛选试验表明,70%吡虫啉水分散粒剂防治蚜虫药效高,持效期长,且对油菜安全,10%烯啶虫胺可溶液剂和25%吡蚜酮可湿性粉剂防效也较好,可作为70%吡虫啉水分散粒剂的轮换药剂。     

Organic versus conventional management in an apple orchard: effects of fertilization and tree-row management on ground-dwelling predaceous arthropods

1 Organic and conventional management of apple orchards may have a different effect on arthropod communities.
2 We conducted a 3-year study to assess the effect of two strategies of fertilizer treatment (organic versus chemical) and three tree-row management systems (straw mulching, tillage and herbicide) on activity-density and biodiversity of epigeic predators. Ground beetles (Carabidae), rove beetles (Staphylinidae), ants (Formicidae) and spiders (Araneae) were sampled monthly with pitfall traps in the same apple orchard during 2003, 2004 and 2005.
3 A total of 4978 individuals were collected. Carabids (56.8% of the total catches) were the most abundant taxonomic group, followed by spiders (20.7%), ants (14.8%) and rove beetles (7.7%). Tree-row management had a greater influence on predator catches than fertilizer treatment. Total predator catches were lower under the mulch. Mulching also reduced carabid abundance, but increased staphylinid catches.
4 Tree row management also had a significant effect on biodiversity parameters. Species richness did not significantly differ among treatments for ants, spiders or the total catches, but was higher on herbicide-treated plots for carabids and on mulched plots for staphylinids. Shannon–Wiener's diversity index was significantly greater in the mulched and herbicide treated plots for total predators and carabids. For staphylinids, this index was significantly greater on the mulched plots. Fertilizer application strategy only influenced the species richness of rove beetles, which was greater in the chemically-treated plots.
5 The results showed that a change from conventional to organic fertilizer treatment of apple trees may be performed without differential effects on predator activity-density or biodiversity. However, a change from herbicide treatment to mulching or mechanical weed control may be significant, depending on the taxonomic group.     

Persistent negative effects of pesticides on biodiversity and biological control potential on European farmland

During the last 50 years, agricultural intensification has caused many wild plant and animal species to go extinct regionally or nationally and has profoundly changed the functioning of agro-ecosystems. Agricultural intensification has many components, such as loss of landscape elements, enlarged farm and field sizes and larger inputs of fertilizer and pesticides. However, very little is known about the relative contribution of these variables to the large-scale negative effects on biodiversity. In this study, we disentangled the impacts of various components of agricultural intensification on species diversity of wild plants, carabids and ground-nesting farmland birds and on the biological control of aphids.In a Europe-wide study in eight West and East European countries, we found important negative effects of agricultural intensification on wild plant, carabid and bird species diversity and on the potential for biological pest control, as estimated from the number of aphids taken by predators. Of the 13 components of intensification we measured, use of insecticides and fungicides had consistent negative effects on biodiversity. Insecticides also reduced the biological control potential. Organic farming and other agri-environment schemes aiming to mitigate the negative effects of intensive farming on biodiversity did increase the diversity of wild plant and carabid species, but – contrary to our expectations – not the diversity of breeding birds.We conclude that despite decades of European policy to ban harmful pesticides, the negative effects of pesticides on wild plant and animal species persist, at the same time reducing the opportunities for biological pest control. If biodiversity is to be restored in Europe and opportunities are to be created for crop production utilizing biodiversity-based ecosystem services such as biological pest control, there must be a Europe-wide shift towards farming with minimal use of pesticides over large areas.     

Toxicity of a number of pesticides to strains ofTyphlodromus pyri andAmblyseius andersoni (Acari: Phytoseiidae)

Side effects of ten pesticides used in orchards and vineyards were tested with a laboratory method on several Dutch and Italian strains of the predatory mitesTyphlodromus pyri Scheuten andAmblyseius andersoni (Chant). Resistant and susceptible strains of both species were studied. Results showed that a test which evaluates mortality of various developmental stages and fecundity of adult females is better than one that measures only survival of adult females. A definite resistance to certain pesticides was found in ItalianT. pyri andA. andersoni. The level of resistance to parathion, azinphos-methyl and carbaryl was particularly high in some strains ofA. andersoni. The high level of resistance to certain pesticides was often associated with a marked reduction in fecundity.      

湖北老河口梨小食心虫成虫发生规律及综合防治效果

【目的】为了寻找湖北省老河口梨小食心虫Grapholita molesta(Busck)的最佳防治时期,推广使用无公害防控技术,减少化学药剂的使用。【方法】分别调查了梨小食心虫在梨园及桃园的发生规律,释放赤眼蜂的生物防治效果,糖醋酒液、三角形诱捕器、黄板的物理防治效果,以及性信息素迷向防治效果。【结果】结果表明,桃园梨小食心虫最佳防治时期在4月中下旬,梨园梨小食心虫最佳防治时期在5月下旬、6月上旬、8月中旬前。防治效果上,释放赤眼蜂生物防治措施、配比为红糖∶白酒∶食用醋:水=3∶1∶3∶80的糖醋酒液诱捕器的物理防治措施、迷向丝及迷向素的迷向措施均有替代化学防治措施的潜力。【结论】综合防治能够有效控制梨园梨小食心虫发生量,减少化学防治频次,为建立稳定的梨园生态系统及生产无公害水果提供了帮助。     

农田景观格局对南疆枣园传粉昆虫群落多样性的影响

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