农业景观非农生境植物多样性及其影响因素

农业景观是人类生活所需资料的最主要来源地和生物多样性保护的重要区域之一。黄河中下游地区是我国最重要的农业区之一,在区域农业景观中,非农生境中各群落植物物种多样性组成特征有何差异?在不同尺度上,景观异质性特征与生境特征对植物物种多样性特征有何影响?在黄河中下游典型区域布点,对区内主要非农生境(次生林、次生灌丛、人工林和农田边缘等)中的植物群落物种多样性进行调查。结果显示:(1)次生灌丛中的物种丰富度和多样性显著高于其他生境,而农田边缘也保育有较多的物种;(2)从物种组成来看,景观尺度上样点间物种多样性差异(β_2)是所有生境中物种丰富度的最主要组成部分,而次生灌丛与次生林两类自然生境中小尺度(α和β1)物种丰富度的贡献相对较高。(3)景观异质性特征指标对物种多样性的影响主要体现在样方尺度上(α_(样方)),而β和γ多样性与之的关系并不甚密切。表征生境特征的群落高度和盖度指标能更好的预测物种多样性的特征。研究发现,常用的表征景观异质性的指数在各尺度上对植物群落物种多样性特征的影响也并不显著,局地群落特征的影响更为直接和重要。在探讨景观异质性特征与生物多样性关系时,常用的多样性指数(Shannon多样性指数、均匀度指数和Simpson指数等)并不合适,而拆分后的物种丰富度会更有效。但景观异质性对生物多样性的影响也不容忽视,它的改变会是影响群落物种多样性及其组成结构的重要潜在因素,在更大尺度上景观异质性会通过对景观组成要素特征(生境组成和构型)的影响进而影响到区域植物物种丰富度的变化。     

Plant invasion alters trait composition and diversity across habitats

Increased globalization has accelerated the movement of species around the world. Many of these nonnative species have the potential to profoundly alter ecosystems. The mechanisms underpinning this impact are often poorly understood, and traits are often overlooked when trying to understand and predict the impacts of species invasions on communities. We conducted an observational field experiment in Canada's first National Urban Park, where we collected trait data for seven different functional traits (height, stem width, specific leaf area, leaf percent nitrogen, and leaf percent carbon) across an abundance gradient of the invasive Vincetoxicum rossicum in open meadow and understory habitats. We assessed invasion impacts on communities, and associated mechanisms, by examining three complementary functional trait measures: community‐weighted mean, range of trait values, and species’ distances to the invader in trait space. We found that V. rossicum invasion significantly altered the functional structure of herbaceous plant communities. In both habitats V. rossicum changed the community‐weighted means, causing invaded communities to become increasingly similar in their functional structure. In addition, V. rossicum also reduced the trait ranges for a majority of traits indicating that species are being deterministically excluded in invaded communities. Further, we observed different trends in the meadow and understory habitats: In the understory, resident species that were more similar to V. rossicum in multivariate trait space were excluded more, however this was not the case in the meadow habitat. This suggests that V. rossicum alters communities uniquely in each habitat, in part by creating a filter in which only certain resident species are able to persist. This filtering process causes a nonrandom reduction in species' abundances, which in turn would be expected to alter how the invaded ecosystems function. Using trait‐based frameworks leads to better understanding and prediction of invasion impacts. This novel framework can also be used in restoration practices to understand how invasion impacts communities and to reassemble communities after invasive species management.     

Trait–performance relationships of grassland plant species differ between common garden and field conditions

The way functional traits affect growth of plant species may be highly context‐specific. We asked which combinations of trait values are advantageous under field conditions in managed grasslands as compared to conditions without competition and land‐use. In a two‐year field experiment, we recorded the performance of 93 species transplanted into German grassland communities differing in land‐use intensity and into a common garden, where species grew unaffected by land‐use under favorable conditions regarding soil, water, and space. The plants’ performance was characterized by two independent dimensions (relative growth rates (RGR) of height and leaf length vs. aboveground biomass and survival) that were differently related to the eight focal key traits in our study (leaf dry matter content (LDMC), specific leaf area (SLA), height, leaf anatomy, leaf persistence, leaf distribution, vegetative reproduction, and physical defense). We applied multivariate procrustes analyses to test for the correspondence of the optimal trait–performance relationships between field and common garden conditions. RGRs were species‐specific and species ranks of RGRs in the field, and the common garden were significantly correlated. Different traits explained the performance in the field and the common garden; for example, leaf anatomy traits explained species performance only in the field, whereas plant height was found to be only important in the common garden. The ability to reproduce vegetatively, having leaves that are summer‐persistent and with high leaf dry matter content (LDMC) were traits of major importance under both settings, albeit the magnitude of their influence differed slightly between the field and the common garden experiment. All optimal models included interactions between traits, pointing out the necessity to analyze traits in combination. The differences between field and common garden clearly demonstrate context dependency of trait‐based growth models, which results in limited transferability of favorable trait combinations between different environmental settings.     

干扰对植物群落物种组成及多样性的影响

在介绍了干扰的概念及其性质和干扰对物种多样性影响的有关假说基础上,以森林干扰为主要对象,探讨了干扰对植物群落物种组成的影响,并从干扰类型、干扰强度和干扰频率等几个方面阐述了干扰对植物群落物种多样性的影响;另外,还分析了重要的小尺度干扰——林隙在该方面的影响。分析总结出干扰对植物群落的影响差异主要与干扰特征、植物群落特征及植物的生物学特性和受干扰地点的资源条件有关。最后,总结分析了国内外在该方面研究存在的问题,并对今后研究提出一些建议,为相关工作提供参考。     

The taxonomic distribution of rare and common species among families in the vascular plant flora of Fennoscandia

Many plant traits are not randomly distributed among families. The question considered here is ‘are rarity and commonness of vascular plants in Fennoscandia randomly distributed among families?’ If more rare or more common species are found within a family, this may give some initial indications about which traits may predict rarity and commonness of species. A species was defined as rare or common based on its abundance and on the number of grid squares it occupies. 1521 naturally occurring species in 229 75×75 km grid squares were used. Permutation tests were performed to assess statistically if rarity and commonness are randomly distributed among families. Several families can be identified as having more rare or more common species than would be expected under a random allocation model. However, there are little deviations from what would be expected if rarity and commonness were randomly distributed among families in the whole Fennoscandian flora. It is proposed that the arbitrary geographical limits of the study area may account for the lack of any clear patterns of rarity and commonness among and between families.     

高寒草地植物物种多样性与功能多样性的关系

物种多样性与功能多样性的关系是生态学当前研究的热点问题之一,不同区域典型生态系统物种多样性和功能多样性的关系研究有利于生物多样性保护理论的全面发展。以青藏高原地区的主要草地生态系统—高寒草甸和高寒草原为研究对象,采用4个物种多样性指数(Patrick丰富度指数、Shannon-Weiner多样性指数、Pielou均匀度指数和Simpson优势度指数)和9个功能多样性指数(FAD功能性状距离指数、MFAD功能性状平均距离指数、基于样地的FDp和基于群落的FDc功能树状图指数、FRic功能体积指数、FEve功能均匀度指数、Rao功能离散度常二次熵指数、FDiv功能离散指数、FDis功能分散指数),分析了高寒草地植物物种多样性、功能多样性关系及其与初级生产力的关系,以期阐明3个科学问题:不同草地类型的高寒草地生态系统植物物种多样性和功能多样性有何差异?高寒草地生态系统的植物物种多样性和功能多样性有何关系?高寒草地生态系统物种多样性、功能多样性对生态系统功能的影响有何异同?研究结果表明:(1)与高寒草原相比,高寒草甸具有更高的物种多样性、功能丰富度和功能离散度;(2)高寒草甸中,Patrick丰富度与功能丰富度指数(FAD、MFAD、FDp、FDc)和功能离散度指数(FDiv)的具有较强的相关性,最优拟合方程分别为幂函数和二次多项式函数;(3)高寒草原中,Patrick丰富度与功能丰富度指数(FAD、MFAD、FDp、FDc、FRic)、Shannon指数和Simpson指数与FEve指数的相关性较强,最优拟合方程为二次多项式函数,Pielou指数与FEve指数的相关性较强,最优拟合方程为指数函数;(4)高寒草甸的初级生产力分别与物种丰富度指数Patrick、功能离散指数FDiv具有较强的相关性;而高寒草原的初级生产力与4个物种多样性指数间均具有较强的相关性,与功能离散指数FDiv具有较强的相关性,最佳拟合方程均为二次多项式函数。研究的总体结论为:物种多样性、功能多样性、二者之间的关系以及二者与生态系统服务功能(以初级生产力为例)之间的关系在高寒草甸和高寒草原群落中表现迥异,因此在研究青藏高原高寒草地的生态功能时,不能仅仅测度传统的物种多样性,还应测度与物种多样性、生态功能密切相关的功能多样性。     

内蒙草原不同植物功能群及物种对土壤微生物组成的影响

为了分析不同植物群落组成对内蒙古典型草原土壤微生物群落组成的影响,本研究利用植物功能群剔除处理实验平台,采用荧光定量PCR(real-timePCR)和自动核糖体间隔区基因分析(automated ribosomal intergenic spacer analysis,ARISA)技术,对不同植物功能群组成的非根际土壤和常见物种的根际土壤中细菌和真菌的数量及群落结构进行了分析。结果表明,在非根际土壤中,不同植物功能群组成对细菌数量有显著影响,而对真菌数量及细菌和真菌的群落结构影响不明显;在根际土壤中,不同植物物种对细菌、真菌的数量都有显著影响。此外,聚类分析表明,不同物种的根际土中细菌和真菌的群落结构也有所不同,尤其以细菌的群落结构变化较为明显。研究结果表明不同植物物种可以通过根系影响土壤微生物群落组成。     

景观组成、结构和梯度格局对植物多样性的影响

植物多样性作为生物多样性研究的主要内容,一直以来受到广泛关注。近20年来,随着景观生态学的兴起和地理信息技术的发展,景观生态学与岛屿生物地理学、异质种群理论相结合,在植物多样性的保护和利用研究中得到运用。本文就在这3个理论的基础上,简述了景观组成(斑块、廊道、基质)、景观结构(斑块面积、边缘、隔离程度)和梯度格局(海拔、演替、土壤养分、干扰)对植物多样性的影响,强调了地理信息技术应用的重要性和景观层次上进行植物多样性研究的必要性。因此,在多个尺度上共同研究多个影响因子对植物多样性的复合作用,利于进一步揭示植物多样性的变化过程及其机制,有利于植物多样性的保护和利用。     

Interactions of components of habitats alter composition and variability of assemblages

1. The nature and resources supplied by different components of habitats influence species, creating variability from place to place within a habitat. 2. Experiments were done to investigate the effects of altering components of habitats on the variability of assemblages of numerous species of intertidal gastropods. 3. Artificial habitats with three levels of structure, combining different types of turf (i.e. different densities and height of fronds) were sampled 8 weeks after deployment in the intertidal. They were rapidly colonized by up to 66 species of gastropods. 4. Independently of the types of turf combined to form different habitats, there were differences in assemblages where there was more than one type of component present. Multivariate dissimilarities among units making up each habitat were also greater where there were more than one type of unit, but there was no such difference in the variance of numbers of species per unit. 5. Altering the relative abundances of different types of components made little change to the assemblages, nor their multivariate variability among units of habitat and the variance in number of species per unit in each habitat. 6. Differences in assemblages due to the different structure of habitat are complex to interpret and simple characterizations of structure of habitat are inadequate. Comparing different habitats requires appropriate experimentation to ensure that variability within habitats is also investigated.     

Characteristics and habitats of non-native plant species in the city of Chonju,southern Korea

Investigations on non-native organisms have become an important task of modern ecology throughout the world. The major objective of this study was to identify the characteristics and habitats of non-native plant species in Korean cities in order to derive conclusions on the success of biological invaders. The city of Chonju in southwest Korea was selected as a representative investigation area. All wild-growing vascular plants were recorded in the city on a total of 106 sample plots located in representative land-use types and within various distances of the city center. Frequency, origin, life forms, and plant families of non-native species were analyzed. Additionally, the percentage of non-native species along a gradient from the city center to the outskirts was investigated. We found that most common non-native species of the flora of Chonju are: (i) native to the Northern hemisphere; (ii) belong to the annuals; (iii) belong to the plant families of the Compositae or Leguminosae; and (iv) they perform best on sites that are continuously disturbed by human impact. In conclusion, non-native species play a significant role in enhancing biological diversity in urban areas.     

Effects of plant traits and the relative abundance of common woody species on seedling herbivory in the Thousand Island Lake region

Aims Plant-herbivore interaction is a hot topic in the study of biodiversity and ecosystem functions. Herbivores can negatively affect seedling growth and therefore can alter the dynamics of plant recruitment. However, previous studies do not fully reveal the relative importance of different plant functional traits on herbivory intensity and rarely link herbivory to the relative abundance of plant species.Methods Here, we measured 11 plant functional traits and the relative abundance of seedlings of 16 common woody species in the subtropical forests on 29 islands in Thousand Island Lake, East China. We then used multivariate regression and variance partitioning to test the contribution of functional traits and the relative abundance to interspecific differences of insect herbivory intensity.Important findings Our study found that both plant functional traits (e.g. carbon nitrogen ratio, leaf thickness) and the relative abundance of woody species played important roles in herbivory intensity, and they jointly contributed 54% of the variance of the interspecific differences. Among these factors, species with higher defensive ability, lower nutrient content and higher relative abundance had lower herbivory intensity. We suggest to consider both individual level traits (functional traits) and community level attributes (the relative abundance) in future herbivory studies.     

Contrasting patterns of intraspecific trait variability in native and non-native plant species along an elevational gradient on Tenerife,Canary Islands

Background and AimsNon-native plant species are not restricted to lowlands, but increasingly are invading high elevations. While for both native and non-native species we expected variability of plant functional traits due to the changing environmental conditions along elevational gradients, we additionally assumed that non-native species are characterized by a more acquisitive growth strategy, as traits reflecting such a strategy have been found to correlate with invasion success. Furthermore, the typical lowland introduction of non-native species coming from multiple origins should lead to higher trait variability within populations of non-native species specifically at low elevations, and they might therefore occupy a larger total trait space.MethodsAlong an elevational gradient ranging from 55 to 1925 m a.s.l. on Tenerife, we collected leaves from eight replicate individuals in eight evenly distributed populations of five native and six non-native forb species. In each population, we measured ten eco-morphological and leaf biochemical traits and calculated trait variability within each population and the total trait space occupied by native and non-native species.Key ResultsWe found both positive (e.g. leaf dry matter content) and negative (e.g. leaf N) correlations with elevation for native species, but only few responses for non-native species. For non-native species, within-population variability of leaf dry matter content and specific leaf area decreased with elevation, but increased for native species. The total trait space occupied by all non-native species was smaller than and a subset of that of native species.ConclusionsWe found little evidence that intraspecific trait variability is associated with the success of non-native species to spread towards higher elevations. Instead, for non-native species, our results indicate that intermediate trait values that meet the requirements of various conditions are favourable across the changing environmental conditions along elevational gradients. As a consequence, this might prevent non-native species from overcoming abruptly changing environmental conditions, such as when crossing the treeline.     

基于实地调查和高光谱数据的浑善达克沙地中部植物alpha多样性遥感估测

植物群落物种多样性的快速无损估测一直是近几十年生态学领域的热点研究问题。相对于大尺度的卫星遥感数据,高光谱遥感数据具有光谱和空间分辨率高的优势。采用ASD HH2便携式高光谱仪,收集浑善达克沙地中部120个样方的高光谱数据,并对样方的alpha多样性指数进行同步测定。对高光谱遥感数据进行预处理,采用相关性分析、主成分分析和经验波段筛选法,从数百个波段中选择敏感波段。采用90个样方的高光谱数据作为训练样本,对筛选的敏感波段进行多元线性逐步回归分析,获得12个回归模型。采用另外30个样方的高光谱数据作为验证样本,对回归模型的拟合效果进行检验。结果发现,采用主成分分析法提取敏感波段的回归模型拟合效果最好,Pielou指数、Shannon-Wiener指数和Simpson指数拟合均达到显著水平。对我国植物物种多样性微尺度的快速评估和高光谱遥感具有一定参考意义,并对未来植物多样性高光谱遥感研究提出了建议。     

Evaluating the relationship between floristic quality and measures of plant biodiversity along stream bank habitats

Measures used to describe the floristic structure of a habitat can vary in their ability to express trends in plant composition along anthropogenic disturbance gradients. This study was based on a survey of vascular plant biodiversity performed along stream bank habitats within an agricultural landscape in southeastern Ontario, Canada. The accuracy of several measures of plant biodiversity – including those related to a regional floristic quality assessment system – was examined to compare their ability to recognize a gradient of anthropogenic disturbance and associated floristic quality along the stream bank habitats. The floristic quality assessment system is a scheme in which all vascular plants of a region have been assigned a score corresponding to a qualitative conservation value based on habitat fidelity and tolerance of disturbance (native species), and on invasiveness (non-native species). Data were collected from a priori designated disturbed, moderate, and pristine zones along 27 stream sections exhibiting a length-wise disturbance gradient. A detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) was used to isolate the plant compositional gradient present along the stream sections. The measures of plant biodiversity recorded in the different study sites were then ranked by the degree to which they were linearly correlated with the identified compositional gradient of the DCA. The “% non-native plant species” measure was most effective at expressing the gradient, though it incorporated nothing about the fidelity and sensitivity of native plant species present in individual zones. Several measures associated with the floristic quality assessment system – including the mean coefficient of “conservatism” (mCC) – were also effective in identifying the gradient, and had the additional benefit of considering the contribution of each native species in a plot. The simple measure of “total plant species richness” proved to be a poor linear indicator due to a quadratic trend across the whole of the compositional gradient. The floristic quality assessment system proved to be a valuable tool for assessing conservation values of the selected sites. It should be extended to include further regions in Canada and North America in general. Our results further suggest that stream banks associated with open non-crop agricultural property are highly susceptible to colonization by non-native upland plants and species of low conservation interest, and that the presence of wooded areas surrounding these same streams is associated with higher numbers of native and disturbance sensitive plant species present in the bank habitats.     

洪河自然保护区典型湿地植物群落组成及物种多样性梯度变化

以洪河自然保护区两类典型湿地——河漫滩湿地与碟形洼地湿地的植物群落为研究对象,探讨其物种组成及物种多样性的梯度变化规律。结果表明,由沼泽至岛状林的梯度上:(1)各群落建群种、优势种和伴生种的种类及其优势度,地表覆盖藓类等组成特征均变化明显;(2)群落的物种丰富度呈逐渐增加格局,丰富度指数分别为26、41、51、68和82;(3)群落的α多样性的变化格局与丰富度格局不太一致,Shannon-Wiener多样性与Pielou均匀度的变化格局基本一致,呈不规则"N"型格局,Simpson优势度的变化格局正好与它们相反,呈不规则倒"N"型格局;上述格局的两个"拐点"出现在沼泽化草甸群落和湿草甸群落中;(4)群落的β多样性——相异性系数和Cody指数均呈先降后升的格局,二者的最小值出现在沼泽化草甸群落和湿草甸群落之间,最大值出现在灌丛草甸和岛状林群落之间;研究认为,典型湿地植物群落物种组成和物种丰富度的梯度变化主要于生境的变化有关,α多样性的变化格局主要与生境的变化和优势种的生物学特性有关,β多样性的格局的原因比较复杂,尚需进一步探讨。     

Spatial heterogeneity in species composition constrains plant community responses to herbivory and fertilisation

Environmental change can result in substantial shifts in community composition. The associated immigration and extinction events are likely constrained by the spatial distribution of species. Still, studies on environmental change typically quantify biotic responses at single spatial (time series within a single plot) or temporal (spatial beta diversity at single time points) scales, ignoring their potential interdependence. Here, we use data from a global network of grassland experiments to determine how turnover responses to two major forms of environmental change – fertilisation and herbivore loss – are affected by species pool size and spatial compositional heterogeneity. Fertilisation led to higher rates of local extinction, whereas turnover in herbivore exclusion plots was driven by species replacement. Overall, sites with more spatially heterogeneous composition showed significantly higher rates of annual turnover, independent of species pool size and treatment. Taking into account spatial biodiversity aspects will therefore improve our understanding of consequences of global and anthropogenic change on community dynamics.     

竹叶眼子菜种群遗传多样性与群落物种多样性关系的研究

以洪湖中的沉水植物群落及其优势种竹叶眼子菜(Potamogeton wrightii Morong)为研究对象,利用AFLP分子标记结合野外调查的方法,分析保护区(干扰较小)与非保护区(干扰较大,敞水区)中沉水植物群落的物种多样性与竹叶眼子菜遗传多样性之间的相关性。结果显示:洪湖沉水植物群落物种丰富度(S)和物种多样性辛普森指数(D)在保护区和非保护区均未发现显著性差异;竹叶眼子菜的重要值(IV)在保护区(5.2%~23.2%)较非保护区(8.5%~73.3%)稳定。竹叶眼子菜的遗传多样性在两个区未发现显著差异,其遗传多样性与群落物种多样性这两个指标在保护区、非保护区及全湖水平均不相关,说明沉水植物群落的物种多样性和竹叶眼子菜的遗传多样性对不同环境干扰的响应有所差异。     

Insects affect relationships between plant species richness and ecosystem processes

This study examined whether insects can alter relationships between plant species diversity and ecosystem function in grassland communities, by (i) altering biomass across a plant diversity gradient, (ii) altering relative abundances of plant species, or (iii) altering ecosystem function directly. We measured herbivore damage on seminatural grassland plots planted with 1, 2, 4, 8, or 12 plant species, and compared plant biomass in a subset of these plots with replicates in which insect levels were reduced. Plant biomass and herbivore damage increased with species richness. Reducing insect populations resulted in greater evenness of relative plant species abundances and revealed a strong positive relationship between plant species richness and above-ground biomass. Reducing insects also changed the relationship between plant species richness and decomposition. Plant species mixtures and their relative abundances partially explained plant biomass results, but not decomposition results. These results suggest that insects can alter relationships between plant diversity and ecosystem processes through all three mechanisms.