中国畜禽粪便污染现状及产沼气潜力

为弄清中国畜禽粪便排放总量、污染现状及其资源化潜力,通过查阅文献确定了主要估算参数,并结合畜牧业统计数据估算了2009年中国畜禽粪便排放量及其污染物含量、粪便农用地负荷并对畜禽粪便中氮、磷农用地负荷进行预警分级;同时估算了粪便资源沼气潜力。结果表明:2009年中国畜禽养殖业粪便排放总量为32.64亿t鲜重,其中BOD、COD含量分别为7273.95和8039.96万t。全国单位面积农用地畜禽粪便负荷为26.8t·hm-2,氮、磷素负荷分别为158.42和47.92kg·hm-2。预警分级显示:牧区畜禽养殖业对环境不构成威胁;农区除山西、黑龙江外,其他地区均出现不同程度的氮素污染,而磷素的影响在农区普遍存在。2009年畜禽粪便资源沼气潜力约1200亿m3,其中,大中型畜禽养殖场沼气潜力为240亿m3,约合天然气135亿m3。目前沼气工程已成为环境保护和能源结构调整的一种重要手段。     

Contamination of meliorated territories by carnivore excrements contain eggs and larva of helminths (a study of problems of parasitic contamination)

The results of coproscopical examined of carnivores carries out on eight meliorative systems of western part of Belorussian Polesie during 1995-1999 are presented. Eggs and larva of helminths were found in 95.4 % of these animal excrements. A hundred of the meliorative channel banks contained 11.7 grams of excrements. These excrements contained up to 3890 eggs and larva of helminths. These results will important for studying of problems of parasitic contamination in meliorated territories.     

有机物料在维持土壤微生物体氮库中的作用

采用室内和田间培养试验,研究了有机物料矿化过程中土壤微生物体氮的变化,测定结果表明,有机物料对矿化过程和微生物体氮的影响,既与有机物料本身性质和组成有关,也与土壤肥力水平和施氮与否有关。加入Ｃ／Ｎ比高的有机物料后,微生物对矿质氮的净固定持续时间长,而加入Ｃ／Ｎ比小的则固定时间短;高肥力土壤上的固定时间比低肥力土壤短。不同有机物料对土壤微生物体氮的影响不同。从加绿豆茎叶、小麦茎叶、未腐解马粪、腐熟马粪、腐熟猪粪到厩肥,土壤微生物体氮依次减小,提供的有效能源物质丰富（如绿豆茎叶）或Ｃ／Ｎ比较高（如小麦茎叶）时影响效果突出。土壤肥力不同,有机物料对微生物体的影响效果不同,在低肥力土壤的效果突出,约为高肥力土壤的４倍,因此,在评价有机物料对土壤微生物体氮的影响时,既考虑有有机物料的性质和组成,也考虑土壤力水平、矿质氮含量和培养时期。     

唐家河自然保护区大熊猫种群数量及栖息地的移动

本文根据大熊猫季节性活动规律特点,应用海拔高度路线调查法,全面收集唐家河自然保护区大熊猫的比较新鲜粪便,计获１２４个粪样材料,提取ＤＮＡ作ＤＮＡ指纹图,经微机检测,保护区有大熊猫３７只,个体数量与粪样采集量之比为１∶３３５１４,有６个家系,雌兽２１只,雄兽１６只。并搞清了保护区生态环境质量,箭竹遭受病虫害的程度,洪水对栖息地的影响,特别对引起大熊猫数量减少及栖息地移动等原因,作了较为详细的分析。     

Determination of deoxynivalenol (DON) in blood, bile, urine and excrement samples from swine using immunoaffinity chromatography and LC-UV-detection

A work up procedure is described by which DON concentrations in blood, bile, urine and excrements from swine can be quantified by HPLC and UV- detection at λ = 220 nm. The central step thereby is the purification and concentration of DON by means of an immunoaffinity column. While, in our experiments, the quantification of DON in blood and urine was straightforward an additional purification step by a preparative HPLC run prior to immunoaffinity chromatography was needed when bile and excrements were investigated. However, when low DON concentrations in blood and urine are expected, a preparative HPLC run prior to immunoaffinity chromatography is recommended as well, because larger amounts of sample materials should be analyzed and more impurities interfere with the column proteins. In our study, using spiked samples, recoveries ranged from 75—90% and limits of detection were 0.01 to 0.02 μg/ml.     

Modeling of airflow in the pharynx with application to sleep apnea.

A three-dimensional numerical modeling of airflow in the human pharynx using an anatomically accurate model was conducted. The pharynx walls were assumed to be passive and rigid. The results showed that the pressure drop in the pharynx lies in the range 200-500 Pa. The onset of turbulence was found to increase the pressure drop by 40 percent. A wide range of pharynx geometries covering three sleep apnea treatment therapies (CPAP, mandibular repositioning devices, and surgery) were modeled and the resulting flow characteristics were investigated and compared. The results confirmed that the airflow in the pharynx lies in the laminar-to-turbulence transitional flow regime and thus, a subtle change in the morphology caused by these treatment therapies can significantly affect the airflow characteristics.     

Ectopic pharynxes arise by regional reorganization after anterior/posterior chimera in planarians

To elucidate the mechanisms underlying pharynx regeneration in planarians, we transplanted pieces excised from various regions of the body into the prepharyngeal or postpharyngeal region, since it has been shown that such transplantation experiments can induce ectopic pharynx formation. We confirmed the ectopic formation of pharynxes by expression of the myosin heavy chain gene specific to pharynx muscles (DjMHC-A). To investigate the cellular events after grafting, we also stained such transplanted worms by in situ hybridization using neuronal cell- and mucous producing cell-type-specific marker genes which can detect formation of brain and prepharyngeal region, respectively. When the head piece was transplanted into the tail region, ectopic formation of the head, prepharyngeal and pharynx region was observed in the postpharyngeal region anterior to the graft, while these organs were formed in the reversed polarity along the anterior-posterior (A-P) axis. Furthermore, in the tail region posterior to the graft, ectopic formation of the prepharyngeal and pharynx region was observed. In the reverse combination, when a tail piece was transplanted into the prepharyngeal region, ectopic formation of prepharyngeal and pharynx region was observed in the region between the head and the graft, and an additional ectopic pharynx was also formed in reverse polarity in the region between the graft and host pharynx. These results clearly indicated that ectopic pharynxes were formed as a consequence of the regional reorganization induced by interaction between the host and graft. Furthermore, chimeric analyses demonstrated that the cells participating in ectopic pharynx formation were not exclusively derived from the host or donor cells in the worm, suggesting that the stem cells of the host and donor may change their differentiation pattern due to altered regionality. To further investigate if regional reorganization is induced after grafting, expression of a Hox gene was analyzed in the transplanted worms by whole-mount in situ hybridization. The expression of the Hox gene along the A-P axis was apparently rearranged after grafting of the head piece into the tail region. These results suggest that grafting of the head piece may rearrange the regionality of the host tail, and that stem cells in the region newly defined as pharynx-forming may start to regenerate a pharynx.     

Regeneration processes in various species of planarians

Blastema growth and functional maturation of the pharynx during regeneration in various planarian species were compared. The intensity of blastema growth was highest in Polycelis tenuis; the lowest, in Schmidtea mediterranea. In the sexual and asexual races of Girardia tigrina blastema growth differed inconsiderably. The function of the pharynx during the regeneration of caudal fragments lacking pharynx was manifested in G. tigrina in the usual amount of time, while in the regeneration of head fragments lacking pharynx, this function occured earlier. In other planarian species of the other two typed, the times of pharynx regeneration had no regular character and took longer compared to the same process in G. tigrina.     

Intercalary muscle cell renewal in planarian pharynx

 Planarian cell renewal is achieved as a result of proliferation and differentiation of totipotent undifferentiated cells called neoblasts. The absence of mitosis within the planarian pharynx raises the question as to how cell renewal and growth occur within this organ. Two explanations have been advanced: one proposes that new cells remain close to the base of the pharynx, which then grows by distal displacement of older cells, and the other suggests that the new cells are intercalated between older cells throughout the pharynx. The second alternative, however, does not explain how new cells enter the pharynx or how they reach their final destination. In this study of myosin heavy-chain gene expression within planarian pharynx, a row of differentiating myocytes was detected all along the pharynx parenchyma. According to the hybridization pattern, all these myocytes appeared to be at early stages of differentiation. These data favour an intercalary model for muscle cell renewal within the pharynx. According to this model, neoblasts at the base of the pharynx would enter the pharynx, where they would start differentiation to myocytes, move to the subepithelial musculature and intercalate between the old muscle cells. The possible application of this intercalary model to other pharynx cell types is also discussed. Received: 30 July 1998 / Accepted: 20 November 1998     

Planarian pharynx regeneration revealed by the expression of myosin heavy chain-A

The pharynx is a distinctive organ in the center of the body of planarians. Although the process of pharynx regeneration has been studied previously, the details and mechanism of the process remain controversial. We examined the process of regeneration of the pharynx in the planarian Dugesia japonica in detail by in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry for myosin heavy chain-A (DjMHC-A), which is mainly expressed in the pharynx muscles and pharynx-anchoring muscles. We also monitored the behavior of the neoblasts in this process. In the regenerating posterior body fragment, the pharyngeal rudiment was formed by accumulation of cells that were probably undifferentiated cells derived from the neoblasts. The pharynx muscles appeared to differentiate in the rudiment in a manner that was coordinated with the differentiation of the pharynx-anchoring muscles in the region surrounding the rudiment. During this process, all cells containing mRNA for DjMHC-A also contained the DjMHC-A protein. These results argue against a previously proposed hypothesis that in the mesenchyme, 'pharynx-forming cells', which are committed to differentiate into the pharyngeal cells but have not yet differentiated, gather in the rudiment to form the pharynx (Agata and Watanabe, 1999). Rather, the present observations suggest that regeneration of the planarian pharynx proceeds by accumulation of cells that are probably undifferentiated cells derived from neoblasts in the rudiment, followed by their differentiation into the pharyngeal cells there.     

Microbiaeratin, a new natural indole alkaloid from a Microbispora aerata strain, isolated from Livingston Island, Antarctica

A new sulphur-containing natural alkaloid named microbiaeratin (1a) was isolated, together with the known microbiaeratinin (2, bacillamide) from the culture filtrate of Microbispora aerata strain IMBAS-11A. The organism was isolated from penguin excrements collected on the Antarctic Livingston Island. The structure was elucidated by one- and two-dimensional NMR experiments and mass spectrometric investigations.     

The process of pharynx regeneration in planarians.

To understand the cellular events during planarian regeneration, we analyzed the process of pharynx regeneration in both head and tail pieces using cell-type-specific markers. Interestingly, cells expressing the pharynx-muscle-specific myosin heavy chain gene (DjMHC-A) appeared within 24 h after amputation (prior to the formation of a pharynx rudiment) in the mesenchymal space of the stump, not in the blastema region. These DjMHC-A-positive cells migrated to the midline and formed the pharynx rudiment. Even after formation of the pharynx rudiment, DjMHC-A-positive cells constantly appeared in the mesenchymal space in the region surrounding the pharynx rudiment and participated in the growth of the pharynx rudiment. These observations clearly indicated that the cells involved in pharynx-muscle formation are committed in the mesenchymal space of the stump, rather than in the blastema region or the pharynx rudiment during planarian regeneration. We also analyzed the process of regeneration of the pharynx epithelia using a monoclonal antibody and investigated the origin of the pharynx epithelia.     

Comparative characterization of the microflora of the upper respiratory tract mucous membranes in bronchial asthma and allergic persistent rhinitis

A total of 250 patients with diagnosed bronchial asthma (BA) were examined by microbiological methods. Among them--188 children and 62 adults. In 87 patients the microflora of nasal mucosa was studied, in 40--of pharynx only and in 123 patients--both the nasal and the pharynx. For comparative analysis earlier data obtained in 69 patients with persistent allergic rhinitis (PAR) were used. The cultures isolated from the nasal mucosa of BA patients were shown to number 18 genera and 42 species, while among those isolated from pharynx mucosa 20 genera and 40 species. Monocultures were isolated from the nasal mucosa only in 23% of the examined patients and from the pharynx mucosa--only in 1.42%. Associations with different numbers of components were isolated from nasal and pharynx mucosa (2 to 6, 2 to 8 respectively). Staphylococcus aureus was regarded as the main species of nasal biocenosis in BA and PAR, as well as pharynx biocenosis in BA. Besides, in BA other Staphylococcus species (schleiferi, caprae, capitis, hominis, etc.), reversely related to the main species, could be isolated from both mucous membranes. Similarities and differences in microflora of biocenoses in both nosological forms, confirming links between PAR and BA, are considered.     

Structure and evolution of the pharynx simplex in acoel flatworms (Acoela)

The homology of pharynges within the mostly pharynx‐less Acoela has been a matter of discussion for decades and even the basic question of whether a pharynx is a primitive trait within the Acoela and homologous to the pharynx of platyhelminth turbellarians is open. By using fluorescence staining of musculature, as well as conventional histological techniques and transmission electron microscopy, the present study sets focus on the mouth and pharynx (where present) of seven species of Acoela within Paratomellidae, Solenofilomorphidae, Hofsteniidae, Proporidae, and Convolutidae, as well as one species of Nemertodermatida and Catenulida, respectively. It is shown that among the investigated families of acoels there is a great variability in muscle systems associated with the mouth and pharynx and that pharynx histology and ultrastructural characters are widely diverse. There are no close similarities between the acoel pharynges and the catenulid pharynx but there is a general resemblance of the musculature associated with the mouth in the representatives of Paratomellidae and Nemertodermatida. On the basis of the profound differences in pharynx morphology, three major conclusions are drawn: 1) the pharynges as present in Recent acoels are not homologous to the pharynx simplex characteristic for Catenulida and Macrostomida within the Platyhelminthes; 2) the different muscular pharynx types of acoels are not homologous between higher taxa and thus a single acoel‐type pharynx simplex cannot be defined; 3) the presence of a muscular pharynx most likely does not represent the ancestral state. J. Morphol, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Yeasts and fungi in excrements of the sand hill snail,Theba pisana

Eight microbial species were isolated and identified from excrements of the sand hill snail,Theba pisana, viz. 3 filamentous fungi, 3 basidiomycetous yeasts and 2 yeast-like ascomycetous fungi.     

Formation of malformed pharynx and neoplasia in the planarian Bdellocephala brunnea following treatment with a carcinogen

The effect of benzo(a)pyrene on regeneration of the pharynx in Bdellocephala brunnea Ijima et Kaburaki was studied by inserting a 5-µg crystal of this carcinogen into the pharyngeal cavity of worms from which the pharynx had been extirpated 2 d previously. Multiple pharynges formed in the regenerates, and neoplasia was induced in a few cases. The malformed pharynges appeared as protrusions overlapping the anterior part of the main pharynx. Electron microscopy of the pharynx in normal, intact worms shows eight layers comprising inner and outer ciliated epithelia, muscle, and glands.     

Mechanical properties of the passive pharynx in Vietnamese pot-bellied pigs. I. Statics.

The static mechanical properties of the passive pharynx were investigated in Vietnamese pot-bellied pigs by using an isolated upper airway preparation. During general anesthesia and neuromuscular blockade, cross-sectional area (A) of the pharynx was measured while airway pressure (Paw) was held at various pressures in the absence of airflow. The static A-Paw relationship was measured during application of 0, 1, and 2 cm of caudal tracheal displacement. Relative to humans, closing pressures (Pclose) of the pig pharynx were very low (-15 to -35 cmH(2)O). Tracheal displacement significantly decreased compliance of the hypopharynx (from 0.074 +/- 0.02 cm(2)/cmH(2)O with no displacement to 0.052 +/- 0.01 cm(2)/cmH(2)O with 2 cm of displacement) and decreased Pclose of the oropharynx (from -18.2 +/- 9.9 cmH(2)O to -24.1 +/- 10.5 and -28.7 +/- 12.3 cmH(2)O with 1 and 2 cm of displacement, respectively). Tracheal displacement did not affect A of the pharyngeal segments. In conclusion, tracheal displacement decreased collapsibility of the passive pharynx. The pharynx of the pot-bellied pig is structurally more resistant to collapse than the human pharynx.     

Ultrastructure of the pharynx of Prorhynchus (Platyhelminthes, Lecithoepitheliata)

The pharynx variabilis of Prorhynchus is strongly muscular, with a small pharyngeal fold and a thin surrounding sheath. There is one row of inner longitudinal musclcs, up to six rows of inner circular muscles, many radial muscles, one row of outer circular and one row of outer longitudinal muscles, with no sphincter muscle groups. Three kinds of secretion, produced in a cluster of gland cell bodies posterior to the pharynx, enter the pharynx wall. They travel anteriorly in ducts and two kinds unite in a common duct just prior to discharging into the anterior region of the pharynx lumen. The perikarya of lumen epithelial cells lie within the pharynx musculature and, at the anterior and posterior margins of the pharynx, external to the pharynx. Bundles of ciliated receptors are numerous at the anterior and posterior constrictions. Similarities in the ultrastructure of flame bulbs of Rhabdocoela and Lecithoepitheliata suggest a relationship between these groups. However, the usefulness of pharynx ultrastructure for platyhelminth phylogeny cannot be assessed until complete ultrastructural studies of various groups of Rhabdocoela have been made.     

Assessing temporal dynamics of predation and effectiveness of caterpillar visual defense using sawfly larval color and resting posture as a model

Caterpillars (Lepidoptera and Symphyta larvae) employ diverse visual defensive tactics, and effectiveness of such tactics may be highly dynamic across time due to seasonal changes in the predator assemblages and their preferences. However, this has rarely been studied especially in tropical regions. Here we assessed temporal changes in the defensive value of caterpillar color and shape, using six types of plasticine dummy caterpillars: three colors (green, black, and white) × two shapes (curled and straight). These dummy caterpillars were deployed five times over different seasons in tropical forests of Xishuangbanna (China) and, as a comparison, twice in a temperate forest of Hirosaki (Japan). The colors and shapes of dummy caterpillars simulate visual traits of black sawfly larvae which take the curled resting posture in tropical rainforests of Xishuangbanna, apparently masquerading excrements commonly found on plants, while in Hirosaki there is no black-curled sawfly larvae and few excrements on plants. We found no significant effects of caterpillar colors or shapes on predation in Hirosaki. In contrast, black and curled caterpillars received significantly lower predation by birds in Xishuangbanna constantly across time. However, we were unable to provide evidence that the black-curled sawfly larvae are masquerading as excrements. Shapes of the dummy caterpillars also affected the predation by ants and parasitoid wasps at certain times. This is the first report on ecological function of the curled posture of sawfly larvae, and we demonstrated the importance to assess the temporal dynamics of predation and effectiveness of defensive tactics in tropical forests.     

Comparative ultrastructure of the pharynx simplex in turbellaria

Summary The simple pharynges in thirteen species of Turbellaria in the orders Macrostomida, Haplopharyngida, Catenulida, and Acoela have been studied by electron microscopy. After consideration of the functional aspects of the pharynx simplex, the relationship of the pharynx simplex ultrastructure to the phylogeny of the above mentioned groups is analyzed.The Haplopharyngida and Macrostomida are united as a group by the following characters: a pharynx transition zone of 1–5 circles of insunk cells with modified ciliary rootlets or no cilia, pharynx sensory cells without stereocilia collars and with a variable number of cilia, a prominent nerve ring with more than 30 axons circling the pharynx at the level of the beginning of the pharynx proper distal to the gland ring, 2 or more gland cell types in the pharynx, with at least two layers of muscle present and the longitudinal muscles derived from regular and special body wall circular muscles and a prominent post-oral nerve commissure. This specific arrangement can be distinguished from the other pharynx simplex types and is called the pharynx simplex coronatus.The catenulid pharynx simplex is characterized by the lack of a prominent nerve ring, no prominent post-oral commissure, a transition zone with epidermal type ciliary rootlets, recessed monociliated sensory cells, and one or no type of pharynx gland cell. The Acoela are specialized because of the epidermal type rootlets in the pharynx proper. They also lack a transition zone and a prominent nerve ring and have monociliated sensory cells different from the catenulid type.Ultrastructural characters of the pharynx simplex support the view that the Haplopharyngida-Macrostomida are monophyletic. The more primitive catenulid pharynx probably arose from a common ancestral pool with the Haplopharyngida and Macrostomida, although it does not appear possible presently to establish a clear monophyletic line for these forms. The various pharynx types within the Acoela appear to indicate independent origins with no clear link to the basic pharynx simplex type in the three other orders.Abbreviations Used in Figures a nerve axon - ar accessory rootlet - bb basal body - bn brain-nerve ring commissure - c caudal rootlet - ce centriole - ci cilium - cm circular muscle - cp ciliary pit - cu cuticle - cw cell web - d dictyosome - dp proximal pharynx proper cell - e epidermis - er rough endoplasmic reticulum - f fibrous rod - g gastrodermis - gc gastrodermal gland cell - he heterochromatin - i intercellular matrix - lc lateral nerve cord - lm longitudinal muscle - m mitochondria - mo mouth - mt microtubules - mv microvilli - n nucleus - nr nerve ring - ns neurosecretory granules - p pharynx proper - ph pharynx - po post-oral commissure - r rostral rootlet - rm radial muscle - s sphincter - sc sensory cell - sj septate junction - sr sensory rootlet - t transition zone - u ultrarhabdite - v vertical rootlet - va food vacuole - za zonula adhaerens - 1 type I gland cell - 2 type II gland cell - 3 type III gland cell - 4 type IV gland cell - 5 type V gland cell - 6 type VI gland cell - 7 type VII gland cell