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1.
trnK基因5′端内含子区序列在榆科(广义)系统发育研究中的应用 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
本文测定了广义榆科 Ulmaceae s．l．及其近缘类群的trn K基因5′端内含子区序列。在尝试利用该内含子区进行榆科系统发育研究的同时,探讨了其在植物系统学研究中的应用前景。利用PAUP软件进行的系统发育分析仅得到1棵最简约树。该简约树的树长为665步,其一致性指数(CI)和保持性指数(RI)分别为0.7714和0.7965。分析结果表明：广义榆科为多系群;狭义榆科Ulmaceae s．str．为荨麻目rticales其他类群的姊妹群;大麻科Cannabacea嵌在朴科Celtidacea中,即朴科为一并系群;系统位置有争议的2个属——白颜树属Gironniera和糙叶树属 Aphananthe与朴科类群聚为一支。本研究还表明trnK基因5′端内含子区序列分析在植物较低分类等级(如近缘属间,属下种间)的系统发育研究中具有很好的应用前景。 相似文献
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樟科植物花粉形态研究 总被引：14，自引：1，他引：14
樟科植物为我国南方常绿阔叶林重要组成成分,我国约有20属420余种。过去对于樟科花粉形态的研究仅限于在光学显微镜下进行观察记载,以台湾学者王仁礼的研究最为全面,共记载了台湾产14属40余种的花粉形态。本文作者以国产樟科为主,应用扫描电镜及光学显微镜对该科花粉形态进行了更为全面系统的研究,共观察记载了22属150余种,对各属的花粉形态特征均进行了描述;首次报道了樟科花粉有小穿孔的存在,并依据花粉的形状、外壁纹饰及小穿孔存在与否将樟科花粉划分为7个类型,即:1．厚壳桂型(Cryptocarya,Neocimamomum);2．檬果樟型(Caryodaphnopsis);3．木姜子型(Litsea,Lindera,Neolitsea);4．月桂型(Laurus);5．鳄梨型(Persea,Machilus,Syndiclis,Nothaphoebe, Beilschemiedia,Phoebe,Alseodaphne,Octea);6．檫木型(Sassafras,Cinnamomum,Umbellularia,Actinodaphne,Dehaasia);7．无根藤型(Cassytha)。文中还讨论了樟科花粉的多样性、有关属之间的亲缘关系和分类问题以及同邻近的肉豆蔻科、莲叶桐科的关系。 相似文献
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在水生植物茨藻目中,茨藻科Najadaceae和角果藻科Zannichelliaceae植物由于其结构、尤其是花部结构的极度简化和趋同适应,系统关系仍不清楚。本文应用光学显微镜、扫描电镜和透射电镜对上述2科4属的10种代表植物的花粉形态进行了观察,系统描述了各属、种的花粉形态。结果表明角果藻科植物花粉均无萌发孔,外壁纹饰通常为拟网状至浅网状。花粉形态的研究结果支持将Vleisia作为角果藻属Zannichellia的近缘属处理的观点。茨藻科植物花粉外壁光滑、稍皱波状或为疣状,具颗粒状纹饰,萌发孔的有无在种间存在变异。花粉形态的研究结果表明角果藻科与眼子菜科Potamogetonaceae近缘,茨藻科可能与水蕹科Aponogetonaceae或水鳖科Hydrocharitaceae中具单沟花粉的类群有一定联系,而与角果藻科和眼子菜科则相去甚远。 相似文献
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泽泻科的花粉形态研究 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
本文对泽泻科11属27种代表植物的花粉进行了光学显微镜、扫描电镜和透射电镜观察。在系统描述了该科及各属植物花粉形态的基础上,将泽泻科植物的花粉划分为3种类型,即少果泽苔草型、慈菇型和泽泻型。根据花粉形态特征的比较,并依据泽泻科植物祖先类群的花粉具有船形、具单沟萌发孔、花粉外壁具明显的刺状纹饰、覆盖层完整无通道等特征,作者认为泽泻科植物花粉形态的如下演化趋势是明显的：由船形演化为卵球形、球形和多面体球形;由单沟萌发孔经过一无孔的中间类型演化为散孔类型;孔膜由光滑演化为具颗粒和小刺;萌发孔不内陷进化到内陷;花粉粒外壁的刺状纹饰逐渐过渡为颗粒状纹饰或者消失,以及覆盖层由无通道到具细通道和通道。 相似文献
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1 黄连山秋海棠 新种 图1 Begonia coptidi-montana C. Y. Wu, sp. nov. (Sect. Alaecida C. B. Clarke) Species B. taiwanianae Hayata arctissime affinis, sed foliis minoribus remote levis-simeque denticulatis, capsularum alis variabilibus differt. Herba perennis. Rhizoma breve, crassum, atro-rubrum. Caulis 0. 7—1. 2 m altus, ro-bustus, atro-ruber, longitudinaliter angulatus, glaber. Folia alterna vel 2 ad ramum brevem 相似文献
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泰国茜草科粗叶木属植物的分类学研究 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：4
在详细检查了K,BM,E,P,AAU,L,KEP,BKF,BK,SING,PSU等标本馆馆藏茜草科粗叶本属Lasianthus Jack.植物标本基础上,研究了泰国产粗叶木属植物的分类学,共归并7个种名,建立3个新种,3 个新变种,1个新等级,以及8个泰国分布新记录种及8个泰国分布新记录变种,确认泰国共有粗叶木属植物52种,1亚种,12变种;讨论了易于混淆的种的界线、它们可能的亲缘关系以及识别要点。 相似文献
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根据ITS序列证据重建防己科蝙蝠葛族的系统发育 总被引：6，自引：4，他引：6
研究了国产防己科蝙蝠葛族tirb．Menispermeae9属20种和外类群青牛胆族trib．Tinosporeae 2属3种植物完整的ITS(包括5.8S rDNA)序列。trib．Menispermeae的ITS长527～601 bp,排序后长667bp。当gap处理为missing时具281个有信息位点。PAUP软件分析结果表明：①trib．Menispermeae是一个单系类群,该分支得到hootstrap l00％的支持;②确定了存疑种Pachygone valida的系统学位置,该种是Coc—culus属的成员;③Sinomenium和Menispermum两属有很近的系统学关系,组成族内稳定的一支,它们的ITS序列同源性极高,ITS1比族内其它属长41～73bp;④Stephania和Cyclea也是系统发育关系很近的两个类群。前者具两个主要分支,其IIS1、ITS2的G+C含量差异较大,在种类组成上,该两大支与传统上Stephania属内处理的2个亚属——千金藤亚属subgen．Stephania和山乌龟亚属subgen．Tuberiphania基本一致;Cyclea属内种间的ITS序列差异小,同源性极高。 相似文献
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In the present paper,both cladistic analysis and phenetic analysis were conducted to evaluate the phylogenetic relationships of the Taxodiaceae based on an extensive literature review and study of herbarium． In the cladistic analysis,the Sciadopityaceae was chosen as outgroup．The polarity of characters was determined mainly according to outgroup comparison,fossil evidence and generally accepted viewpoints of morphological evolution．By the result of compatibility analysis,character 2(leaf type),which possessed a much higher coefficient than others whether or not its polarity was altered,was deleted． Finally,a data matrix consisting of all the extant nine genera and 24 characters was analyzed using Maximal Same Step Method,Synthetic Method,Evolutionary Extremal Aggregation Method and Minimal Parallel Evolutionary Method,and four cladograms were generated,of which only the most parsimonious one (Fig．1)was presented for discussion. The cladogram shows that the Taxodiaceae are assorted along five lines of evolution： 1)Metasequoia;2)Sequoiadendron,Sequoia;3)Cryptomeria;4)Glyptostrobus and Taxodium;5)Cunninghamia,Athrotaxis and Taiwania． Ten genera(including Sciadopitys)and 59 characters were used in the phenetic analysis．The phenogram(Fig．2)indicates that Sciadopitys is a very distinct group with remote affinity to the other genera,and the Taxodiaceae are divided into four groups：1)Sequoia,Sequoiadendron;2)Athrotaxis,Cunninghamia and Taiwania;3)Cryptomeria,Glyptostrobus and Taxodium;4)Metasequoia． Based primarily on the result of cladistics,with reference to that of phenetics,the mainconclusions were drawn as follows：(1)Generic relationships：Cryptomeria should be considered the most primitive genus in the extant groups of the Taxodiaceae. Glyptostrobus and Taxodium, close to Cryptomeria, are sister taxa and relatively primitive groups. Sequoiadendron and Sequoia are closely related and intermediate advanced. Metasequoia is a more or less isolated taxon, relatively close to Sequoiadendron and Sequoia. Cunninghamia. Athrotaxis and Taiwania might represent a single lineage and form a very advanced group, of which Taiwania may be the most specialized. (2) Systematic treatments: The authorssupport the viewpoint that Sciadopitys should be treated as an independent family, and suggest that the Taxodiaeae should be divided into five tribes. Systematic arrangements are as follows: Taxodiaceae WarmingTrib. 1. Cryptomerieae Vierhapper Gen. 5. Sequoia Endl. Gen. 1. Cryptomeria D. Don Trib. 4. Metasequoieae Pilger et MelchiorTrib. 2. Taxodieae Benth. et Hook. Gen. 6. Metasequoia Miki ex Hu et Cheng Gen. 2. Glyptostrobus Endl. Trib. 5. Cunninghamieae Zucc. Gen. 3. Taxodium Rich. Gen. 7. Cunninghamia R. Br.Trib. 3. Sequoieae Wettstein Gen. 8. Athrotaxis D. Don Gen. 4. Sequoiadendron Buchholz Gen. 9. Taiwania Hayata 相似文献
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龙胆属的系统发育分析 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
本文运用支序分类的原理和方法,对龙胆科龙胆属的属下等级进行了重新归类和系统发育分析。龙胆属是一个单系群,以3项近裔共性为归类依据。性状分析作了性状同源性分析和性状极性分析。性状极化主要以外类群比较、性状相关性及染色体资料为依据,其它方法,如生物重演律原则、地理递进原则以及孢粉形态等也被结合使用。分析结果,双蝴蝶属和蔓龙胆属被选择为外类群,71个性状被选择作为建立数据矩阵的基本资料。使用PAUP程序对矩阵进行了运算,得到4个最简约的谱系分支图,它们均具一致性系数0.637,支序长度为160步,f-比值范围为0.179～0.189,其中具最低f-比值的图被选作为类群归类和讨论亲缘关系的基础。在支序图上龙胆属归为15个组;其中5个组又划分为系,共包括23个系,其余组为单型组,故共有33个属下类群。一个严格的一致性谱系分支图总结了所有的一致点,从而支持了支序分析的结果。 相似文献
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论山毛榉科植物的系统发育 总被引：8，自引：2，他引：8
本文运用分支分类学方法,对山毛榉科植物进行了系统发育的分析。山毛榉科作为单元发生群包括柯属、锥属、粟属、三棱栎属、水青冈属和栎属。桦木科和南山毛榉属被选择作为外类群。对大量的性状进行评估之后,选择了25对性状作为建立数据矩阵的基本资料。性状极化以外类群比较为主,同时也采用了化石证据和通行的形态演化的基本原则。数据矩阵由7个分类群、2个外类群和25个性状组成。采用最大同步法、演化极端结合法和综合分析法对该数据矩阵进行了分析。在得到的3个树状分支图中按照最简约的原则,选出演化长度最短的谱系分支图作为本文讨论山毛榉科属间的系统演化关系的基础。关于山毛榉科植物的系统发育,作者的观点如下：(A)现存的山毛榉科的6个属形成了4条平行进化的分支路线,它们分别被处理作4个亚科,即：栗亚科,三棱栎亚科,水青冈亚科和栎亚科;(B)平行进化是山毛榉科植物系统发育过程中的主要形式。生殖过程中的一些特征,如：果实第二年成熟,胚珠通常败育等,是影响山毛榉科植物属间基因交流的主要原因。在现存的山毛榉科植物中,柯属是最原始的类群。三棱栎属和锥属的起源也较早,而栗属、水青冈属和栎属是特化的类群。 相似文献
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A cladistic analysis of the families in the Hamamelidae is made in the present paper. As a monophyletic group, the subclass Hamamelidae includes 19 families, namely, theTrochodendraceae, Tetracentraceae, Cercidiphyllaceae, Eupteleaceae, Eucommiaceae,Hamamelidaceae (incl. Rhodoleiaceae and Altingiaceae), Platanaceae, Daphniphyllaceae,Balanopaceae, Didymelaceae, Myrothamnaceae, Buxaceae, Simmondsiaceae, Casuarinaceae,Fagaceae (incl. Nothofagaceae), Betulaceae, Myricaceae, Rhoipteleaceae and Juglandaceae.The Magnoliaceae was selected for outgroup comparison after careful consideration.Thirty-two informative character states were used in this study. Three principles, namely,outgroup comparison, fossil evidence and generally accepted viewpoints of morphologicalevolution, were used for polarization of the characters. An incompatible number concept wasfirst introduced to evaluate the reliable degree of polarization of the characters and, by thismethod, the polarization of the three character states was corrected. A data matrix was constructed by the 19 ingroup families and 32 character states. Thedata matrix was analysed with the Minimal Parallel Evolutionary Method, Maximal SameStep Method (Xu 1989), and Synthetic Method. Three cladograms were constructed and aparsimonious cladogram (Length= 131)was used as the base for discussing the systematic relationships of families in the Hamamelidae. According to the cladogram, the earlist group differented in the subclass Hamamelidaeconsists of two vesselless wood families, the Trochodendraceae and Tetracentraceae. This result supports the concept proposed by Takhtajan (1987)and Cronquist (1981, 1988)that theTrochodendrales is probably a primitive taxon in the Hamamelidae. As in a clade group, the Cercidiphyllaceae, Eucommiaceae, Balanopaceae andDidymelaceae originated apparently later than the Trochodendrales. The Cercidiphyllaceaediverged earlier in this group, which implies that this family and the Trochodendrales form aprimitive group in the subclass. The Cercidiphyllaceae is either placed in Hamamelidales(Cronquist 1981, Thorne 1983), or treated as an independent order (Takhtajan 1987).Thisanalysis suggests that the Cercidiphyllaceae is a relatively isolated taxon, far from theHamamelidaceae but close to the Trochodendrales in relation. The Eucommiaceae andDidymelaceae are both isolated families and considered as two distinct orders (Takhtajan1987, Cronquist 1981, 1988).The Balanopaceae is included in the Fagales (Cronquist 1981,1988) or Pittosporales (Thorne 1983), or treated as a distinct order Balanopales (Takhtajan1987 ).Obviously the Balanopaceae and Eucommiaceae are not closely related because of thesole synapomorphy (placentation).In fact these four families are more or less isolated taxaand it is probably more reasonable to treat them as independent orders. Cronquist ( 1981, 1988) places the Eupteleaceae, Platanaceae and Myrothamnaceae inthe Hamamelidales, while Takhtajan (1987)puts Hamamelidaceae and Platanaceae into theHamamelidales and treats the Eupteleaceae and Myrothamnaceae as two independentmonofamilial orders. These three families are grouped by more synapomorphies (palmateveined, serrate or lobate leaves, deciduous and anemophilous plants)which may indicate theirclose phylogenetical affinity. A core group of the Hamamelidae includes ten families, among which the Hamamelidaceae originated earlier than the others, so that it is a relatively primitive family. The Betulaceae, Fagaceae and Myricaceae differentiated later than the Hamamelidaceae.The former two are very closely related, and thus thought to be two neighbouring orders byTakhtajan (1987)or included in the Fagales by Cronquist (1981, 1988)and Thorne (1983).The Myricaceae and Fagaceae are connected in the cladogram by only a singlesynapomorphy (endosperm absent), and therefore the close relationship does not exist between them. The Buxaceae, Simmondsiaceae and Daphniphyllaceae form an advanced group, inwhich they are weakly linked with each other by only one synapomorphy (pollengrains＜25μm). The Daphniphyllaceae is closely related to the Simmondsiaceae, but theBuxaceae is rather isolated. The Rhoipteleaceae and Juglandaceae share a number of synapomorphies (axileplacentation, endosperm absent, embryo larger, fruit indehiscent) , forming a highlyspecialized group. The opinion that the Juglandales is composed of the Juglandaceae andRhoipteleaceae(Cronquist 1981; 1988, Lu et Zhang 1990)is confirmed by this analysis. Acontrary point of view, which treated them as two distinct orders by Takhtajan (1987), apparently could not be accepted. The Casuarinaceae was regarded as the primitive angiosperm (Engler 1893), but in factit is a highly reduced and specialized group. It is united with Rhoipteleaceae and Juglandaceaeby four synapomorphies, i. e. placentation type, endosperm absent, embryo large and fruitindehiscent. However, the family presents six autapomorphies, and thus the position of theCasuarinaceae as an advanced family is confirmed by this analysis. Finally a strict consensus tree, which represents the phylogenetic relationships of thefamilies in the Hamamelidae, was given as a result of the analysis. 相似文献
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There are various arguments on classification of the genus Actinidia Lindl., a genus withapproximately 63 species, 59 of which have been found in China. The paper investigated the characteristics of foliar trichomes of 35 taxa from China under optical microscope, including size, celluarstructure, distribution and density. According to their micromorphological characteristics, foliartrichomes can be classified into the following six categories: 1) single-cell hairs; 2) uniseriatehairs, including linear, bulbous, twisted, straight-walled, and bent-walled hairs; 3) multiseriatehairs, including twisted, straight-walled and gradually sharpening, straight-walled and suddenlysharpening, bent-walled and gradually sharpening, and suddenly sharpening hairs; 4) multiseriatethick hairs, including pillar hairs, gradually sharpening thick hairs, and suddenly sharpening thickhairs; 5) stellate hairs, including parenchyma-stellate and sclerenchyma-stellate (normal state andspecial states such as rosulate, peltate-stellate, and overlopping-stellate) hairs; and 6) dichotomous hairs. On the basis of the micromorphological characteristics of foliar trichomes in Actinidia,with Clematoclethra lasioclada as an outgroup, both the quantitative cladistic analysis and pheneticanalysis were performed using Wagner method and UPGMA clustering method respectively to reconstruct the phylogeny of Actinidia in China. The phylogenetic tree generated by cladistic analysis suggests that the sect. Leiocarpae be a monophyletic group, but other three sections, i.e., sect. Maculatae, sect. Strigosae and sect. Stellatae, be non-monophyletic groups. The results obtained fromthe phenetic analysis reflect relationships among the taxa of Actinidia in China, especially a closerelationship between A. chinensis and A. deliciosa, and a relatively remote relationship betweenA. callosa var. henryi and A. callosa var. discolor. In conclusion, the micromorphological characters of foliar trichomes and the methods of quantitative taxonomic analysis are of key importance tostudies on phylogenetic and phenetic relationships of Actinidia. 相似文献
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利用Hennig86程序的nelsen合意和Phylip程序的多数规则合意2种支序分析方法,探讨了中国小蜂科的系统发育关系。基于中国21属的30个性状,计算得到2个合意树,其分类系统与传统分类系统基本保持一致。在进化关系和亲缘关系上表现为:小蜂属(Chalcis)、卡诺小蜂属(Conura)、大腿小蜂属(Brachymeria)和脊柄小蜂属(Epitranus)相对最为原始,而泰内小蜂属(Tainaniella)和背突小蜂属(Oxycoryphe)相对最为进化,前者和后者之间的亲缘关系最远;亲缘关系最近的有:泰内小蜂属(Tainaniella)和背突小蜂属(Oxycoryphe),泊卡小蜂属(Proconura)和日本小蜂属(Nipponochalcidia),小蜂属(Chalcis)和卡诺小蜂属(Conura)以及细尾小蜂属(Megalocolus)和三角小蜂属(Trigonura),它们分别构成姊妹群关系。 相似文献
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中国猕猴桃属植物叶表皮毛策形态特征及数量分类分析 总被引：11，自引：0，他引：11
选取国产猕猴桃３５个分类群的代表植株,应用光学显微对其新鲜叶表皮毛的微形态特征,形体大小、细胞结构、分布和密度等多态性状和数量性状进行了观察和测量,该属植物的叶表皮毛微形态特征可归纳为６个类型：１）单细胞毛;２）单列多细胞毛,每形单列毛、泡状单列毛、扭曲毛、直壁单列毛、曲壁单列毛;３）多列渐尖毛和急尖毛,包括多列曲壁渐尖毛和急尖毛,多列直壁渐尖毛和急尖毛;４）多列粗毛,包括柱状毛,多列渐尖粗毛,多 相似文献
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Drosophila auraria复合种的进化遗传学研究—支序分析与数值分析（下） 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：2
Ｄｒｏｓｏｐｈｉｌａ ａｕｒａｒｉａ复合种的进化遗传学研究──支序分析与数值分析（下）戴灼华,刘凤丽（北京大学生命科学学院北京１００８７１）本研究旨在探讨Ｄ．ａｕｒａｒｉａ复合种内各成员在种系发生中的地位,重建系统发生树,论文的上篇［遗传学报,１９９... 相似文献