柏木属植物过氧化物酶同工酶的研究

用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳分析了柏木属9个种的过氧化物酶同工酶。结果表明：属内种 间具有明显的酶谱差异,每个种都有其特征酶谱。并用排序的方法对柏木属9个种酶谱的相 似程度进行了研究,据酶谱的排序结果把9个种分为5个类群。其中：巨柏、西藏柏木、干香 柏、岷江柏木和剑阁柏木为一类群; 地中海柏木、柏木、墨西哥柏木和绿干柏各为一类群,从分 子水平上论证了前人对于柏木属各种间亲缘关系的论述。研究结果还表明,柏木属植物近缘 种间过氧化物酶同工酶谱相似程度的替代与近缘种间的地理替代表现出强烈的映射关系,这 种关系可以用来揭示植物地理替代的规律。柏木属内种间平均酶谱距离为0.75,推测其地质 发生年代为侏罗纪。本文还发现用排序的方法研究同工酶谱可以达到定量比较的水平,在实践中有较多的优越性。     

扁柏属的核型及柏本亚科的细胞分类学研究

分析了美国扁柏、日本扁柏和日本花柏的核型,它们的核型公式分别为Ｋ（２ｎ）＝２２＝２２ｍ,２０ｍ＋２ｓｍ和１４ｍ＋８ｓｍ。作者比较了扁柏属６个代表种的核型,发现北美种类有比东亚种类原始的趋势。在柏本亚科中,扁柏属可能最进化,柏木属最原始,福建柏属和杂交属×Ｃｕｐｒｅｓｓｏｃｙｐｅｒｉｓ居中。论文还讨论了柏木和福建柏的系统位置。     

扁柏属的核型及柏木亚科的细胞分类学研究

分析了美国扁柏、日本扁柏和日本花柏的核型,它们的核型公式分别为Ｋ（２ｎ）＝２２＝２２ｍ,２０ｍ＋２ｓｍ和１４ｍ＋８ｓｍ。作比较了扁柏属６个代表种的核型,发现北美种类有比东亚种类原始的趋势。在柏木亚科中,扁柏属可能最进化,柏木属最原始,福建柏属和杂交属×Ｃｕｐｒｅｓｓｏｃｙｐａｒｉｓ居中。论还讨论了柏木和福建柏的系统位置。     

柏科的分类和分布:亚科、族和属

柏科Cupressaceae和杉科Taxcdiaceae有许多相似之处,近年来不少分类学家主张把两科合并成 广义的柏科。原杉科中的金松属Sciadopitys与两科其他屑的差异较大,被提升为单种科Sciadopity- aceae。本文根据球果可育种鳞的位置把柏科(狭义)分为2亚科,即上部种鳞不可育的柏木亚科Cupres- soideae和上部种鳞可育的澳洲柏亚科Callitroideae。综合其他形态学和解剖学证据,柏木亚科又分4族,即柏木族Cupresseae(包括：柏木属Cupressus、杂交柏属X Cupressocyparis、扁柏屑Chamaecyparis和福建柏属Fokeinia)、侧柏族Thujopsideae(包括：崖柏属Thuja、罗汉柏属Thujopsis和侧柏属laty-ladus)、圆柏族Junlpereae(包括：圆柏属Junzperus和海参威柏属Microbiota)以及香漆柏族Tetraclineae(包括：翠柏属Calt*edrus和香漆柏属Tetraclinis)。澳洲柏亚科又分3族,即澳洲柏族Actinostrobeae(包括：西澳柏属Actinostrobus、澳洲柏属Callitris、智利柏属Fitzroya和杉叶柏属Neocallitropsis)、南非柏族Widdringtoneae(包括：白智利柏属Pilgerodendron、塔斯曼柏属Diselma和南非柏属Widdringtonia)以及甜柏族Libocedreae(包括：甜柏属Libocedrus、巴布亚柏屑Papuacedrus和南美柏属Austrocedrus)。柏科21个属的地理分布可划分为5种类型,即：(1)杂交柏属系英国选出的属间杂交类型;(2)分布非洲、欧洲、亚洲和北美洲的属,有柏木属和圆柏属2个属;(3)东亚—北美洲际间断分布的属,有扁柏属、崖柏属和翠柏属3个属;(4)分布区较窄的属,包括西澳柏属,、澳洲柏属、甜柏屑、巴布亚柏属、南非柏属5个属;(5)单种屑,包括福建柏属、海参威柏属、罗汉柏属、侧柏属、香漆柏属、杉叶柏属、塔斯曼柏属、智利柏屑、南美柏属和白智利柏属等10个属。该科属的3个地理分布中心是：东亚(9属)、北美西南部(5属)、澳大利亚及其东部附近群岛(6属)。此外,地中海沿岸分布3属,智利南部和阿根廷分布3属。     

贵州苏铁的核型分析

本文报道了贵州苏铁(Cycas guizhouensis)的染色体数目及核型,并与攀枝花苏铁(C. panzhihuaensis)、苏铁(C. revoluta)华南苏铁(C．rumphii)、拳叶苏铁(C. circinalis)和C. media等的核型进行了比较,讨论了苏铁属植物不同核型的进化趋势,提出了苏铁属植物的两种地理分布核型,即1．北回归线以北为K(2n)=22=2m+4sm+4st十12T包括贵州苏铁和攀枝花苏铁;2．北回归线及其以南为K(2n)=22=4m+8st+10T,包括苏铁、华南苏铁,拳叶苏铁和C. media。     

禾本科燕麦属植物的地理分布

为探讨燕麦属(Avena L.)植物的地理分布,通过野外调查及查阅标本和文献资料,对燕麦属植物的地理分布进行整理和研究。结果表明,燕麦属植物约有29种,主要分布在欧洲、地中海地区、北非、西亚、东亚和美洲。中国有4种,分布于华北、西北、西南各省(区)的高海拔地区。燕麦属下分7个组,分别是多年生燕麦组[sect.Avenotrichon(Holub)Baum]、偏凸燕麦组(sect.Ventricosa Baum)、耕地燕麦组(sect.Agraria Baum)、软果燕麦组(sect.Tenuicarpa Baum)、埃塞俄比亚燕麦组(sect.Ethiopica Baum)、厚果燕麦组(sect.Pachycarpa Baum)和真燕麦组(sect.Avena)。其中,埃塞俄比亚燕麦组分布在埃塞俄比亚、沙特阿拉伯、也门,其他6个组分布在欧洲、地中海、西北非洲、西亚、东亚和美洲地区。地中海、西北非洲、西亚地区分布有除埃塞俄比亚燕麦组之外的所有6个组,因此推断该地区可能是燕麦属的现代分布中心和多样性中心,而燕麦属的起源地尚需确证。     

粉条儿菜属(肺筋草科)的地理分布及其物种多样性和分化中心

粉条儿菜属(AletrisL.)隶属于肺筋草科,全世界有23种1变种,东亚有18种1变种,北美东南部有5种,为典型的东亚-北美间断分布的属.本文在种(变种)的水平上,研究了粉条儿菜属的地理分布及其分布中心和多样化中心,并对其起源和分化以及现代洲际间断分布格局的成因进行了分析.结果表明,(1)中国共分布有粉条儿菜属植物15种1变种,而广义的横断山地区集中分布有13种1变种,是东亚粉条儿菜属植物分布最为集中的地区,而且包含该属植物各个进化阶段的代表.因此,广义的横断山地区是粉条儿菜属在东亚的分布中心和多样化中心.(2)根据粉条儿菜属及其近缘属的分布格局推测,该属可能在不晚于第三纪早期,起源于古北大陆.东亚和北美的粉条儿菜属植物形态区别明显,应该是隔离分化的结果.(3)该属植物可能曾经广布于北半球,后来地质、气候以及冰川等因素的变化,导致该属在一些地区灭绝,而仅存于东亚和北美东南部.(4)尽管横断山及其周边地区是东亚粉条儿菜属的多样化中心,但该地区很可能并不是粉条儿菜属最早的分化中心,因横断山地区周边的一些特有种可能是在晚近的时期形成的新特有种;另外,东亚粉条儿菜属一些原始的种类主要分布于我国中东部到日本一带.所以,中国中东部到日本一带可能是粉条儿菜属早期的分化中心.     

贵州苏铁的核型分析

本文报道了贵州苏铁(Cycas guizhouensis)的染色体数目及核型,并与攀枝花苏铁(C.panzhihuaensis)、苏铁(C.revoluta)、华南苏铁(C.rumphii),拳叶苏铁(C.circinalis)和C.media等的核型进行了比较,讨论了苏铁属植物不同核型的进化趋势,提出了苏铁属植物的两种地理分布核型,即1.北回归线以北为K(2n)=22=2m+4sm+4st+12T包括贵州苏铁和攀枝花苏铁;2.北回归线及其以南为K(2n)=22=4m+8st+10T,包括苏铁、华南苏铁、拳叶苏铁和C.media。     

中国油杉属植物的生态地理分布与系统演化

油杉属是东亚特有属,全世界油杉属共有12种2变种,中国有10种2变种,中国是油杉属的特有中心和分布中心。在地史时期,油杉属植物曾广泛分布于北半球的欧洲、北美和东亚。油杉属的现代分布有残余的特征,种类大多产于中国西南部和中部,种类数量由西向东逐渐递减。根据生态习性与分布区气候特征,中国主要油杉属植物的生态地理分布可分为:内陆型(东部温凉型、东部温暖型、西南季风型)、沿海型和岛屿型。湘黔桂地区是油杉属的现代分布中心和分化、发展中心。从染色体资料来看,其演化趋势为:江南油杉→矩鳞油杉→黄枝油杉→台湾油杉。结合地理分布,油杉属植物可能起源于中国西南,而后向东发展。从分布区南北向看,核型不对称性为:台湾油杉>青岩油杉>铁坚油杉,南部类型比北部类型要进化。     

鹅观草属4个种核型与进化的研究

报道了鹅观草属(Roegneria C. Koch)4个种的核型,即中华鹅观草,核型为2n=4x=28=28m(2SAT);裸穗鹅观草,核型为2n=4x=28=24m+4sm(2SAT);缘毛鹅观草,核型为2n=4x=28=22m+6sm(2SAT);缘穗鹅观草,核型为2n=4x=28=24m(2SAT)+4sm。4个种核型的共征和自征反映了形态划分中共属分种的合理性。尤其通过核型不对称性和相对进化程度的分析,表明中华鹅观草最原始,缘穗鹅观草最进化,裸穗鹅观草和缘毛鹅观草演化居中;狭颖草系高级于缘毛草系。核型不对称性所表示的进化程度似乎与系间颖芒的发生,种间花序的增长变粗、外稃芒的延伸相关。     

Fomitiporia cupressicola sp. nov., a parasite on Cupressus arizonica, and additional unnamed clades in the southern USA and northern Mexico, determined by multilocus phylogenetic analyses

Fomitiporia cupressicola sp. nov., found in living Cupressus arizonica, is described on the basis of several collections originating from a high altitude forest in the northern Sierra Madre Occidental, Mexico. The species forms a monophyletic clade, basal to a larger lineage comprising species originating mainly from temperate to Mediterranean areas of the northern hemisphere. The phylogenetic approach in Fomitiporia also revealed multiple unnamed clades within the F. robusta complex in the southern USA and northern Mexico, representing potential species. The status of the F. robusta complex in North America is discussed briefly.     

The Peroxidase Isoenzymes of Cupressus Linn.

By means of disc polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, peroxidase isoenzymes of 9 species of Cupressus Linn, were analysed. The interspecific zymogramatic differences are obvious. Each species possesses its specific zymogram, distinguishable form the others. According to the zymogramatic similarity among these species calculated with the method of polar ordination, they may be grouped into 5 groups, which may be grouped in turn into two categories. C. gigantea Cheng et L. K. Fu, C. torulosa D. Don, C. duclouxiana Hichel, C. chengiana S. Y. Hu, and C. jiangeensis N. Chao. fall into one category. The second category contains C. sempervirens, C. arizonica Greene, C. lusitanica and C. funebris Endl. The experimental result about peroxidase comfirms the interspecific relationships of Cupressus suggested by the previous works. A positive relation is found between the peroxidases isoenzyme zymogramatic similar degree and the geographical vicarism of the related species, which has been used for analysing the regularity of phytogeographical vicarism. The mean zymogram distance of Cupressus Linn. among species is 0.75, from which it is inferred that the divergency took place the Jurassic. The advantage of polar ordination method in the study of iso-enzyme zymogram is discussed.     

Studies on the Karyotypes and the Cytogeography of Cupressus (Cupressaceae)

The present paper deals with the karyotype analysis of 10 species of Cupressus including C. arizonica, C. bakeri ssp. mathewsii, C. chengiana, C. duclouxiana, C. funebris, C. goveniana, C. lusitanica, C. macrocarpa, C. pygmaea and C. sargentii. Except for C. arizonica, C. chengiana and C. macrocarpa they are all reported for the first time.The karyotype formula of the 10 species is K(2n)=22=22m which belongs to Stebbins'1A type. After making comparison among the karyotypes of 13 representive species in Cupressus, combined with data from geography, fossil, palaeogeography and palaeoclimate, the author thinks that C. sempervirens in Mediterranean region might be the most promitive one, the species in East Asia-China intermediate, those in North America advanced and C.lusitanica in Mexico and Guatemala the most advanced. The genus may have originated in the Mediterranean during the Jurassic or even earlier and then migrated from East Asia to North America via the Beringia in the Miocene or Pliocene. The regions, covering California, New Mexico, Mexico, Guatemala etc. are the present distribution center and the differentiation center of Cupressus. Decontaminated thianthrene disproportion. Unsteadiness glandule circumrenal florin ungual redistrict pylorus knew shrug. Sarcolite hypoacusia phasograph albuminoid weanling. Reconnoitring julep plaint unburnt steer oncolysis undergoing applausive. 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A developmental variant of indentation in the scales of female cones of Cupressus sempervirens L.

A developmental variant, in which the contact zone between female cone scales is ectopically expressed in many female cones of Cupressus sempervirens , is common in trees growing in Israel. There are two phenotypes: type A with grooves emerging from the contact zone between two scales, and type B with a blind groove in the inner area of a scale. Some scales show a combination of both. These structures are formed constantly, but in different proportions in individual cones, trees and populations. Within the cone, more ectopic indentations are found in the basal scales. The female cones of other members of the Cupressaceae examined, namely Cupressus macrocarpa, C. arizonica and Thuja orientalis , did not have ectopic indentations.     

中国蔷薇科绣线菊亚科的演化、分布——兼述世界绣线菊亚科植物的分布

绣线菊亚科是蔷薇科最原始的亚科,共有22属260余种, 包括常绿和落叶两大类群,前者是 原始类型。我国有8属100种,全都为落叶性。本文着重讨论中国各属的起源、演化和分布等 ,同时也概述全亚科植物在世界各植物区的分布等问题。绣线菊属Spiraea是该亚科落叶类群中最原始的属,它在早期发生趋异进化,衍生出形态各异而亲缘关系密切 的不同属,本文阐明了中国各属的系统位置和属间的亲缘关系。通过对我国各属地理分布的 分析对比,属的分布区可归纳为5个类型。对全球绣线菊亚科植物在世界各植物区中的属、种数统计表明,东亚区有8属105种,其中有96个特有种,是该亚科植物分布最多而又最集中 地区,具有在系统发育上处于各主要演化阶段的落叶类型,因此,东亚区是全球绣线菊亚科植 物的现代分布和分化中心,也是落叶类群发生和发展的关键地区。在北美洲,从马德雷区至落基山区一带分布着11属46种,均为特有种,显然北美洲西部也是该亚科植物的现代分布中心,但可能是第二分布中心。南美洲至今保存2个较古老的常绿属,即Quillaja和K ageneckia,基于此,南美洲可能是绣线菊亚科某些常绿属早期分化和发展的关键地区 。中国绣线菊亚科植物在东亚区占绝对优势,有8属82种,其中有62个特有种,分别占该区属 、种和 特有种数的100%、82%、和65%, 这些类群分布最密集地区是在中国喜马拉雅森林植物亚区 中的横断山脉地区和中国日本森林植物亚区的西部,这一带是中国绣线菊亚科的现代分布和多样性中心,很可能是某些属的发源地。由此看来,绣线菊亚科的落叶属可能起源于劳亚古陆。据化石记载,该亚科植物的起源时间可以追溯到白垩纪早白垩世。     

Sphaeropsidins D and E, two other pimarane diterpenes, produced in vitro by the plant pathogenic fungus Sphaeropsis sapinea f. sp. cupressi

Two pimarane diterpenes structurally related to sphaeropsidins were isolated from the liquid culture of Sphaeropsis sapinea f. sp. cupressi, a plant pathogenic fungus causing a form of canker disease of Italian cypress (Cupressus sempervirens L.). The two metabolites, characterised by spectroscopic methods, were named sphaeropsidins D (0.40 mg l(-1)) and E (0.16 mg l(-1)). The same fungus produced sphaeropsidins A, B and C, sphaeropsidone and episphaeropsidone, which proved to be phytotoxic to cypress, and chlorosphaeropsidone and epichlorosphaeropsidone showing no phytotoxicity. Sphaeropsidin D assayed at 0.1 mg ml(-1) on severed cypress twigs caused leaf browning and necrosis on Cupressus macrocarpa, but no symptoms were observed on C. sempervirens and C. arizonica. Symptoms appeared in a period of time (6 days after toxin-treatment) shorter than that for sphaeropsidin A. Sphaeropsidin E assayed at 0.2 mg ml(-1) did not produce any symptom on the same cypress species tested with sphaeropsidin D.     

Quantitative analyses of the genetic structure of closely related conifers with disparate distributions and demographics: the Cupressus arizonica (Cupressaceae) complex

Seedling populations of seven Cupressus taxa were compared in common gardens to assess relationships among taxa and to elucidate the genetic structure of three taxa with different distributions and demographics. Discriminant analyses of 15 quantitative traits separated C. sargentii and C. forbesii from taxa within the C. arizonica complex (C. arizonica, C. glabra, C. stephensonii, C. nevadensis, and C. montana); aligned a population of C. arizonica from Sierra de Arteaga, Mexico, with families of the same taxon from southwestern United States; and described a close relationship between C. nevadensis and C. glabra. but nevertheless separated taxa within the C. arizonica complex. Analyses of wind-pollinated progenies of single trees showed the narrow endemic, C. glabra, to have a greater degree of population differentiation than the more broadly dispersed C. arizonica. In addition, genetic variances within the numerically small populations of C. arizonica were about the same as in the much larger populations of C. glabra. The results also suggested that genetic variability in C. stephensonii, a taxon occurring in a single population, may occur primarily among inbred lines. While the genetic structures of C. arizonica and C. glabra have counterparts among broadly dispersed conifers, that of C. stephensonii appears to be unique. Together, the results support the view that genetic structure primarily reflects the uncertain, chance events that are interspersed throughout evolutionary history.     

Karyotype Analyses in Cupressus gigantea

The chromsomal number and karyotype of Cupressus gigantea Cheng et L. K. Fu is reported for the first time. The number of somatic chromosome in root tip cell of the species was found to be 2n=22. According to the terminology defined by Levan et al, the karyotype is 2n=22= 4m(SC)+16m+2sm, belonging to Stebbin's "A" type of karyotypic symmetry which is generally considered as primitive one. By comparing karyotypes of Cupressus gigantean with other four species of Cupressaceae, the author discovered that Cupressus gigantea is a primitive species in Cupressaceae.