Mushroom diversity in sustainable shade tea forest and the effect of fire damage

A survey of the biodiversity of wild macrofungi, including edible species yields, was carried out from 1 May to 30 September 2007 at four different forest types (in mainly Miang tea forest). The plots 100 m², comprised a tea garden with a few planted canopy tree species (37.2% canopy cover), a cultivated sustainable tea forest (80.2% canopy cover), an abandoned sustainable tea forest (89.8% canopy cover), and an abandoned sustainable tea forest that had suffered fire damage (72.9% canopy cover). All visible mushrooms were collected during weekly forays. Macro-characters of the fungi were annotated and photographed by digital camera and the fungi were identified to genera and morphospecies (e.g. Agaricus sp.1, Agaricus sp.2). The fresh weight of wild edible mushrooms produced in the plots was also recorded during this period. The biodiversity of macrofungi in abandoned sustainable tea forest was highest with 115 species in 47 genera, followed by cultivated sustainable tea forest with 85 species in 42 genera and fire damaged abandoned sustainable tea forest with 48 species in 25 genera, while only 19 species belonging to 15 genera were found in the tea garden. Twenty-one species belonging to nine genera with a total of 60.9 kg of edible fungi were collected throughout this study. The fresh weight of edible mushrooms was recorded with the highest fresh weight (25.3 kg) collected from the abandoned sustainable tea forest, followed by 18.2 kg in the cultivated sustainable tea forest, while in the fire damaged sustainable tea forest 16.4 kg were collected and only 1 kg was collected in the tea garden. Abandoned sustainable tea forest contained a greater shade tree biodiversity and higher canopy cover than other plots. This area has a generally higher humidity, a greater ground litter cover, a greater number of microhabitats, a greater number of trees that can form mycorrhizal associations and this probably accounts for the higher diversity of macrofungi and production of edible mushrooms. The fire damaged sustainable tea forest had lower mushroom diversity and edible mushroom production possibly due to the loss of litter and lower tree diversity. The tea garden supported a poor diversity of mushrooms and almost no edible mushrooms. Shade tea forest (Miang tea forest) is a good method to produce tea in a sustainable way as it maintains diversity of mushrooms and other organisms and could be developed as an alternative to shade coffee.     

中国菌根食用菌名录

菌根食用菌是一个未被合理利用的非木质林产品类群。通过文献和数据调研,本名录共收录532个中国菌根食用菌分类单元,它们隶属于28科62属,包括子囊菌门的39个分类单元以及担子菌门的493个分类单元。其中红菇科和牛肝菌科种类最丰富,红菇属、乳菇属、枝瑚菌属、蜡伞属、乳牛肝菌属、口蘑属、块菌属、牛肝菌属、鹅膏菌属和丝膜菌属是我国菌根食用菌的代表属。本研究揭示了我国菌根食用菌的多样性,并对我国菌根食用菌持续发展给予了初步建议。     

Observations on post-fire black morel ascocarp development in an Israeli burnt forest site and their preferred micro-sites

Morchella species ascocarps (morels) are sought-after edible mushrooms that exhibit pyrophilous behavior, proliferating in fire-affected soils of certain types of forests. The factors governing fruiting in this habitat are poorly understood. An observational approach was used to determine the spatial distribution on preferred micro-sites of black morel fruiting in a forest after a summer fire, subjected to different post-fire forestry management activities. Clearing the burnt tree stumps from the site, compaction of the burnt soil by heavy machinery (bulldozers) and covering the soil with chopped wood created preferred micro-sites for black morel fruiting. Fewer fruit bodies developed on untouched burnt soil, and almost none on non-burnt soil at the same site. These observations enhance understanding the ecological principles underlying the distribution and abundance of morel ascocarp development in natural habitats; such an understanding could contribute to conservation and management of morel fruiting in the wild.     

“食用菌产量和品质形成的分子机理及调控”项目简介——食用菌产业发展与技术创新的科学基础

食用菌以子实体为收获物,是优质蛋白的重要来源,我国重要的食物安全战略产业,已经成为我国粮、菜、果、油之后的第五大产值农作物,2013年产量3 169.68万吨（中国食用菌协会统计）,直接产值1 707亿元,间接产值6 828亿元,从业人口逾2 000万。我国食用菌产量已占全球总产量的75%以上。但是,与食用菌产业相关的基础科学研究严重匮乏,对产量和品质形成的关键科学问题研究的空白,严重制约着我国食用菌育种和栽培等产业技术的创新,导致单产低、质量差,产业链难以延长,产业效益持续下降,产业升级艰难。科学基础研究的缺乏,已经成为食用菌产业发展的瓶颈。2014年立项的国家重点基础研究发展计划（973）项目“食用菌产量和品质形成的分子机理及调控”（2014CB138300）,紧紧抓住困扰我国食用菌产业发展的科学问题,开展食用菌高效利用木质纤维素的分子机制、食用菌子实体形成发育的调控机理、食用菌温度响应的分子机制、食用菌活性物质及其合成代谢的分子基础和食用菌优异种质性状形成的遗传基础研究,拟阐释食用菌子实体形成的营养利用与遗传调控机制、食用菌抗逆性的温度响应机制和食用菌活性物质的合成代谢调控机理。构建食用菌科学理论体系,为食用菌产业关键技术创新奠定科学基础,为优质高产提供理论指导,为延长产业链,提高产业效益提供科学路径。     

辽宁省浑河源自然保护区食药用菌资源调查

为查明辽宁省浑河源自然保护区大型真菌的资源情况,合理利用和开发当地野生食药用菌资源,本研究经过两年的系统调查和采集,得到大型真菌标本610余份,采用传统的形态学鉴定方法,得到283种食药用菌,隶属于2门6纲20目53科122属,其中食用菌124种,药用菌130种。结果表明,当地的食药用菌资源十分丰富,具有开发利用的潜力,同时也说明当地充足水源和保护完整的森林生态对于大型真菌的生长是有积极作用的,因而在开发和利用野生食药用菌资源时,要重视对生态环境的保护。     

Macro and trace mineral constituents and radionuclides in mushrooms: health benefits and risks

This article reviews and updates data on macro and trace elements and radionuclides in edible wild-grown and cultivated mushrooms. A huge biodiversity of mushrooms and spread of certain species over different continents makes the study on their multi-element constituents highly challenging. A few edible mushrooms are widely cultivated and efforts are on to employ them (largely Agaricus spp., Pleurotus spp., and Lentinula edodes) in the production of selenium-enriched food (mushrooms) or nutraceuticals (by using mycelia) and less on species used by traditional medicine, e.g., Ganoderma lucidum. There are also attempts to enrich mushrooms with other elements than Se and a good example is enrichment with lithium. Since minerals of nutritional value are common constituents of mushrooms collected from natural habitats, the problem is however their co-occurrence with some hazardous elements including Cd, Pb, Hg, Ag, As, and radionuclides. Discussed is also the problem of erroneous data on mineral compounds determined in mushrooms.     

亚热带丛枝菌根与外生菌根森林对土壤氮循环的影响

菌根真菌能促进植物获取氮素从而调节土壤氮循环过程,但不同类型菌根影响土壤氮循环的特征尚待更多研究.本试验选择中国亚热带典型次生林植被,设置丛枝菌根(AM)和外生菌根(ECM)树种优势样地,对比分析两种菌根类型森林土壤氮状态的差异,以探究菌根类型影响土壤氮循环的可能作用机制.结果 表明,AM与ECM森林的土壤总氮和铵态氮...     

Cultivation of Pleurotus ostreatus and other edible mushrooms

Pleurotus ostreatus is the second most cultivated edible mushroom worldwide after Agaricus bisporus. It has economic and ecological values and medicinal properties. Mushroom culture has moved toward diversification with the production of other mushrooms. Edible mushrooms are able to colonize and degrade a large variety of lignocellulosic substrates and other wastes which are produced primarily through the activities of the agricultural, forest, and food-processing industries. Particularly, P. ostreatus requires a shorter growth time in comparison to other edible mushrooms. The substrate used for their cultivation does not require sterilization, only pasteurization, which is less expensive. Growing oyster mushrooms convert a high percentage of the substrate to fruiting bodies, increasing profitability. P. ostreatus demands few environmental controls, and their fruiting bodies are not often attacked by diseases and pests, and they can be cultivated in a simple and cheap way. All this makes P. ostreatus cultivation an excellent alternative for production of mushrooms when compared to other mushrooms.     

Declining Wild Mushroom Recognition and Usage in Burkina Faso

Declining Wild Mushroom Recognition and Usage in Burkina Faso. Ethnomycological investigation was carried out in Burkina Faso, West Africa, using standardized interviews focused on 40 representative mushroom species assembled in a traveling herbarium (photographs plus preserved specimens). A total of 540 informants from 18 localities representing three main ethnic groups—Mòosé, Bobo, and Gouin—were interviewed, though the bulk of those interviewed were Mòosé (or Mossi) from the more populous central region of the country. Among the study species, as many as 24 were considered edible by the different ethnic groups; a few medicinal uses also were noted. The edibility of a common Chlorophyllum species is confirmed for the three ethnic groups. Mushroom nomenclature is not well developed in any of the three groups as evidenced by the fact that many mushrooms, including some common edible species, do not appear to have specific local names, but are instead simply referred to by a general term for “mushroom.” Preliminary observations about inter–ethnic variation in recognition, naming, and appreciation of mushrooms are noted. Older people recognized many more mushroom species than did younger people, and women appeared to be slightly more knowledgeable about mushrooms than men. The most important finding is that the gathering and consumption of wild edible mushrooms seems to be dying out in Burkina Faso, especially in the central part of the country, apparently because of declining mushroom populations resulting from disappearing forest habitats. NOTE TO VENDOR: In place of the corresponding author, send proof to this paper’s editor, David Aroro, maxfun @cruzio.com     

Ectomycorrhizal root development in wet Alder carr forests in response to desiccation and eutrophication

Effects of desiccation and eutrophication on ectomycorrhizal (ECM) root development in wet Alder carr forests in The Netherlands were studied. In northwestern Europe, wet Alder carr forests are found mostly in peatlands and along streams, forming an important component of wetland ecosystems. The dominant tree species in wet Alder carr forests is Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn. (Black alder), which associates with ectomycorrhizal fungi. During recent decades, wet Alder carr forests in Europe have declined because of desiccation and eutrophication, particularly in The Netherlands. In the present study, the number of root tips of A. glutinosa trees was highest in an undisturbed wet Alder carr forest in a peatland area. Eutrophication in the peatland area significantly inhibited ectomycorrhizal (ECM) root development of A. glutinosa. In the eutrophied forest, ECM root tips were observed only close to A. glutinosa trees growing on hummocks. The concentrations of nitrate and potassium in soil water of the eutrophied forest were significantly higher than in the undisturbed forest, while magnesium and iron concentrations and the pH were significantly lower. The number of ECM root tips of A. glutinosa in a desiccated forest along a stream was generally lower than in an undisturbed wet Alder carr forest on waterlogged soil in the same area. The sulphate concentration in soil water in the desiccated forest was significantly higher than in the forest on waterlogged soil. ECM root development of A. glutinosa may have been negatively affected by the chemical composition of the soil water.     

Root carbon inputs to the rhizosphere stimulate extracellular enzyme activity and increase nitrogen availability in temperate forest soils

The exudation of carbon (C) by tree roots stimulates microbial activity and the production of extracellular enzymes in the rhizosphere. Here, we investigated whether the strength of rhizosphere processes differed between temperate forest trees that vary in soil organic matter (SOM) chemistry and associate with either ectomycorrhizal (ECM) or arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi. We measured rates of root exudation, microbial and extracellular enzyme activity, and nitrogen (N) availability in samples of rhizosphere and bulk soil influenced by four temperate forest tree species (i.e., to estimate a rhizosphere effect). Although not significantly different between species, root exudation ranged from 0.36 to 1.10 g C m^?2 day^?1, representing a small but important transfer of C to rhizosphere microbes. The magnitude of the rhizosphere effects could not be easily characterized by mycorrhizal associations or SOM chemistry. Ash had the lowest rhizosphere effects and beech had the highest rhizosphere effects, representing one AM and one ECM species, respectively. Hemlock and sugar maple had equivalent rhizosphere effects on enzyme activity. However, the form of N produced in the rhizosphere varied with mycorrhizal association. Enhanced enzyme activity primarily increased amino acid availability in ECM rhizospheres and increased inorganic N availability in AM rhizospheres. These results show that the exudation of C by roots can enhance extracellular enzyme activity and soil-N cycling. This work suggests that global changes that alter belowground C allocation have the potential to impact the form and amount of N to support primary production in ECM and AM stands.     

Native tree regeneration in native tree plantations: understanding the contribution of Araucaria angustifolia to biodiversity conservation in the threatened Atlantic Forest in Argentina

Deforestation is a global process that has strongly affected the Atlantic Forest in South America, which has been recognised as a threatened biodiversity hotspot. An important proportion of deforested areas were converted to forest plantations. Araucaria angustifolia is a native tree to the Atlantic Forest, which has been largely exploited for wood production and is currently cultivated in commercial plantations. An important question is to what extent such native tree plantations can be managed to reduce biodiversity loss in a highly diverse and vulnerable forest region . We evaluated the effect of stand age, stand basal area, as a measure of stand density, and time since last logging on the density and richness of native tree regeneration in planted araucaria stands that were successively logged over 60 years, as well as the differences between successional groups in the response of plant density to stand variables. We also compared native tree species richness in planted araucaria stands to neighbouring native forest. Species richness was 71 in the planted stands (27 ha sampled) and 82 in native forest (18 ha sampled) which approximate the range of variation in species richness found in the native forests of the study area. The total abundance and species richness of native trees increased with stand age and time since last logging, but ecological groups differed in their response to such variables. Early secondary trees increased in abundance with stand age 3–8 times faster than climax or late secondary trees. Thus, the change in species composition is expected to continue for a long term. The difference in species richness between native forest and planted stands might be mainly explained by the difference in plant density. Therefore, species richness in plantations can contribute to local native tree diversity if practices that increase native tree density are implemented.     

Collection and Use of Wild Edible Fungi in Nepal

Collection and Use of Wild Edible Fungi in Nepal. The significance of the contribution of wild edible mushrooms to rural livelihoods is acknowledged, but remains largely unexplored. This study investigates the collection of wild edible Nepalese fungi, which species are used, and what are the specific characteristics of the collectors and the collection. Data were collected using 282 structured questionnaires, interviews, and forest walks in 17 districts, environmental household accounts from 413 households in two communities, and a review of literature. A total of 228 species of wild fungi are confirmed to be used for food, and collection is most widespread among the high-mountain Tibeto-Nepalese ethnic groups, which collect an average of 18.1 kilograms (kg) fresh mushrooms per year per household, with some households collecting as much as 160 kg. We found no relation between wealth status and subsistence collection, although the commercial collectors are predominantly the poor earning up to six months of unskilled labor salary per season. Given the limited local trade and occurrence of globally marketed species, the scope for increasing contributions to rural livelihoods from collection of mushrooms, and risks in relation to this are briefly discussed.     

我国食用菌遗传学的发展及展望

食用菌遗传学是食用菌学科体系的重要分支之一,40年来我国食用菌遗传学研究紧密围绕为育种服务、最新分子生物学技术的应用和生产实践中的科学问题的解决等主题开展了众多科学活动.为了促进食用菌遗传学研究的系统性和全面性,本文梳理出9个方面的研究主题,主要包括食用菌种质资源调查和地方品种研究、食用菌农艺性状控制基因定位和分子辅助...     

Impact of human foraging on tree diversity,composition, and abundance in a tropical rainforest

Tropical forest tree communities are structured by a range of large-scale drivers including elevation, certain high-impact anthropogenic activities (e.g., deforestation), and fires. However, low-impact human activities such as foraging may also be subtly but notably altering the composition of tropical forest tree communities. The study assessed the (i) differences in species diversity, patterns of relative abundance, and pairwise beta diversity between trees with edible and inedible fruits and seeds along an elevation gradient, and (ii) impact of human foraging on the forest tree communities in Oban Division of Cross River National Park, Nigeria. Fifteen permanent 40 by 40 m plots were established along an elevational gradient (120–460 m above mean sea level). All trees of 0.1 m diameter at breast height (dbh) and above were measured, identified, and, with the aid of structured questionnaires, classified into those with edible and inedible fruits/seeds. A total of 35 edible species with density of 128 stems/hectare and basal area of 11.99 m²/hectare, and 109 inedible species with density of 364 stems/hectare and basal area of 22.42 m²/hectare were sampled. However, the evenness of edible and inedible species was similar at pooled and plot levels. For inedible species, there was a positive relationship between pairwise beta diversity and elevation, and this was driven mainly by turnover. In contrast, edible species exhibited a non-significant trend between elevation and beta diversity. Thus, the study showed that human foraging of edible fruits may have subtly influenced patterns of species diversity and community structure in this tropical forest.     

The functioning of ectomycorrhizal fungi in the field: linkages in space and time

Individual trees, either of the same or different species, can be linked spatially and temporally by the hyphae of ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi that allow carbon and nutrients to pass among them and promote forest establishment following disturbance. Spatial and temporal linkages between plants influence the function of ECM fungi in the field. Studies indicate that ECM linkages can reduce plant competition for resources, promote forest recovery, and influence the pattern of plant succession. The degree of influence depends on many factors, including the composition and arrangement of the vegetative community and soil and climatic conditions. Management practices that create intense disturbance and loss of organic matter or promote the introduction of non-ectomycorrhizal host species can decrease the ability of plants to form linkages with ECM fungi. Management practices that retain living trees and shrubs and input of organic matter provide the energy source and substrate necessary for ECM linkages. More research is needed to determine the degree to which ECM fungal linkages occur in the field and their role in ecosystem function and long-term health.     

Below-ground ectomycorrhizal communities: the effect of small scale spatial and short term temporal variation

Ectomycorrhizal (ECM) associations are an important form of symbiosis for the majority of tree species. In forest ecosystems where nutrients are often limited, ECM associations are vital for seedling establishment and tree survival. ECM communities are often very species rich and frequently follow the log normal distribution??with a few species being abundant and many species being rare. Much of the current knowledge of ECM communities has been revealed through a combination of above-ground sporocarp and below-ground root tip analyses. However, above-ground surveys of ECM communities reveal largely different findings regarding ECM diversity and community structure to below-ground surveys. Therefore below-ground surveys are vital to our understanding of ECM biology, ecology and community dynamics. In this article I review the recent findings regarding how ECM communities vary both spatially and temporally in forests. Spatial variation occurs at the centimetre scale both horizontally and vertically in forests, and can be explained by the separation of the ECM community into distinct niches. Temporal variation occurs over relatively short time scales, with ECM communities showing large changes even on a monthly basis. I then apply the niche concept to ECM fungi, and review a recent theory, ECM functional morphology, and examine how this may be used to explain a significant amount of spatial and temporal variation in forest ECM communities. The functional morphology theory is particularly useful in explaining patterns of ECM community variation across the distinct successional stages of the forest cycle. However, the effect of other abiotic and biological variables on ECM communities should not be ignored. Finally, as ECM communities are non-randomly distributed and vary widely in species richness over time, I lay out a sampling strategy to provide representative samples of the actual ECM community in the study area. Using (i) an extensive sampling methodology, (ii) separation of samples at distances greater than levels of spatial autocorrelation, and (iii) samples collected throughout the year, over a number of years, an ample picture of the ECM community in temperate forests can be collected.     

不同菌根类型的森林净初级生产力对气温变化的响应

菌根是由土壤中的菌根菌与植物根系形成的互惠共生体, 在植物生产力和生态系统碳循环过程中发挥着重要的作用。该文基于全球森林数据库, 建立了包括全球森林菌根类型、净初级生产力(net primary productivity, NPP)和年平均气温等指标的新数据库。在此基础上, 分析了6种菌根类型(丛枝菌根(arbuscular mycorrhiza, AM)、AM +外生菌根(ectomycorrhiza, ECM)、AM + ECM +内外生菌根(ectendomycorrhiza, EEM)、ECM、ECM + EEM和ECM + EEM +无菌根(nonmycorrhiza, NM))森林的总NPP、地上和地下NPP、树木主干NPP、树叶NPP, 以及树木细根NPP对年平均气温变化的响应。结果表明, 不同菌根类型的森林总NPP、地上和地下NPP虽然都随气温的升高呈现上升的趋势, 但其响应程度因菌根类型的不同而有所差异。除AM和AM + ECM + EEM类型的森林外, 其他4种菌根类型的森林总NPP都随年平均气温的增加而显著增加; 随着菌根类型的不同, 地上和地下NPP对年平均气温变化的响应程度也存在差异, 在AM + ECM类型的森林中, 气温对地上NPP变异的解释率最高, 达到57.27%, 而地下NPP仅在ECM类型和ECM + EEM类型的森林中呈现出与年平均气温显著的回归关系。树木主干、树叶和细根的NPP则随菌根类型的不同而变化, 与气温变化呈现正、负相关关系。从AM与ECM类型的森林的NPP来看, 无论是总NPP还是各个组成部分的NPP, ECM类型的森林的NPP对气温的响应总是较AM类型更为敏感。可见, 不同类型的菌根通过影响森林不同部分的NPP对气温变化的响应程度而影响到森林NPP对气温变化的响应。这表明菌根类型是预测气温变化对森林NPP影响的重要指标。     

四川都江堰亚热带针阔混交林中主要晚生型外生菌根真菌类群的空间分布

晚生型外生菌根真菌通常出现在森林演替的后期,是成熟林中的优势外生菌根真菌类群.对四川都江堰一片亚热带针阔混交林中的菌根真菌地上群落进行调查,并应用二元逻辑回归分析对晚生型外生菌根真菌的主要类群,即鹅膏菌科、牛肝菌科和红菇科,与周围(5 m×5 m样方)树种组成的关系进行研究.还应用次级变量分析方法对主要外生菌根真菌类群的空间格局进行了分析.结果表明,非外生菌根树种及某些外生菌根树种对特定类群菌根真菌子实体的出现有抑制作用,而不同类群外生菌根真菌在克隆生长上的差异并不是子实体空间分布的决定因素.我们认为,当研究自然林中外生菌根子实体的空间分布时,除了宿主植物的分布,也应考虑非宿主植物的分布以及菌根真菌相互作用的影响.     

Annuario Della Società Botanica Italiana

Fungi are organisms of significant importance not only for the crucial roles they undertake in nature but also for many human activities that are strictly dependent on them. Indeed, fungi possess fundamental positions in ecosystems functioning including nutrient cycles and wood decomposition. As concerns human-related activities, edible and non-edible mushrooms are also involved and/or exploited in forestry, pharmaceutical industry and food production; hence, nowadays they represent a major economic source worldwide. In order to maintain and improve their strategic importance, several conservation strategies, such as habitat preservation, are needed. This article reports several contributions inherent to the relationships between wood-decaying fungi, edible and non-edible mushrooms and their potential exploitation as non-timber forest products and genetic resources.