日光温室连作黄瓜根区微生物区系及酶活性的变化

以日光温室黄瓜连作土壤为研究对象,研究不同连作年限根区土壤微生物数量、种类及酶活性的变化,并运用通径分析方法阐明其与土壤主要理化性状的关系,结果表时,土壤微生物数量、酶活性表现明显的温室连作将就;伴随连作年限的增加,土壤微生物总量、细菌、放线菌数均呈倒“马鞍”形变化,真菌数量则呈线性增长、微生物由“细菌型”向“真菌型”过渡,其中氨化细菌和尖孢镰刀菌分别为温室黄瓜连作土壤的优势细菌和真菌生理群;多数土壤酶活性的变化也呈现倒“马鞍”形,通径分析表明,佩量元素（Cu、Mn、Fe)、有机质、速效N、容重为温室连作土壤微生物区系及酶活性的主要影响因素。     

Correlation of biophysical parameters of biologically active points and variations of heliogeophysical factors

The correlation between the parameters of biologically active points and the dynamics of solar activity was studied. Statistically significant correlations between electroconductivity of biologically active points and solar activity indices (sunspot number, Ap-index, solar radiowave flux) were revealed. The spectral analysis of the temporal organization of biologically active points revealed a set of periods present in the dynamics of solar activity. It was concluded that bioelectric system of the human organism is a complicated multilevel time-structure, which effectively reacts to changes in heliogeophysical dynamics. The bioelectric system of biologically active points is considered to be one of general information channels of electromagnetic nature, which realize the connection of organism with environment.     

Chromosome aberration and environmental physical activity: Down syndrome and solar and cosmic ray activity, Israel, 1990–2000

The possibility that environmental effects are associated with chromosome aberrations and various congenital pathologies has been discussed previously. Recent advances in the collection and computerization of data make studying these potential associations more feasible. The aim of this study was to investigate a possible link between the number of Down syndrome (DS) cases detected prenatally or at birth yearly in Israel over a 10-year period compared with the levels of solar and cosmic ray activity 1 year before the detection or birth of each affected child. Information about 1,108,449 births was collected for the years 1990–2000, excluding 1991, when data were unavailable. A total of 1,310 cases of DS were detected prenatally or at birth—138 in the non-Jewish community and 1,172 in the Jewish population. Solar activity indices—sunspot number and solar radio flux 2,800 MHz at 10.7 cm wavelength for 1989–1999—were compared with the number of DS cases detected. Pearson correlation coefficients (r) and their probabilities (P) were established for the percentage of DS cases in the whole population. There was a significant inverse correlation between the indices of solar activity and the number of cases of DS detected—r=–0.78, P=0.008 for sunspot number and r=–0.76, P=0.01 for solar flux. The possibility that cosmophysical factors inversely related to solar activity play a role in the pathogenesis of chromosome aberrations should be considered. We have confirmed a strong trend towards an association between the cosmic ray activity level and the incidence of DS.     

Environmental factors affecting seasonal variation in immunity of clinically normal dogs

A whole blood lymphocyte stimulation test, an in vitro corollary of in vivo cell mediated immunity, was done with blood collected monthly from eleven dogs for a period of three years (August, 1977 through August, 1980). Seasonal variations in immunity were observed to occur. These fluctuations were analyzed for possible association with 22 environmental, solar, and meteorological parameters. Of the six independent variables significantly entering the predictive regression equations, sunspot activity (monthly mean daily number of sunspots) was most prominent, showing a significant negative correlation in 10 of the 11 dogs. This suggests that solar activity might be associated with some activity on earth, e.g., geomagnetism which in turn might affect immune response.     

Hospital cardiovascular deaths and total distribution of deaths in 180 consecutive months with different cosmic physical activity: a correlative study (1974–1988)

The dynamics of total hospital deaths from different kinds of cardiovascular diseases in one 1000-bed hospital were compared with 10 monthly cosmic/solar and geomagnetic physical activity parameters. Data used were of 180 consecutive months; 15601 deaths including 5667 from cardiovascular diseases were included in this study. It was concluded that the number of monthly hospital deaths shows a highly significant correlation with monthly solar physical activity.     

Correlation between the sizes of Drosophila populations and parameters of solar activity

The relationship between the time series of the dynamics of the numbers of experimental populations of Drosophila melanogaster at the preimaginal stage and three heliogeophysical indices: Wolf numbers, the intensity of the 10.7-cm radio flux, and the Kp-index of geomagnetic activity was analyzed. Statistically significant data were obtained indicating that the dynamics of the number of the populations is related to the heliogeophysical factors, and this relationship depends on the phase of the 11-year cycle of solar activity. It was shown that the fertility of females and the survival of eggs is stimulated by factors associated with solar activity.     

Intraocular pressure (IOP) in relation to four levels of daily geomagnetic and extreme yearly solar activity

The link between geomagnetic field activity (GMA), solar activity and intraocular pressure (IOP) in healthy individuals was investigated. The IOP of 485 patients (970 eyes) was recorded over three nonconsecutive years (1979, 1986, 1989) which were characterized by maximal solar activity (1979, 1989) or minimal solar activity (1986). The measurements were also correlated with four categories of GMA activity: quiet (level I⁰), unsettled (II⁰), active (III⁰), and stormy (IV⁰). Participants were also differentiated by age and sex. We found that IOP was lowest on days of level IV⁰ (stormy) GMA. The drop in IOP concomitant with a decrease in GMA level was more significant during periods of low solar activity and in persons over 65 years of age. There was a trend towards higher IOP values on days of levels II⁰ and IV⁰ GMA in years of high solar activity. Differences between the sexes and among individuals younger than 65 years were not significant. Our results show an interesting aspect of environmental influence on the healthy population.     

Circadian variation of flight activity in colonies of Apis mellifera ligustica

The circadian oscillation of the intensity of flight activity (number of honeybees returning to the hive each minute) was registered during springtime.Bees arriving at the hive were captured, dissected, and their gut content was analysed. Three conclusions were reached from the present work. (1) Daily flight activity is confined to the warm hours when the temperature is higher than a certain threshold. (2) Flight activity shows two intensity maximums: one in the morning correlated with an increased nectar flow in the hive and another in the afternoon between 15 and 16 hr (solar time) not correlated with nectar flow (correlated with photoperiod). (3) Bees captured during the afternoon maximum were engaged in brood nursing activity. The possible significance of this photoperiodically released activity in the afternoon is discussed.     

Solar activity cycle and the incidence of foetal chromosome abnormalities detected at prenatal diagnosis

We studied 2001 foetuses during the period of minimal solar activity of solar cycle 21 and 2265 foetuses during the period of maximal solar activity of solar cycle 22, in all women aged 37 years and over who underwent free prenatal diagnosis in four hospitals in the greater Tel Aviv area. There were no significant differences in the total incidence of chromosomal abnormalities or of trisomy between the two periods (2.15% and 1.8% versus 2.34% and 2.12%, respectively). However, the trend of excessive incidence of chromosomal abnormalities in the period of maximal solar activity suggests that a prospective study in a large population would be required to rule out any possible effect of extreme solar activity.     

Can solar/geomagnetic activity restrict the occurrence of some shellfish poisoning outbreaks? The example of PSP caused by Gymnodinium catenatum at the Atlantic Portuguese coast

Cyclic outbreaks of accumulation of paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) toxins in mussels attributed to Gymnodinium catenatum blooms displayed several of the highest inter-annual maxima coincidental with the minima of the 11-year solar sunspot number (SSN) cycle. The monthly distribution of PSP was associated with low levels of the solar radio flux, a more quantitative approach than SSN for fluctuations in solar activity. Comparison between monthly distribution of PSP and other commons biotoxins (okadaic acid, dinophysistoxin-2, and amnesic shellfish poisoning toxins) demonstrated that only PSP was significantly associated with low levels of radio flux (p < 0.01). PSP occurrence suggests a prior decline in solar activity to be required as a trigger, similarly to a photoperiodic signal. The seasonal frequency increased towards autumn during the study period, which might be related to the progressive atmospheric cutoff of deleterious radiation associated with the seasonal change in solar declination, and might play an additional role in seasonal signal-triggering. PSP distribution was also associated with low levels of the geomagnetic index Aa. Comparison between monthly distributions of PSP and other common biotoxins also demonstrated that only PSP was significantly associated with low levels of the Aa index (p < 0.01). In some years of SSN minima, no significant PSP outbreaks in mussels were detected. This was attributed to a steady rise in geomagnetic activity that could disrupt the triggering signal. Global distribution patterns show that hotspots for G. catenatum blooms are regions with deficient crustal magnetic anomalies. In addition to the variable magnetic field mostly of solar origin, static fields related to magnetized rocks in the crust and upper mantle might play a role in restricting worldwide geographic distribution.     

Relationship between immunoglobulin levels and extremes of solar activity

The possible relationship between epidemics and extremes of solar activity has been discussed previously. The purpose of the present study was to verify whether differences in the levels of immunoglobulins (IgA, IgG, IgM) could be noted at the highest (July 1989) and lowest (September 1986) points of the last (21st) and present (22nd) 11-year solar cycle. The work was divided into a 1-month study (covering the month of minimal or maximal solar activity), a 3-month study (1 month before and after the month of minimal or maximal solar activity) and a 5-month study (2 months before and after the month of minimal or maximal solar activity). A trend of a drop-off for all three immunoglobulins was seen on the far side of the maximal point of the solar cycle. Statistical significance was achieved in the 5-month study for IgM (P=0.04), and a strong trend was shown for IgG (P=0.07). Differences between the sexes were also noted.     

Solar ultraviolet-B radiation affects plant-insect interactions in a natural ecosystem of Tierra del Fuego (southern Argentina)

We examined the effects of solar ultraviolet-B radiation (UVB) on plant-herbivore interactions in native ecosystems of the Tierra del Fuego National Park (southern Argentina), an area of the globe that is frequently under the Antarctic “ozone hole” in early spring. We found that filtering out solar UVB from the sunlight received by naturally-occurring plants of Gunnera magellanica, a creeping perennial herb, significantly increased the number of leaf lesions caused by chewing insects. Field surveys suggested that early-season herbivory was principally due to the activity of moth larvae (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Manipulative field experiments showed that exposure to solar UVB changes the attractiveness of G. magellanica leaf tissue to natural grazers. In a laboratory experiment, locally caught moth caterpillars tended to eat more tissue from leaves grown without UVB than from leaves exposed to natural UVB during development; however, the difference between treatments was not significant. Leaves grown under solar UVB had slightly higher N levels than leaves not exposed to UVB; no differences between UVB treatments in specific leaf mass, relative water content, and total methanol-soluble phenolics were detected. Our results show that insect herbivory in a natural ecosystem is influenced by solar UVB, and that this influence could not be predicted from crude measurements of leaf physical and chemical characteristics and a common laboratory bioassay. Received: 4 December 1997 / Accepted: 12 May 1998     

Seasonal variation in mate-locating activity in the desert hackberry butterfly (Asterocampa leilia; Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)

Males of the desert hackberry butterfly occupy and defend encounter sites used in mate location. This activity is restricted to about 3 h each day, usually between 0800 and 1100. We monitored daily and seasonal changes in the number of males perched at encounter sites along a census route on 32 days during 1991 and 1992. The results indicate that males are active earlier in the mornings during summer than in spring or fall. However, they were not active at all times when air temperature and solar altitude would appear to permit perch site occupation. Daily and seasonal shifts in air temperature and solar radiation are not a sufficient proximate explanation for patterns of male behavior. Over a wide range of temperatures, females most often eclose around 0800, which suggests that the timing of female availability determines when males are active within the broad limits imposed by thermoregulatory requirements.     

Variations in the intensity of solar neutrinos as a problem for physical chemistry

A comparison of variations in the solar neutrino flux in Brookhaven measurements with solar activity indices clearly shows that the neutrino flux is controlled by surface solar processes. These processes can lead to changes in the efficiency of registrations of the neutrino flux. From this view point, the results of the measurements of the neutrino flux on the Brookhaven detector in 1970-1994 (108 runs) were analyzed. It was found that the neutrino flux depends on the heliogeophysical situation. The well known anticorrelation between the neutrino flux and Wolf numbers is observed only for odd cycle of solar activity. A similar regularity occurs for critical frequencies of E-ionosphere. By contrast, the correlation between the neutrino flux and the Ap-index is observed only for the even activity cycle. The predominance of the sign of radial component of the interplanetary magnetic field in the last 7-14 days of exposure has the greatest effect on the neutrino flux (this sign changes as the sign of the total magnetic field of the Sun changes). In short runs, the neutrino flux changes more than threefold. The conclusion is made that variations of the solar neutrino flux are falcious. These fictitious variations are caused probably by the action of very low-frequency electromagnetic emissions of the magnetosphere upon the substance of the target and the technology of the extraction of 37Ar atoms from perchloretylene.     

Correlation of the solar activity with water electrical conductivity

A correlation between the solar activity (Wolf numbers) and electric conductivity of water was found. It was suggested that changes in the electric conductivity of water are the primary cause of the known correlations between the solar activity and various processes in the biosphere.     

Phase coordination of the rhythms of changes in solar activity and of the monthly biorhythms of altered cholesterol levels of the blood serum in rabbits

The concentration of total, free and bound cholesterol in the blood serum of 13 intact Chinchilla male rabbits was determined in two four-month experiments carried out in 1973-1974 and in 1984-1985 during a "minimum" phase of an 11-year solar activity cycle. A hierarchy of ten cholesterol biorhythms and solar activity rhythms were singled out on a computer, using an original algorithm, in the individual changes in cholesterol concentration in each rabbit and in changes in seven environmental indexes. A statistical stability of the frequency and phase of low-frequency cholesterol biorhythms and solar activity rhythms has been established within an 11-year period, the fluctuation amplitude of the indexes studied being, on the contrary, statistically unstable.     

Stardust component in tree rings

Tree-ring series collected from different parts of Arctic (Fennoscandia, Kola Peninsula and Northern Siberia) are investigated by means of the multi-taped method (MTM) of spectral analysis. Results of spectral analysis allow us to select the main periods of solar variability (22-, 30–33- and 80–90-year solar cycles) in Kola and Fennoscandia tree-ring chronologies. Besides it was found that only periodicities of around 20 years are present in Siberian and Stockholm series, respectively. With respect to 11-year periodicity, which is the most prominent one in sunspot number spectrum (Schwabe cycle) it may be said that it hardly appeared in Arctic tree-ring series. Although the 22-year cycles in climatic records are perceivable (it is also evident from our and other results), any physical mechanisms by which a reversal in the solar magnetic field could influence climate are still missing. To our mind, a potential cause of this phenomenon seems to be a variation of stardust flux inside the solar system. The most recent observations in frame of the DUST experiment on board the Ulysses spacecraft have shown that stardust level inside of the solar system was trebled during the recent solar maximum (Landgraf et al., 2003. Penetration of the heliosphere by the interstellar dust stream during solar maximum. Journal Geophysical Research 108, 8030). It is possible that the periodic increase of stardust in the solar system will influence the amount of extraterrestrial material that rains down to the Earth and consequently down to the Earth's atmosphere and may affect climate through alteration of atmospheric transparency and albedo.     

The influence of the de Vries (∼ 200-year) solar cycle on climate variations: Results from the Central Asian Mountains and their global link

Long-term climatic changes related to solar forcing were examined using millennium-scale palaeoclimatic reconstructions from the Central Asian mountain region, i.e. summer temperature records for the Tien Shan mountains and precipitation records for the Tibetan Plateau. The reconstructions were based on juniper tree-ring width records, i.e. Juniperus turkestanica for the Tien Shan and Sabina przewalskii for the Tibetan Plateau. The data were processed using spectral and wavelet analysis and filtered in the frequency range related to major solar activity periodicities. The results obtained for various tree-ring chronologies indicate palaeoclimatic oscillations in the range of the de Vries (～ 210-year) solar cycles through the last millennium.The quasi-200-year variations revealed in the palaeoclimatic reconstructions correlate well (R² = 0.58–0.94) with solar activity variations (Δ¹⁴C variations). The quasi-200-year climatic variations have also been detected in climate-linked processes in Asia, Europe, North and South America, Australia, and the Arctic and Antarctica. The results obtained point to a pronounced influence of solar activity on global climatic processes.Analysis has shown that climate response to the long-term global solar forcing has a regional character. An appreciable delay in the climate response to the solar signal can occur (up to 150 years). In addition, the sign of the climate response can differ from the solar signal sign. The climate response to long-term solar activity variations (from 10s to 1000s years) manifests itself in different climatic parameters, such as temperature, precipitation and atmospheric and oceanic circulation. The climate response to the de Vries cycle has been found to occur not only during the last millennia but also in earlier epochs, up to hundreds of millions years ago.     

Solar ultraviolet radiation affects the activity of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase-oxygenase and the composition of photosynthetic and xanthophyll cycle pigments in the intertidal green alga Ulva lactuca L

The effect of solar UV radiation on the physiology of the intertidal green macroalga Ulva lactuca L. was investigated. A natural Ulva community at the shore of Helgoland was covered with screening foils, excluding UV-B or UV-B + UV-A from the solar spectrum. In the sampled material, changes in the activity and concentration of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase-oxygenase (Rubisco), and the concentration of photosynthetic and xanthophyll cycle pigments were determined. Exclusion of UV radiation from the natural solar spectrum resulted in an elevated overall activity of Rubisco, related to an increase in its cellular concentration. Among the photosynthetic pigments, lutein concentration was substantially elevated under UV exclusion. In addition, marked UV effects on the xanthophyll cycle were found: exclusion of solar UV radiation (and particularly UV-B) resulted in an increased ratio of zeaxanthin concentration to the total xanthophyll content, indicating adverse effects of UV-B on the efficiency of photoprotection under high irradiances of photosynthetically active radiation. The results confirm a marked impact of present UV-B levels on macroalgal physiology under field conditions.     

Space proton flux and the temporal distribution of cardiovascular deaths

 The influence of solar activity (SA) and geomagnetic activity (GMA) on human homeostasis has long been investigated. The aim of the present study was to analyse the relationship between monthly proton flux (>90 MeV) and other SA and GMA parameters and between proton flux and temporal (monthly) distribution of total and cardiovascular-related deaths. The data from 180 months (1974–1989) of distribution in the Beilinson Campus of the Rabin Medical Centre, Israel, and of 108 months (1983–1991) from the Kaunas Medical Academy, were analysed and compared with SA, GMA and space proton flux (>90 MeV). It was concluded: (1) monthly levels of SA, GMA and radiowave propagation (Fof2) are significantly and adversely correlated with monthly space proton flux (>90 MeV); (2) medical-biological phenomena that increase during periods of low solar and/or geomagnetic activity may be stimulated by physical processes provoked by the concomitant increase in proton flux; (3) the monthly number of deaths related (positively or negatively) to SA are significantly and adversely related to the space proton flux (>90 MeV). Received: 14 January 1996 / Accepted: 14 October 1996