Comparative analysis of fish aggregation in channel depressions of the Irtysh

We present the results of ichthyological studies in principal channel depressions of the Irtysh developing the notions on polyfunctional biological role of these formations. The study is made by means of a computerized hydroacoustic complex “Askor”. Quantitative estimation of the size composition, abundance, density, and spatial distribution of fish on water area of channel depressions in different seasons confirms the hypothesis of multifaceted biological significance of these formations. Universal traits in the organization of fish aggregations, specificity of distribution, composition, and seasonal dynamics of the fish population on the largest channel depressions of the Irtysh are revealed.     

Memory and depressions

A hypothesis of depression development is put forward. It is suggested that depression develops as a result of the disorders of the normal mechanisms of learning and memory. To assess the hypothesis, a functional system of behavioral control with the key role of memory apparatus and its links with other units of the system is proposed. According to the behavioral control system, memory is organized and works as the integration of activity of sensory, motivational and emotional inputs. It was shown that disorders of each of these inputs make specific contribution into the origin and manifestations of depression and corresponding morphological, electrophysiological, trophic, neurochemical, molecular-genetic and other changes.     

Limpet home depressions in Cretaceous ammonites

Remarkable large pits were found on the shell surface of many ammonites from the Turonian-Maastrichtian sediments of Hokkaido, northern Japan, and Sakhalin, Russia. These pits are (1) round to elliptical in shape; (2) up to 20 mm (usually around 10 mm) in diameter; (3) shallow depressions to deep holes that almost penetrate the shell: (4) occasionally healed by a thin shell blister from inside the shell; (5) often overlapping one another; (6) several to more than 170 in number on one flank of the ammonites; (7) found on both flanks and predominantly on the body chamber and the final volution of the phragmocone; and (8) found only in the two families Pachydiscidae and Puzosiidae, predominantly of more than 300 mm in shell diameter. They can best be interpreted as the home depressions of patellogastropod limpets. The presence of pits on both flanks of the ammonites and those healed from inside the shell strongly suggest that the limpets were dwelling on mature swimming ammonites. Host specifity, their very small shell size compared with the host ammonites, and sparse Occurrence in sediments favor a mode of life as obligate pseudoplankton. We suggest that this remarkable limpet-ammonite association was well established in northwestern Pacific bioprovinces during the late Cretaceous. Taking this live association and the depth limit of algal growth as food for the limpets into consideration, the mature ammonites dwelled or periodically visited the upper layer of the euphotic zone, probably less than around 20 m in depth. *** Ammonite, limpet, home depression, life mode, pseudoplankton, Cretaceous.