鱼用核酸疫苗研究进展

近几十年,传染性疾病的暴发给世界鱼类与贝类养殖造成约10%的产量损失。防治寄生虫和传染性病原的化学药剂和抗生素的使用往往会导致药物残留和耐药性的产生,甚至污染水环境;对于病毒病目前尚无有效的防治药物,免疫接种是预防水产动物疾病发生的有效途径。       

单克隆抗体技术在水生动物病毒研究中的应用

单克隆抗体技术作为病毒病检测与防治的有力武器,在人类、畜牧兽禽等的病毒病控制与预防中发挥出日益显著的作用.从二十世纪八十年代中期Chinchar等研制蛙虹彩病毒(Frog virus 3, FV3)单抗开始[1],这一技术及其研究成果也运用于水生动物病毒学研究中.尤其是近年,人们对水产品蛋白质不断增长的需求,使水产养殖业呈现突飞猛进的发展势头,但普遍流行的水生动物病毒病已造成巨大经济损失.滥用药物不仅防治效果差,而且严重污染水体及生态系统.利用生物技术和环保方式对水生动物病毒病进行防治,就成为人们关注的热点.因此,单抗技术在水生动物病毒病研究中得到越来越广泛的运用,并有新的进展.本文就此作一综述.     

单克隆抗体技术在水生动物病毒研究中的应用

单克隆抗体技术作为病毒病检测与防治的有力武器,在人类、畜牧兽禽等的病毒病控制与预防中发挥出日益显著的作用。从二十世纪八十年代中期Chinchar等研制蛙虹彩病毒(Frog virus 3, FV3)单抗开始[1],这一技术及其研究成果也运用于水生动物病毒学研究中。尤其是近年,人们对水产品蛋白质不断增长的需求,使水产养殖业呈现突飞猛进的发展势头,但普遍流行的水生动物病毒病已造成巨大经济损失。滥用药物不仅防治效果差,而且严重污染水体及生态系统。利用生物技术和环保方式对水生动物病毒病进行防治,就成为人们关注的热点。因此,单抗技术在水生动…     

鲤春病毒血症病毒G蛋白的研究进展

鲤春病毒血症病毒(Spring viremia of carp virus,SVCV)是引起鱼类传染性病毒病鲤春病毒血症(Spring viremia of carp,SVC)的病原,对鲤科鱼类养殖业造成巨大的经济损失。囊膜糖蛋白G可介导病毒内吞,还是最主要的抗原决定簇蛋白,已成为国内外研究的热点。综述G蛋白在表达技术、病毒检测、疫苗研制等方面的研究状况,旨在为G蛋白的深入研究及鲤春病毒血症的防治提供参考。     

与朊毒体相关的鱼类朊蛋白研究概况

疯牛病(mad cow disease),即牛传染性海绵状脑病(bovine transmissible spongiform encephalopathy,BSE)的俗称,是一种慢性消耗性、致死性、中枢神经系统退行性疾病。疯牛病被认为与朊毒体(Prion)有关,朊毒体是由正常朊蛋白(Prion protein,或者PrPC)发生构象改变后形成的异常蛋白(PrPSc)。疯牛病的发生引起了世界各国政府和科学界的高度重视,PrP的起源及其功能研究已成为研究热点。鱼类PrP相关蛋白的研究正在展开中,由于鱼类PrP相关蛋白与朊蛋白的结构相似,鱼类感染TSE类似病存在理论上的风险。本文全面地综述了疯牛病的概况、朊毒体的特性、朊毒体与哺乳动物朊蛋白、鱼类PrP相关蛋白(PrP1、PrP2和PrP3)及鱼类其他PrP相关蛋白的研究情况,为国内水生动物PrP相关蛋白研究提供参考。     

鱼类病毒性神经坏死病研究进展

综述了鱼类病毒性神经坏死病的病原种类、危害性、防治方法以及神经坏死病毒的结构和理化特性等方面的研究进展。     

几种金鱼疾病的防治

本文就１９９０─１９９２年期间在本校饲养金鱼的传染性疾病和侵袭性疾病进行了观察与防治研究。结果表明，池塘总发病率为２３．３％。其中，侵袭性疾病为甚，占２１．１％。主要有车轮虫病、指环虫病、鱼鲺病等。而传染性疾病仅占２．２％，主要有白头白嘴病、白皮病等细菌病，流行不广，危害不大。疾病的流行期是６－１０月，尤以６、９、１０月为甚。在现有饲养条件下，鱼体消毒、饵料消毒、药物预防三方面等综合措施有利于疾病的控制。在药物防治方面还要注意适时性、针对性。     

鳜传染性脾肾坏死病毒研究进展

自1994年以来,鳜传染性脾肾坏死病毒病每年给我国鳜养殖业造成数亿元的经济损失,严重制约着鳜鱼养殖业的发展,目前已被列为国际兽医局(International Epizootic Office,OIE)申报疫病。其病原传染性脾肾坏死病毒因广泛的宿主范围和极高的致死率,越来越得到研究者的关注。本综述对近年来有关传染性脾肾坏死病毒的病原特性、功能基因、检测方法和疫苗研制等研究进行概述、归纳与简评,旨在为鳜传染性脾肾坏死病毒研究提供借鉴。     

大黄鱼虹彩病毒腺苷三磷酸酶(ATPase)基因的克隆与表达

虹彩病毒(iridovirus)是一类对鱼类、两栖类和爬行类水生动物具有广泛感染性的致病病原,由虹彩病毒所致疾病给世界水产养殖业造成了巨大的经济损失.近年来,许多国家相继报道了在患病鱼、蛙和龟等水生经济动物中分离到虹彩病毒[1-4].     

胭脂鱼弹状病毒对鲤科鱼类感染性的测定

已报道的鱼类弹状病毒有十几种1～4,包括胭脂鱼弹状病毒)Chinese Sucker Rhabdovirus,CSRV)、病毒性出血败血症病毒)Viral haemorrhagic septicemia virus,VHSV)、传染性造血器官坏死病病毒)Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus,IHNV)等。       

Viral infections of aquatic animals with special reference to Asian aquaculture

Worldwide, the number of communicable diseases of animals raised in aquaculture continue to increase. Viral infections of cultivated shellfish, crustacea, and finfish have been frequently recognized in the past few years. In the Asian regions, penaeid shrimp and several teleost fish underwent epizootics associated with heavy losses in aquaculture. Baculoviruses are particularly harmful to shrimp and prawns. Herpes-, irido-, reo-, or rhabdovirus-like agents can cause outbreaks in fish farms. Viral diseases are important limiting factors in the expansion of aquaculture. However, studies on viral infections of aquatic animals have been focused primarily on economically important farmed fish. Therfore, certain viral diseases of teleost fish are relatively well understood. In contrast, our knowledge of viral infections of farmed aquatic invertebrates is still very spare. Although a great number of viruses have been detected in farmed molluscs and crustaceans, the pathogenicity and epizootiology of most of the agents is not known.     

菱湖鱼病工作站: 现代科学改造中国传统养鱼业的序曲

1953年, 为帮助菱湖鱼农解决鱼病问题, 中国科学院水生生物研究所在浙江省吴兴县菱湖镇建立了中国第一个鱼病工作站。自1953年5月成立至1956年3月撤离菱湖的近3年间, 以倪达书为站长的菱湖鱼病工作站科研人员以四大家鱼为主要对象, 在菱湖及周边养鱼区开展了鱼病病原调查、防治试验和门诊, 在病原的分类鉴定和有效杀灭药物的筛选等方面取得了较大进展, 对十几种流行广、危害大的主要鱼病, 结合群众养鱼经验并通过试验研究, 找到了有一定疗效的药物和治疗方法, 总结出一套比较完整的防病养鱼措施并向全国推广, 改变了当地鱼农“鱼病不能治”的保守观念, 同时还为浙江省和全国各地鱼区培养了大批鱼病防治干部。菱湖鱼病工作站确立了中国鱼病防治的良好传统, 开创了中国的鱼病学科, 奠定了中国鱼病学基础, 并为国内培养了众多鱼病防治人才, 可谓现代科学改造中国传统养鱼业的序曲。     

Interactions between commensal bacteria and viral infection: insights for viral disease control in farmed animals

Viral diseases cause serious economic loss in farmed animals industry. However, the efficacy of remedies for viral infection in farmed animals is limited, and treatment strategies are generally lacking for aquatic animals. Interactions of commensal microbiota and viral infection have been studied in recent years, demonstrating a third player in the interaction between hosts and viruses. Here, we discuss recent developments in the research of interactions between commensal bacteria and viral infection,including both promotion and inhibition effect of commensal bacteria on viral pathogenesis, as well as the impact of viral infection on commensal microbiota. The antiviral effect of commensal bacteria is mostly achieved through priming or regulation of the host immune responses, involving differential microbial components and host signaling pathways, and gives rise to various antiviral probiotics. Moreover, we summarize studies related to the interaction between commensal bacteria and viral infection in farmed animals, including pigs, chickens, fish and invertebrate species. Further studies in this area will deepen our understanding of antiviral immunity of farmed animals in the context of commensal microbiota, and promote the development of novel strategies for treatment of viral diseases in farmed animals.     

Immunoprophylaxis in fish by injection of mouse antibody genes

Antibodies are a crucial part of the body's specific defense against infectious diseases and have considerable potential as therapeutic and prophylactic agents in humans and animals. The development of recombinant single-chain antibodies allows a genetic application strategy for prevention of infectious diseases. To test this in a fish model, a gene construct encoding a neutralizing single-chain antibody to the fish-pathogenic rhabdovirus VHSV (viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus) was administered to rainbow trout by intramuscular injection of plasmid DNA. Circulating recombinant antibodies could later be detected in the fish, and protective immunity to the viral disease was established.     

Surveillance of Fish Diseases in the Nordic Countries

Due to the increasing importance of disease problems in the fish farming industry and the impact disease may have on both feral and farmed fish in the Nordic countries, monitoring and surveillance on diseases have for many years been considered to be of socioeconomic importance. All the Nordic countries have a national legislation as basis for their surveillance and disease control in aquatic animals and regulations listing notifiable diseases of concern to the countries. The list of diseases vary between the countries. In addition, Denmark, Finland and Sweden are ruled by [3] as regards placing on the market of aquaculture animals and products. The surveillance for viral diseases in all the Nordic countries has mainly been based on the testing procedures given in the EU Commission [2].     

Detection and transmission of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus in rainbow trout.

Detection and transmission of Infectious Hematopoietic Necrosis Virus in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) was studied at a commercial trout hatchery. Transmission of virus was demonstrated via water, feed and contaminated eggs. If eggs from carrier females were incubated several weeks in virus-free water, the resulting fry did not become infected. However, if fry subsequently became infected they were lifetime carriers. Infectious virus was readily detectable in most tissues of moribund fish; in carriers it was detected in sex products of spawning fish, and in samples from the intestine of post-spawning fish, but not in samples from blood, feces, kidney, or liver. The carrier rate was not significantly different between sexes. It was concluded that adult carriers are the reservoir of infection and that transmission occurs primarily when carriers shed virus and expose susceptable fish or eggs.     

The challenges of implementing pathogen control strategies for fishes used in biomedical research

Over the past several decades, a number of fish species, including the zebrafish, medaka, and platyfish/swordtail, have become important models for human health and disease. Despite the increasing prevalence of these and other fish species in research, methods for health maintenance and the management of diseases in laboratory populations of these animals are underdeveloped. There is a growing realization that this trend must change, especially as the use of these species expands beyond developmental biology and more towards experimental applications where the presence of underlying disease may affect the physiology animals used in experiments and potentially compromise research results. Therefore, there is a critical need to develop, improve, and implement strategies for managing health and disease in aquatic research facilities. The purpose of this review is to report the proceedings of a workshop entitled "Animal Health and Disease Management in Research Animals" that was recently held at the 5th Aquatic Animal Models for Human Disease in September 2010 at Corvallis, Oregon to discuss the challenges involved with moving the field forward on this front.     

RNA干扰技术在水产动物抗病毒和抗寄生虫研究中的应用研究进展

RNA干扰(RNA interference,RNAi)是由双链RNA介导的,抑制目标基因的表达,沉默靶基因的一种转录后基因沉默机制,并且在真核生物中广泛存在。近年来随着水产养殖业的发展壮大,水产动物疾病频繁爆发,给养殖户带来巨大的经济损失。目前,病毒、寄生虫等病原引起的水产动物疾病的致病机制还有待深入研究。RNA干扰技术的出现为水产动物疾病致病机制的研究提供了强有力的工具。主要对RNA干扰的发现、作用机制以及在水产动物抗病毒和抗寄生虫研究中的应用作以综述,并对未来RNAi技术在水产动物疾病防治中的研究和应用进行了展望,旨为水产动物疾病控制提供参考。     

Global transboundry disease politics: the OIE perspective

Reviewed in this paper are the steps for listing or de-listing of an aquatic animal disease, the current list of OIE listed aquatic animal diseases, and the reporting requirements for listed diseases by member countries. The current OIE listed aquatic animal diseases includes two diseases of amphibians, nine of fish, seven of mollusks, and eight of crustaceans. Of interest is the difference in importance of the listed diseases in each of the four groups of aquatic animals. In mollusks, parasitic diseases dominate the list, while in fish and crustaceans virus diseases are dominant. Whether a listed disease is due to a virus, fungus, bacterium or a parasite, the occurrence of the disease may adversely affect international trade among trading partners that have, or do not have, the listed disease. By its very nature, the international trade in terrestrial animals and aquatic animals, and their products, is influenced by national and international politics. When the occurrence of an OIE listed or emerging disease becomes an issue between trading partners, trade restrictions may be put in place and disputes are often a consequence. The World Trade Organization named the OIE as the reference body for animal health as it relates to international trade. This action recognized the 88 year history of the work by the OIE in disease control, listing of diseases, the development of the terrestrial and aquatic codes and the diagnostic manuals, and the prompt notification of members by the OIE of the occurrence of listed diseases. The intent of the WTO with this action was likely to minimize disease related trade disputes brought before the WTO.     

Surveillance of Fish Diseases in the Nordic Countries

Due to the increasing importance of disease problems in the fish farming industry and the impact disease may have on both feral and farmed fish in the Nordic countries, monitoring and surveillance on diseases have for many years been considered to be of socioeconomic importance. All the Nordic countries have a national legislation as basis for their surveillance and disease control in aquatic animals and regulations listing notifiable diseases of concern to the countries. The list of diseases vary between the countries. In addition, Denmark, Finland and Sweden are ruled by [3] as regards placing on the market of aquaculture animals and products. The surveillance for viral diseases in all the Nordic countries has mainly been based on the testing procedures given in the EU Commission [2].