水稻CMS不育系细胞质遗传效应的研究进展

在三系杂交水稻生产中,不育系的细胞质对杂种一代的表现具有一定的效应。同一种不育细胞质对不同性状的效应是不同的;不同的不育细胞质对同一性状的效应也存在着差异;且对大多数性状表现为负向效应。可通过扩大不育细胞质源以选用优质细胞质或选用强优恢复系来减少或消除其负效应,培育同核异质的多胞质不育系来适应杂交水稻生产的需要。     

水稻CMS不育系细胞质遗传效应的研究进展

在三系杂交水稻生产中,不育系的细胞质对杂种一代的表现具有一定的效应。同一种不育细胞质对不同性状的效应是不同的;不同的不育细胞质对同一性状的效应也存在着差异;且对大多数性状表现为负向效应。可通过扩大不育细胞质源以选用优质细胞质或选用强优恢复系来减少或消除其负效应,培育同核异质的多胞质不育系来适应杂交水稻生产的需要。     

青花菜雄性不育系选育研究初报

以具有细胞质雄性不育基因的青花菜不育材料CMS94008为不育源,通过杂交和连续回交的方法选育出不育性稳定、经济性状良好的一批青花菜胞质雄性不育系,并以CMS92100、CMS93-2、CMS9905、CMS95234等不育材料及其转育父本为代表,对不育系的主要特征及农艺性状进行系统的观察鉴定。     

小麦的不同染色体组对G、S~v、D~2、M~u型细胞质“中国春”育性的影响

本文以Ｇ、Ｊｖ、Ｄ２、Ｍｕ型异细胞质“中国春”;小麦为母本与１１个不同染色体组类型小麦为父本进行杂交,观察当代的结实率,Ｆ１的育性与性状的变化、减数分裂行为,进一步探讨小麦的细胞质雄性不育与染色体组类型的关系。结果表明：当代结实率主要由父本染色体组类型决定,Ｆ１的育性表现十分复杂,同一父本与不同的异细胞质“中国春”杂交,有的表现可育,有的表现不育,细胞质有一定的影响。Ｆ１的性状,有的与细胞质类型有关,如熟期、雄蕊形态、生长期与抗病性等。选择适宜可获得有明显杂种优势的组合。有的细胞质类型可影响减数分裂行为使中期Ⅰ配对的染色体增加或减少,在四分期出现微核与异常四分孢子。     

芥菜型油菜细胞质雄性不育系WJS01A的比较鉴定北大核心CSCD

芥菜型油菜细胞质雄性不育(CMS)系WJS01A是一种稳定不育系,其败育彻底,不受环境条件的影响。该研究从形态、细胞特征、遗传和分子生物学等方面对WJS01A进行鉴定,以揭示其败育机制,为该不育系在油菜育种中的应用提供理论基础。结果表明:(1)不育系WJS01A的花序结构与正常芥菜型油菜差异不大,但在花蕾饱满度、花朵张开度及花瓣长度和宽度方面略低于正常的芥菜型油菜;它的雌蕊发育正常,但花药、花丝缩短,致使雄蕊高度显著低于柱头,花药白化无花粉产生。(2)将WJS01A衍生的甘蓝型油菜背景不育系WNJ01A以及Polima(Pol)、Ogura(Ogu)和Kosena(Kos)不育系分别与其恢复系或保持系测交,结果显示来源于WJS01A的不育类型与Pol、Ogu和Kos等材料的恢保关系明显不同,仅Hui01可以恢复WNJ01A的育性。(3)不育系WJS01A属于无花粉囊型不育,败育时期为花药原基到孢原细胞时期。(4)线粒体不育基因多重PCR可以明显区分WJS01A、WNJ01A与Pol、Ogu、Kos,但是目前的引物组合不能区分WJS01A与正常的芥菜型油菜。(5)线粒体基因组的限制性片段长度多态性(RFLP)分析表明,在所检测的8个探针/酶组合中均可以将不育系WJS01A与其他4种细胞质雄性不育系区分开,说明WJS01A是一种显著不同于Pol、Ogu和Kos等的细胞质雄性不育类型。WJS01A的利用可以丰富和拓宽当前油菜杂种优势利用的遗传基础,为缓解当前油菜杂种优势利用中不育胞质单一性问题提供新的种质。     

胞质雄性不育系冀2658A细胞质对陆地棉主要性状的影响

利用棉花(Gossypium hirsutum)雄性不育不仅可以培育优质的杂交种,还能提高棉花制种效率并降低制种成本。该研究以冀2658系及其同核异质不育系冀2658A为母本,以6个恢复系为父本配制12个杂交组合。利用F1代研究棉花细胞质对棉花农艺性状、抗病性、种子中粗脂肪和粗蛋白含量、纤维品质及产量性状的影响。结果表明,冀2658A的细胞质主要影响棉花杂交种F1代的产量相关性状、黄萎病抗性及棉籽粗脂肪含量等,表现为衣分显著降低(比对照组低1.61%),黄萎病抗性增强(黄萎病指数比对照组低18.29%),棉籽中的粗脂肪含量降低(比对照组低2.88%)。该研究初步探讨了胞质不育型细胞质对陆地棉主要性状的影响,为陆地棉胞质雄性不育系的利用提供了理论参考。     

来自密阳46的籼型新不育胞质H236A的育性鉴定和花粉粒败育形态观察

胞质雄性不育多样性是解决三系杂交稻品质、抗性和产量的主要措施。在以密阳46为母本的杂交后代中发现不育材料H236A,通过杂交和自交,确定其不育类型和不育度;通过碘染和徕卡荧光显微镜DM2500对成熟花粉粒观察,确定花粉粒育性、败育形态和时期。结果表明：H236A是胞质雄性不育,不育度达99.8%以上;花粉粒属典败型的达83.17%,圆败型占16.83%,没有染败型花粉粒,为单核期败育。花粉粒败育形态多种多样,有不规则形,梭形,圆形等。清晰观察到晚期小孢子细胞质定向移动形成细胞质桥现象。本文还讨论了成熟花粉粒败育时期和败育形态的划分。     

高粱七种胞质恢保体系的创新与利用

通过6年10代南北育种,对征集的1000份国内外种质资源、育种试材进行大量测交育性鉴定,建立了A1至A7七种胞质恢保体系,进一步拓展和丰富了高粱杂种优势利用的基因型范围,培育出A1至A7七种胞质雄性不育系30多个系列和新胞质杂交种.通过对A1、A2、A3、A5、A6型五种胞质不育的育性恢复基因的遗传机制的研究,找到了A1、A2、A5、A6胞质不育恢复基因的差异和有许多共同恢复系和保持系的原因.研究并分析了A3胞质不育杂交种F2分离比率和A3不育系育性恢复基因的遗传方式,发现了A3胞质不育系小花不败育,培育出矮秆、穗大粒多、配合力强、育性又非常稳定的一批A3型不育系.找到了优点多、实用价值大、长期科学实践中难恢复的不育系--A3不育系的恢复系,进一步配制出A3杂交种并转育了一大批A3恢复系后代材料.     

高粱七种胞质恢保体系的创新与利用

通过6年10代南北育种,对征集的1000份国内外种质资源、育种试材进行大量测交育性鉴定,建立了A1至A7七种胞质恢保体系,进一步拓展和丰富了高粱杂种优势利用的基因型范围,培育出A1至A7七种胞质雄性不育系30多个系列和新胞质杂交种。通过对A1、A2、A3、A5,A6型五种胞质不育的育性恢复基因的遗传机制的研究,找到了A1、A2、A5、A6胞质不育恢复基因的差异和有许多共同恢复系和保持系的原因。研究并分析了A3胞质不育杂交种F2分离比率和A3不育系育性恢复基因的遗传方式,发现了A3胞质不育系小花不败育,培育出矮秆、穗大粒多、配合力强、育性又非常稳定的一批A3型不育系。找到了优点多、实用价值大、长期科学实践中难恢复的不育系——A3不育系的恢复系,进一步配制出A3杂交种并转育了一大批A3恢复系后代材料。     

水稻7种不同细胞质源滇型不育系间恢保关系研究

本研究选用7种细胞质源不同的滇型不育系为母本,10个常用品种或品系为父本,得到70个杂交组合.通过分析70个杂交后代的花粉可育度和自然结实率可知,这7个细胞质源不同的滇型不育系之间的保持关系基本一致;5个滇一型恢复系对这7个不育系的恢复能力差异较大.鉴于7种不同细胞质源不育系的保持关系相同,使转育同核异质不育系成为可能,从而为实现滇型杂交水稻细胞质多样化提供了实验依据.     

小麦细胞质雄性不育与不同核基因组及其染色体的关系

本文用１７个中国春小麦的缺体四体、９种不同的核基因组小麦与Ｇ、Ｓ￣ｕ、Ｍ￣ｏ、Ｄ￣２型细胞质中国春小麦杂交,探讨这４种异细胞质中国春小麦的育性与不同染色体、核基因组的关系。实验结果表明,某些染色体对这４种细胞质或某一细胞质类型的育性有影响;某些核基因组对这４种细胞质或某一细胞质类型的育性有较大的影响。     

红菜薹新型细胞质雄性不育系的转育研究

以新型甘蓝型油菜（Brassica napus L.）细胞质雄性不育系（Eru CMS）为不育源,通过远缘杂交结合回交的方法,并运用组织培养、单株选择、异地加代种植的手段成功地将该不育基因转育到了红菜薹上。经检测所得的红菜薹（Brassica campestris L.ssp.chinensis L.var.utilis Tsen et Lee.）不育系苗期遇低温叶片不黄化,不育性稳定,蜜腺正常,不育度和不育株率均为100%。     

大白菜新型细胞质雄性不育系6w-9605A的育性鉴定和花药败育的细胞学观察

采用石蜡切片技术,研究了大白菜(Brassica campestris L.ssp.pekinensis)细胞质雄性不育系6w-9605A及其保持系6w-9605B的花药发育过程的细胞形态学特征,确定不育系花药败育时期及方式,并对不育系6w-9605A进行花器官观察和育性鉴定.结果表明:保持系6w-9605B花药发育正常;不育系6w-9605A花药发育受阻于孢原分化时期,占总败育花药的66.7％,不形成花粉囊和花粉粒,属于无花粉囊型败育;另外33.3％的败育花药可形成花粉囊,小孢子均受阻于单核靠边期或者二胞期,败育特点为绒毡层细胞异常肥大,挤压小孢子,导致小孢子和绒毡层解体;6w-9605A的不育性稳定、彻底,不育株率和不育度均为100％.     

Alloplasmic male sterile Brassica napus with Enarthrocarpus lyratus cytoplasm: introgression and molecular mapping of an E. lyratus chromosome segment carrying a fertility restoring gene.

A cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) system for Brassica napus (2n = 38; AACC) was developed by backcross substitution of its nucleus into the cytoplasm of a wild crucifer, Enarthrocarpus lyratus. Male sterility was complete, stable, and expressed in small flowers with rudimentary anthers. Since the B. napus germplasm lines were complete or partial maintainers of male sterility, the required fertility restorer gene (Rfl) was introgressed from the cytoplasm donor species. Inheritance studies carried out on F1 and F2 populations derived from hybridizing cytoplasmic male sterile and male fertile near-isogenic (PNILs) lines of B. napus 'Westar', revealed a monogenic dominant control for fertility restoration. Bulked segregant analysis with 215 RAPD primers helped in the identification of putative primers associated with fertility restoration. Co-segregation analysis of eight such primers with Rfl gene revealed two markers, OPK 15700 and OPZ 061300, which flank the Rfl locus on either side at a distance of 8.2 and 2.5 cM, respectively. These DNA markers will be useful in marker-assisted selection for improving the commercial potential of this newly developed CMS-fertility-restorer system for hybrid seed production programs in rapeseed.     

作物雄性不育性在育种中的应用概评

概述总结了作物雄性不育性的类别与遗传特点。雄性不育性的遗传机理涉及细胞质遗传的现象,目前已初步探明玉米C群不育系的胞质基因可能是atp6-c,芝麻不育胞质基因拟为atpA。雄性不育化杂交种在实践中主要应用于玉米、水稻和蔬菜中。尽管现有近交理论、DNA甲基化效用、水稻胞质与核不育系遗传等理论提出,雄性不育化育种的基本理论尚需进一步探讨。在雄性不育化育种技术上,要逐步解决难点作物,如小麦、荞麦、菜豆等的不育化育种问题。     

Identification of a Sterility-Inducing Cytoplasm in a Fertile Accession Line of Phaseolus Vulgaris L

Previous investigations into the genetic mechanism of fertility restoration in cytoplasmic male sterile Phaseolus vulgaris suggested that this is a particularly interesting system for the study of nuclear-mitochondrial interactions. This study was conducted to investigate the nature of nuclear-mitochondrial compatibility in fertile accession line G08063, the reported progenitor to the cytoplasmic male sterile line. Results from genetic analysis indicated that fertile line G08063 carried a sterility-inducing cytoplasm with a fertility restoring nuclear genotype. Mitochondrial DNA analysis indicated that the mechanism of fertility restoration by line G08063 was different from that conditioned by Fr, a previously described restorer gene. A mitochondrial DNA sequence associated with sterility and lost upon fertility restoration by nuclear gene Fr was present in the mitochondrial genome of fertile line G08063; this sequence was not carried within the mitochondrial genome of any other P. vulgaris accession line tested.     

Development of Anther- defective Cytoplasmic Male Sterile Line from Interspecific Hybridization Between Dongxiang Wild Rice and Cultivated Rice and Preliminary Observations on Its Derivatives

Exploring novel source of cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) is essential to stablize the productivity of hybrid rice. Dongxiang wild rice ( Oryza rufipogon Griff. ) has been recorded as the northest distributed wild rice in China that is resistant to several biotic or abiotic stresses. A male sterile line M01A defective of anther was identified in the F3 population from an interspecific cross between Dongxiang wild rice and cultivated rice ( Oryza sativa L. ssp. indica ). Crosses and successive backcrosses were made between M01A and a variety of breeding materials and 19 progeny families were obtained. Among the families, some were defective of anthers, and some have twisted and degenerated anthers without microsporogenesis or with a few typical aborted pollen. These resuits implicate that the male sterility of M01A was genetically regulated by the interaction between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. Only one cross produced male-fertile hybrid in which the paternal parent contains a part of the genome of Dongxiang wild rice, which implies that Dongxiang wild rice itself could be the source of the fertility restorer to M01A.     

Pollen Fertility Restoration by Nuclear Gene Fr in Cms Bean: Nuclear-Directed Alteration of a Mitochondrial Population

Two nuclear genes, Fr and Fr2, have been identified that restore pollen fertility to cytoplasmic male sterile (CMS) common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) by apparently distinct mechanisms. Whereas Fr2 appears to suppress the expression of a male sterility associated mitochondrial sequence (designated pvs), Fr restores pollen fertility by causing the elimination of this unusual mitochondrial DNA segment. To further investigate the mechanism of Fr action, Fr and Fr2 were cointroduced into the nucleus of a bean line containing the sterility inducing cytoplasm. When the effect of pvs was suppressed by Fr2, the presence of Fr no longer directed the elimination of the mitochondrial pvs sequence. This result suggests that the Fr function is dependent on proper expression of the pvs sequence. To evaluate the temporal and spatial patterns of Fr action, we undertook a polymerase chain reaction-based approach to trace the fate of the pvs sequence in different tissues of F(2) and F(3) fertile-restored plants derived from a genetic cross between a cytoplasmic male sterile line of common bean, CMS-Sprite (frfr), and fertility restorer line R351 (FrFr). We demonstrate that the Fr-directed disappearance of pvs sequence occurs during flower development. Elimination of the pvs sequence from developing megaspores results in permanent fertility restoration in the following generations. Genetic analysis demonstrated that permanent fertility restoration, that is, the complete elimination of pvs from reproductive tissues requires two doses of the Fr allele or the absence of fr in F(2) individuals. The effect of Fr was reversible until full fertility was achieved. On the basis of these results, we propose a model for the mechanism of pvs elimination by the Fr gene and discuss the dynamics of pvs-containing mitochondrial transmission in the presence of the Fr gene.