大豆对斜纹夜蛾幼虫抗性遗传的发展表达过程

采用植物数量性状遗传体系分离分析方法,通过4个感抗杂交组合研究了在网室人工接入斜纹夜蛾幼虫的条件下大豆抗斜纹夜蛾植株反应发育过程的遗传。不论P1、P2、F1、F2、F2：3多世代联合分析或单个分离世代分析,结果均表明大豆对斜纹夜蛾幼虫的抗性为两对主基因 多基因遗传模式。但在大豆生长发育的不同时期,随害虫数量的变化,其抗虫性遗传呈动态变化过程。在两对主基因充分表达日期,主基因的遗传率较高,达70.40%-99.21%,环境影响较小;多基因遗遗传率较低,为0.00%-22.29%。     

杀虫剂对小菜蛾、甜菜夜蛾、斜纹夜蛾的毒力研究

室内浸叶法试验表明,三种害虫中斜纹夜蛾、小菜蛾对供试杀虫剂的敏感程度一般比甜菜夜蛾高。灭虫灵对小菜蛾有很高的潜力,LC50为0．09mg/L,甜菜夜蛾、斜纹夜蛾对灭虫灵敏度程度较低,LC50在150mg/L左右。除尽对甜菜夜蛾,毒死蜱对斜纹夜蛾毒力最高,LC50分别为1．48mg/L和0．49mg/L,除尽、锐劲特、抑太保对小菜蛾、甜菜夜蛾、斜纹夜蛾都具有很高的毒力,可作为兼治这三种害虫的首选品种。     

斜纹夜蛾NPV对取食不同蔬菜的斜纹夜蛾幼虫的毒力差异

采用生物测定法,比较了斜纹夜蛾ＮＰＶ对取食芋叶等７科８种蔬菜的斜纹夜蛾幼虫的毒力反应差异性。结果表明ＮＰＶ对取食番茄叶的幼虫毒力最高,比取食芋叶的毒力高６．８２倍;但再经菜心饲养一代后,ＮＰＶ的毒力差异消失。     

广藿香酮对斜纹夜蛾的拒食作用研究

广藿香酮Pogostone,是一种新型的、被认为具有应用潜力的植物源杀虫活性物质。为探明广藿香酮的杀虫活性,本试验以斜纹夜蛾Spodoptera litura作为试虫,采用选择性和非选择性拒食活性测定法,在室内分别测定了不同浓度的广藿香酮对斜纹夜蛾的拒食活性以及广藿香酮对不同龄期的斜纹夜蛾的拒食作用,研究结果表明,1 mg/mL、2 mg/mL、4 mg/mL、8 mg/mL、10 mg/mL的浓度下,广藿香酮对三龄斜纹夜蛾幼虫的选择性拒食率分别为56.5%、62.24%、80.01%、82.40%、90.03%;非选择性拒食率分别为62.48%、71.78%、84.15%、86.35%、92.71%。浓度为4 mg/mL的广藿香酮对2龄、3龄、4龄、5龄斜纹夜蛾幼虫的选择性拒食率分别为78.56%、80.25%、66.80%、40.35%;非选择性拒食活性分别为78.21%、83.02%、77.36%、40.24%。可见,浓度为4 mg/mL的广藿香酮对三龄斜纹夜蛾的拒食效果较好。     

芋对斜纹夜蛾的诱集作用

用 4个芋头品种在菜田进行斜纹夜蛾 (SpodopteralituraFabricius.)诱集试验 ,结果表明 ,香梗芋和槟榔芋诱集虫卵、幼虫效果最好 ,其它芋品种亦有一定的诱集效果 ;芋头与其它蔬菜种植面积比例为 1∶9、1∶3和 1∶1时 ,以 1∶9的综合防治效果最佳。     

斜纹夜蛾药剂防治综合决策的研究

根据不同药剂对斜纹夜蛾的防治效果、防治工本费、对天敌的影响、防治后挽回的产量损失等资料,以净收益最大作为最优防治目标,运用优化理论和多目标决策方法,对11种药剂防治措施进行了综合分析。结果表明,在11种药剂防治措施中,以每667m^2施1．8％阿维菌素乳油16．7ml最优,其次是1．8％阿维菌素乳油25ml,20％氰戊菊酯乳油25ml,2．5％功夫乳油16．7ml,2．5％功夫乳油25ml,20％氰戊菊酯乳油50ml,4．5％高效氯氰菊酯乳油50ml,4．5％高效氯氰菊酯乳油25ml,50％辛硫磷乳油50ml,10％除尽悬浮剂16．7ml,10％除尽悬浮剂25ml,为合理地选择农药和用量提供了科学依据。     

OB增效剂对斜纹夜蛾核多角体病毒的增效作用

本文以OB作为斜纹夜蛾核多角体病毒（Spodoptera litura nucleopolyhedrovirus,SpltNPV）的增效剂,对斜纹夜蛾Spodoptera litura幼虫进行生物测定,结果表明,在0．25％-1．00％的浓度范围内,随着OB增效剂浓度的提高,其对斜纹夜蛾核多角体病毒的增效作用也随着提高,最高增效倍数达85．1倍;在2～4龄幼虫范围内,随着虫龄的增大,OB增效剂对斜纹夜蛾核多角体病毒的增效作用也增加;而随着温度的升高,增效剂的增效作用无显著提高。     

杀菌剂对斜纹夜蛾SL细胞系和幼虫的生物活性

以MTT法筛选了19种杀菌剂对斜纹夜蛾Spodoptera litura SL细胞的毒杀活性,并以该方法研究了三唑类杀菌剂对SL细胞的毒力。结果表明: 福美双、烯唑醇、己唑醇、氟硅唑、苯霜灵、苯醚甲环唑、戊唑醇和腈菌唑等杀菌剂对SL细胞具有优异的毒杀活性。三唑类杀菌剂腈菌唑、烯唑醇、己唑醇和戊唑醇处理SL细胞48 h后,LC₅₀值分别为21.94 μg/mL、 23.80 μg/mL、 33.16 μg/mL和47.63 μg/mL。以考马斯亮蓝G₂₅₀法研究了腈菌唑对SL细胞中蛋白质含量和乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)漏出率的影响, 20 μg/mL腈菌唑处理12 h、24 h、48 h和72 h后,SL细胞中蛋白质含量分别降低8.55%、25.95%、42.95%和67.05%;处理24 h和48 h后,SL细胞的LDH漏出率分别为30.66%和32.05%。以浸叶喂食法处理斜纹夜蛾3龄幼虫,三唑类杀菌剂可显著抑制试虫体重增长。以0.5 μg/头、 1.0 μg/头和2.0 μg/头剂量的腈菌唑注射处理72 h后,斜纹夜蛾4龄幼虫血细胞数量分别降低12.31%、 25.96%和25.73%;腈菌唑注射处理48 h和72 h后,对斜纹夜蛾幼虫的LD₅₀值分别为1.59 μg/头和1.53 μg/头。结果显示以离体培养细胞为对象,从现有杀菌剂中寻找新的杀虫剂先导化合物具有良好的研究潜力。     

50种热带地区植物对斜纹夜蛾的拒食活性

在室内测定了采自海南儋州两院本部及昌江霸王岭的26科50种热带地区植物56个样品的乙醇提取物对斜纹夜蛾四龄幼虫的拒食活性,结果表明：假药(根)、肉桂(叶)、密脉崖鹿角藤(叶)、牛筋果(叶)、鸦胆子(枝叶)、过江龙(枝叶)、牛心番荔枝(叶)等具有较高的拒食活性,其拒食率分别为92．50％、76．25％,、73．95％、57．50％、56．85％、56．58％、和50．42％。此结果为进一步从这些热带植物中提取、分离和纯化高活性的拒食作用活性成分奠定了基础。     

"安打"对小菜蛾、斜纹夜蛾的毒力及药效试验

“安打”是美国杜邦化学有限公司 ,近年来研制开发出的一种新型杀虫剂 ,2 0 0 1年来陆续进入浙江市场 ,据有关资料 ,该药和目前生产上常用农药的杀虫机理不同、杀虫谱广、药效高、毒性低。为了明确该药在蔬菜生产上的应用前景 ,作者以蔬菜上两大害虫小菜蛾 Plutella xy-lostella ( L )和斜纹夜蛾 Spodoptera litura ( Fabricius)为对象 ,进行了室内毒力测定及田间药效试验 ,现将结果报告如下 :1　材料与方法1 .1　供试药剂1 5.0 %安打 SC(美国杜邦化学有限公司生产 ) ;1 .0 %虫螨光 EC(德清拜克化学有限公司生产 ) ;1 0 .0 %除尽 SC(美…     

Resistance in hybrid derivatives of Lycopersicon accessions against leaf caterpillar, Spodoptera litura Fab.

Four tomato accessions, namely Ac 238, Roma, Seijima Jeisei and Varushanadu Local selected from preliminary screening of 321 accessions and their hybrid derivatives, namely HY₁F₁ (Varushanadu Local × Ac 238), HY₂F₁ (Varushanadu Local × Roma), HY₃F₁ (Ac 238 × Roma) (first generation), HY₁F₂, HY₂F₂ and HY₃F₂ (second generation) were evaluated for their resistance in comparison with a susceptible check, 1979 against the leaf caterpillar, Spodoptera litura Fab. both under field and laboratory conditions at Annamalainagar, Tamil Nadu, India. In the field evaluation, accession Seijima Jeisei and hybrid HY3F1 recorded the minimum larval population. In glasshouse and laboratory studies, Seijima Jeisei was the least preferred by S. litura for both feeding and oviposition. The hybrid HY₃F₁ exerted pronounced antibiosis effect on S. litura. Among the various biophysical and biochemical bases of resistance, contents of reducing sugar and phenol were found negatively correlated with S. litura larval feeding. Among the hybrids, HY₃F₁ and HY3F2 and the parent Seijima Jeisei recorded higher fruit yield per plant in both seasons. Considerable variation in the resistance traits of the hybrids was observed when compared with the parents.     

斜纹夜蛾（Spodoptera litura）的胚胎发育

本文利用实验胚胎学方法详细研究了斜纹夜蛾胚胎发育的全过程。结果表明：在２４±１℃的恒温条件下,仅需８７小时即可孵化出幼虫,同时证明了马氏管起源于外胚层。     

UVA对斜纹夜蛾SL细胞损伤研究

目的:研究了不同剂量长波紫外光(UVA)对斜纹夜蛾细胞(Spodoptera litura,SL)活力的影响及其机理。方法:四唑盐比色实验(MTT)法测定UVA对离体培养的SL细胞的细胞毒力;流式细胞术(FCM)检测UVA处理后SL细胞内活性氧水平(ROS)和线粒体膜电位变化;1%琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测UVA处理后SL细胞DNA损伤情况。结果:48 KJ/m2剂量UVA处理细胞后,细胞增殖抑制率明显上升,且增殖抑制率与UVA剂量呈正相关。12 KJ/m2UVA处理后2 h细胞内ROS水平显著升高,且与UVA剂量呈正相关。与2 h相比,相同剂量UVA处理后24 h和48 h的ROS水平有所降低。在144 KJ/m2剂量UVA处理下,细胞线粒体膜电位呈降低-恢复-再降低趋势。DNA琼脂糖凝胶电泳表明,不超过144 KJ/m2剂量UVA对细胞DNA不出现细胞凋亡典型症状的DNA ladder。结论:24 KJ/m2UVA是进行SL细胞光活化研究的最佳实验剂量。     

Resistance to selected organochlorin, organophosphate, carbamate and pyrethroid, in Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) from Pakistan

The toxicity of the most commonly used insecticides of organochlorine, organophosphate, pyrethroid, and carbamate groups were investigated against Spodoptera litura (F.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) populations collected for three consecutive years (2004-2006). For a chlorocyclodiene and pyrethroids tested, the resistance ratios compared with Lab-PK were in the range of 10- to 92-fold for endosulfan, 5- to 111-fold for cypermethrin, 2- to 98-fold for deltamethrin, and 7- to 86-fold for beta-cyfluthrin. For organophosphates and carbamates, resistance ratios were in the range of 3- to 169-fold for profenofos, 18- to 421-fold for chlorpyrifos, 3- to 160-fold for quinalphos, 6- to 126-fold for phoxim, 7- to 463-fold for triazophos, and 10- to 389-fold for methomyl and 16- to 200-fold for thiodicarb. Resistance ratios were generally low to medium for deltamethrin and beta-cyfluthrin and high to very high for endosulfan, cypermethrin, profenofos, chlorpyrifos, quinalphos, phoxim, triazophos, methomyl, or thiodicarb. Pairwise comparisons of the log LC50 values of insecticides tested for all the populations showed correlations among several insecticides, suggesting a cross-resistance mechanism. Integration of timely judgment of pest problem, delimiting growing of alternate crops such as arum, rotation of insecticides with new chemicals, and insect growth regulators in relation to integrated pest management could help in manageable control of this important pest.     

Interaction of Xestia c-nigrum granulovirus with peritrophic matrix and Spodoptera litura nucleopolyhedrovirus in Spodoptera litura

Xestia c-nigrum granulovirus (XcGV) was tested for its ability to increase Spodoptera litura nucleopolyhedrovirus (SINPV) infection in larvae of S. litura (F.). The interaction of XcGV with peritrophic matrix and SINPV in S. litura also was studied to account for the synergism. In dose-response bioassays with a constant XcGV concentration of 5-mg/ ml capsules and SINPV concentration that varied from 10(3) to 10(7) polyhedral inclusion bodies (PIB) per larva, XcGV increased the virulence of SINPV infection in fifth instars of S. litura. The lethal concentration of 50% individuals (LC50) of SINPV combined with XcGV was 3.35 x 10(5)PIB/ml, which was significantly lower than that of SINPV alone (2.17 x 10(6)). Compared with 10(7) PIB/ml SINPV alone, the lethal time of 50% individuals (LT50) of 10(7) PIB/ml SINPV combined with XcGV was not significantly shortened. In addition, no significant improvement in the activity and killing speed of SINPV progeny was noted after propagation with XcGV, indicating that native characters of SINPV associated with viral potency were not altered by XcGV. Investigation via environmental scanning electronic microscopy showed that the peritrophic matrix (PM) of S. litura exposed to XcGV or XcGV enhancin, or the combination treatment, was markedly disrupted. The outer surface of the PM was loose, or ruptured, which potentially facilitated the passage of virions through the PM. Therefore, it is reasonable to conclude that the synergy between XcGV and SINPV was closely associated with the disruption of the PM in S. litura.     

Desensitization of fifth instar Spodoptera litura to azadirachtin and neem

The deterrence of azadirachtin, in its pure form and as a constituent of neem seed extract, to fifth instar Spodoptera litura (Fab.) larvae, was measured using cabbage, Brassica oleraceae (L.) var. capitata, leaf disc assays. Paired-choice assays, in which larvae could choose between feeding on a treated (1.3 ng azadirachtin per square cm leaf area) or an untreated leaf disc for 2 h, were conducted at 24 h intervals throughout the fifth instar. In addition, no-choice assays, in which larvae could feed on only one leaf disc (10 ng azadirachtin per square cm leaf area) for 1.5 h, were conducted consecutively over a six hour period at the beginning of the fifth instar. The effects of hunger and habituation on desensitization in our no-choice tests were partitioned. After repeated exposures, larvae became desensitized to pure azadirachtinal in both choice and no-choice tests, but did not desensitize to neem containing the same absolute amount of azadirachtin in choice tests. Hunger was responsible for approximately one third of the desensitization response in the no-choice tests. Sensitivity to azadirachtin was independent of age within the fifth instar.     

斜纹夜蛾种群控制的研究概况

斜纹夜蛾Spodoptera litura(Fabricius)是重要的农业害虫之一。为了控制斜纹夜蛾,使农作物免受危害,前人研究了化学防治、杀虫灯和性诱捕器诱杀、植物诱集和驱避、转基因抗虫品种以及生物防治对其种群控制作用。化学防治在压制斜纹夜蛾种群暴发、减轻农作物遭受损失方面作出了巨大贡献,但日益增强的抗药性、农药残留造成的环境污染、对天敌的杀伤和人畜安全的影响等问题不断受到关注,人们开始对该害虫的一些新的治理策略进行了探讨。在这些无公害的控制技术中,植物诱集和生物防治是2种值得提倡的有效措施。不少植物源提取物和昆虫生长调节剂对斜纹夜蛾幼虫具有极好的效果,是值得研发的2种新型生物制剂。香芋和蓖麻等诱集作物对斜纹夜蛾有较好的诱集效果,如果能将作物诱集和释放天敌昆虫或病原微生物制剂结合,使之成为一套有效的生态控制体系,将可现实斜纹夜蛾种群的持续控制。     

Two new isolates of Bacillus thuringiensis pathogenic to Spodoptera litura

Both the standard Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki (HD-1) and the formulated commercial product resulted from this strain have shown limited pathogenicity against the tobacco cutworm (Spodoptera litura). However, two new isolates of Bacillus thuringiensis (K-2074 and K-2178) isolated from Taiwan have been identified through an active screening program to be highly pathogenic against the tobacco cutworm. In this paper, we present results of characterization and the pathogenicity of these two new isolates.     

斜纹夜蛾天敌作用的评价

通过组建斜纹夜蛾第4代和第8代自然种群生命表,运用排除作用控制指数分析了生物因子对斜纹夜蛾种群的自然控制作用。结果表明,低龄(1～3龄)幼虫的捕食性天敌是影响斜纹夜蛾种群数量动态的重要因子。对第4代和第8代种群的排除作用控制指数分别为13.904和12.946.如果没有捕食性天敌的作用,下代种群数量将分别增长到当代的15.1206和74.678倍。病原微生物是影响第4代斜纹夜蛾种群数量的另一重要因子,其排除作用控制指数为2.4726.     

Herbivore- and Elicitor- Induced Resistance in Groundnut to Asian armyworm,Spodoptera litura (Fab.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Induced defense was studied in three groundnut genotypes ICGV 86699 (resistant), NCAc 343 (resistant) and TMV 2 (susceptible) in response to Spodoptera litura infestation and jasmonic acid (JA) application. The activity of the oxidative enzymes [peroxidase (POD) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO)] and the amounts other host plant defense components [total phenols, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), malondialdehyde (MDA), and protein content] were recorded at 24, 48, 72 and 96 h in JA pretreated (one day before) plants and infested with S. litura, and JA application and simultaneous infestation with S. litura to understand the defense response of groundnut genotypes against S. litura damage. Data on plant damage, larval survival and larval weights were also recorded. There was a rapid increase in the activities of POD and PPO and in the quantities of total phenols, H2O2, MDA and protein content in the JA pretreated + S. litura infested plants. All the three genotypes showed quick response to JA application and S. litura infestation by increasing the defensive compounds. Among all the genotypes, higher induction was recorded in ICGV 86699 in most of the parameters. Reduced plant damage, low larval survival and larval weights were observed in JA pretreated plants. It suggests that pretreatment with elicitors, such as JA could provide more opportunity for plant defense against herbivores.