慢性乙型肝炎病毒耐药突变体研究

在治疗慢性乙型肝炎的核苷类似物的用药过程中,筛选耐药突变体.选定1名从未接受抗病毒治疗慢性乙型肝炎患者,用抗病毒核酸类药物治疗,不同治疗时期提取血清HBV DNA,用引物P1(5′-AAGGG-TATCTTGCCCGTTTGTCGTA-3′)和P2(5′-AAGCAGGATAGCCACAGA-3′)为第1轮,P3(5′-AAGGCACTTGTAT-TCCCATCCGAG-3′)和P4(5′-AAGGTCTATTTACAGGGGA-3′)为第2轮引物扩增筛选耐药突变体.在18周和22周分别检测到突变体LMV rtH69T(YMDDlocus)和LMV rtT184T(YMDDlocus)、LMV rtM204I(YMDDlocus).在60周和70周分别检测到ADV T213S、ADV T222A、ADV K212T和ADV S196L、ADV S242H,其中ADV S196L和ADV S242H 2种突变体是首次检测到.HBV核苷酸类似物耐药突变体筛选,对研究HBV耐药的分子机制有帮助.     

TTF-1相关蛋白26磷酸化位点突变体的构建

目的制备TTF-1相关蛋白26（TAP26）的3个磷酸化位点（S48,S66和T219）的突变体（TAP26（S48→A48）、TAP26（S66→A66）和TAP26（T219→V219））。方法采用定点诱变PCR技术,分别突变掉TAP26的3个磷酸化位点（S48,S66和T219）,并获得TAP26的3个相应突变体。结果DNA序列分析结果显示TAP26的3个突变体序列正确。结论通过定点诱变PCR技术,成功构建了TAP26的3个突变体。     

色氨酸残基在碳-碳水解酶催化中的关键作用

碳-碳水解酶（C-C水解酶）作为α/β水解酶超家族中的一员,负责催化环裂产物C-C键的断裂,该反应是细菌降解芳香族化合物途径中的关键步骤. 为了解水解酶的催化特性,本文对该酶部分氨基酸进行了定点突变,并对突变体的动力学参数,化学修饰剂对突变体活性的影响以及突变体的二级结构进行了测定.各突变体的动力学参数特征为：突变体S110A,H265A和D237A的催化效率为野生型的1/104~1/103;突变体W85A和W219A催化效率分别为野生型的5/18和1/3,而同为色氨酸的突变体,W266A的催化效率只有野生型的1/104. 化学修饰剂对突变体S110A,H265A,D237A和W266A的酶活性几乎没有影响;而对突变体W85A和W219A却有较大的影响,修饰后,其相对活性仅为对照的10%~30%. 突变体的圆二色谱（CD谱）分析表明,与野生型相比,突变体的二级结构没有发生改变. 证明了Ser110,Asp237,His265是2-羟基-6-氧-6-苯基己-2,4-二烯酸水解酶（HOPDA hydrolase, HOPDA水解酶）催化反应所必需的氨基酸,并提出了Trp266在催化反应中也同样起到了非常关键的作用.     

雌激素受体α磷酸化位点突变体T224A和S559A的构建及其转录激活活性检测

目的:构建雌激素受体α(ERα)T224A和S559A磷酸化位点突变体载体,在HEK293T细胞中检测其表达及突变体生物活性的改变。方法:以pc DNA3-Flag-ERα为模板,通过重组PCR技术扩增目的基因片段并突变碱基,插入pc DNA3-Flag载体;将构建的质粒转染HEK293T细胞进行瞬时表达,通过Western印迹检测融合蛋白的表达,采用萤光素酶报告基因方法检测ERα突变体的活性改变。结果:T224A和S559A磷酸化位点突变体在HEK293T细胞中得到表达,相对分子质量为66×103。在无雌激素(E2)时,野生型ERα及T224A和S559A突变体的转录活性分别为空载体的1.94、1.49和1.84倍;在雌激素存在时,野生型ERα活性增强了1.57倍,T224A和S559A突变体活性分别增强了0.54和0.61倍。结论:224位Thr磷酸化修饰对ERα的活性起重要作用,且2个磷酸化位点突变体受雌激素调控减弱。     

定向进化改造酪氨酸解氨酶提高大肠杆菌合成对香豆酸产量

对香豆酸是一种具有多种药理活性的天然酚类化合物,也是多种天然药用产物生物合成的前体物质,广泛应用于食品、化妆品、医药等领域。通过微生物合成对香豆酸相对于化学合成和植物提取工艺具有节能减排等优势。但是,目前微生物合成对香豆酸产量较低,难以满足大规模工业发酵生产的要求。为了进一步提高对香豆酸产量,对粘红酵母酪氨酸解氨酶 (Tyrosine ammonia-lyase,TAL) 进行定向进化改造,利用高通量筛选方法从随机突变体文库中筛选TAL催化活性提高的突变体。通过初筛和复筛两轮筛选,从大约10 000个突变体中获得1个TAL催化活性提高1倍的突变体。该突变体包含3个氨基酸突变位点,分别为S9Y、A11N、E518A。进一步通过单点氨基酸饱和突变验证,当S9位点突变为Y、I、N和A11位点突变为N、T、Y时,TAL的催化活性提高1倍以上。通过对S9和A11位点3种类型突变进行组合突变验证,S9Y/A11N和S9N/A11Y突变体的TAL催化活力显著高于其他组合。将S9N/A11Y突变体质粒转入酪氨酸高产菌株CP032。通过摇瓶发酵,该菌株在48 h时的对香豆酸产量达到394.2 mg/L,比对照菌提高2.2倍。本研究工作对促进微生物合成对香豆酸的代谢工程研究具有一定的参考价值。     

拟南芥高亲和性K~+转运蛋白AtHAK5功能位点的鉴定

AtHAK5是拟南芥高亲和性钾转运体,其基因表达受低钾条件强烈诱导,编码蛋白在低钾条件下可以整合到质膜.生物信息学分析发现其氨基酸序列含有多处潜在的磷酸化位点.本研究假设这些位点对于AtHAK5的功能至关重要,为探讨AtHAK5的功能位点,分别将AtHAK5 cDNA和带有13种不同点突变位点的AtHAK5转化到athak5突变体中,获得14种稳定表达的转基因植株.利用athak5突变体根对Cs敏感的表型,最终确定T549A和T666A为非核心磷酸化位点.如下11个位点为AtHAK5功能必需位点:F85L,T86A,T311A,T359A,P551S,D552N,S603A,S604A,K668E,S698A和V713L.     

定点突变提高醇脱氢酶LkTADH催化制备他汀关键手性砌块的酶活

(S)-6-氯-3-羰基-5-羟基己酸叔丁酯[(S)-CHOH]是他汀类药物合成的关键手性中间体。利用醇脱氢酶催化6-氯-3,5-二羰基己酸叔丁酯不对称合成(S)-CHOH是很有潜力的制备路线,目前存在的主要问题是醇脱氢酶催化活性较低。首先对来源于Lactobacillus kefir DSM 20587的醇脱氢酶的四点突变体LkTADH(A94T/F147L/A202L/L199H)进行回复突变,确定了关键位点147和202,并获得比酶活提高1倍的突变体MF147L-A202L。对这两个位点进行饱和突变,获得比酶活比LkTADH提高1.47倍的突变体MF147I-A202L。其比酶活为10.17U/mg,为目前文献报道最高水平。通过动力学分析和分子对接,分析了突变位点对酶活影响的机制,为后续研究奠定了良好的基础。     

毕赤酵母表达的嗜热蓝状菌β-葡萄糖苷酶N-糖基化修饰的作用与功能

【目的】研究N-糖基化对来源于嗜热蓝状菌β-葡萄糖苷酶(β-glucosidase,Bgl3A)的酶学性质影响。【方法】采用定点突变技术构建了3个去N-糖基化的突变体T44A、S228A、S299A,并分别在毕赤酵母GS115中表达纯化。【结果】与野生型Bgl3A相比,突变体S228A分泌蛋白产量极低,仅能微量检测到p NPG活性;突变体T44A和S299A的最适pH和最适温度没有改变,分别为4.0和75°C,但二者的T_m值和70°C下的热稳定性都明显优于野生型。以p NPG为底物时,突变体S299A和T44A的催化效率分别降低了14.5%和70.0%;以纤维二糖为底物时,T44A的催化效率基本不变,而S299A的催化效率提高了1.1倍。【结论】Bgl3A不同位点的N-糖基化修饰对酶的分泌和酶学性质的影响具有明显差异。其中,N226位的N-糖基化在维持酶的表达和功能方面至关重要,而去除N297位点的N-糖基化可以提高酶的热稳定性及对纤维二糖的催化效率。     

细菌视紫红质 E204Q 和 I119T/T121S/A126T突变体的构建及其功能研究

应用定点突变的方法获得了细菌视紫红质 (bacteriorhodopsin , BR) 的单突变体 BR_E204Q和三突变体 BR_{I119T/T121S/A126T}. 通过功能研究发现, BR 蛋白的单突变体 BR_E204Q的 M 态寿命为 7.10 ms ,三突变体 BR_{I119T/T121S/A126T}的 M 态寿命为 8.23 ms ,均较野生型 BR 蛋白 (6.23ms) 有所延长,三突变体表现得更为显著,其 M 态延长时间可超出野生型的 32％. 同时单突变体 BR_E204Q和三突变体 BR_{I119T/T121S/A126T}的质子泵功能也均有改变,都比野生型 BR 蛋白有所下降,其中三突变体 BR_{I119T/T121S/A126T}下降得更为明显.     

人双专一性磷酸酶活性位点Cys^124附近精氨酸突变及功能

为研究人双专一性磷酸酶活性位点Cys12 4 附近 3个带正电的精氨酸对酶催化功能的影响 ,用QuikChange定点突变方法获得 6个突变体 :R12 5L、R130 L、R130 K、R130 L/S131A、R158K和R158L。将含突变基因的重组质粒转化大肠杆菌菌株BL2 1(DE3) ,经IPTG诱导表达获得的目的蛋白质均以可溶形式存在。通过镍离子亲和层析纯化得到纯度大于 90 %的蛋白质。对人痘苗病毒H1相关磷酸酶 (VHR)及其突变体进行稳态动力学参数和竞争性抑制常数Ki 的测定 ,结果显示上述Arg130 和Arg158突变体的kcat/Km 值都较野生型有大幅度下降 ,而Ki 值有明显上升 ,表明 130和 15 8位的精氨酸是VHR活性所必需 ,而且可能与底物上带负电的磷酸基团结合有关。另外 ,单突变体R130 L和双突变体R130 L/S131A之间的kcat值相差很小 ,提示Arg130 单点突变后可能破坏了Ser131与Cys12 4 间的氢键。再者 ,R12 5L、R130 L和R158L突变体都降低了砷酸盐结合亲和性 ,暗示这 3个精氨酸残基侧链上的正电荷可能有助于底物与酶的结合。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.