烟草品种和温度对B型烟粉虱和温室白粉虱生物学参数的影响

在室内20℃、26℃和30℃三个设定温度条件下,研究了CF-965、NC-89和NC-82三个烟草品种对B型烟粉虱和温室白粉虱生长发育和繁殖的影响.结果表明:26℃时两种粉虱在CF-965、NC-89和NC-82三个烟草品种上的发育历期没有明显差异,但温室白粉虱卵期和若虫期的发育历期较烟粉虱依次分别延长了1.32d、2.81d和 2.04d.在CF-965上,B型烟粉虱卵期和若虫期的总存活率和平均单雌产卵量分别为54.19%和55.17粒,温室白粉虱仅分别为31.99%和39.17粒;在NC-89上,B型烟粉虱卵期和若虫期的总存活率和平均单雌产卵量分别为23.47%和37.50粒,温室白粉虱仅分别为15.75%和17.25粒;两种粉虱在NC-82上卵期和若虫期的总存活率和平均单雌产卵量差异不大,表明B型烟粉虱对CF-965和NC-89的适应能力较温室白粉虱强.两种粉虱在20℃时的发育历期最长,32℃时最短,26℃时居中.20°C时烟粉虱卵期和若虫期的存活率20.96%为最低,26℃和32℃时分别达54.19% 和53.29%;而温室白粉虱在32℃条件下存活率11.66%为最低,20℃和 26℃时分别达31 34% 和31.99%.温室白粉虱在20℃时产卵量大于烟粉虱, 在26℃时的产卵量小于烟粉虱,30℃时则不能产卵,但烟粉虱成虫30℃时的产卵量仍可达21.06粒.由此说明烟粉虱在较高温度条件下的适应能力显著强于温室白粉虱.山东烟区烟草生长中期的田间平均温度多在22～30℃,适合B型烟粉虱的发生,应引起高度重视.     

温室白粉虱的性行为

温度白粉虱Trialeurodes vaporaricrum Westw。目前已成为我国北方、日本、欧洲及美国等地的重要温室蔬菜害虫。此虫虽可用丽蚜小蜂Encarsia formosa Gahan进行生物防治,但受到作物种类、温度等多种条件限制,特别是要求在种群密度低时方能奏效(Ekbom,1977),而目前尚没有对该虫早期低密度时的有效预报办法。H.Weber早在1931年描述该虫交配行为时就曾预测性信息素在该虫的求偶活动中也许起重要作用。时过半个世纪,对此问题仍不清楚。Vaishampayan、Kogan等(1975)曾对该虫在寻找寄主植物中视觉及嗅觉行为所起的作用进行初步研究。本文作者(Li和Macchwitz,1983)曾见到在它的性行为中,雄虫通过性信息素接近雌虫。本工作描述该虫的性行为,以作为上文的补充。     

温室白粉虱在温室内六种寄主植物上的生命表及其分析

温室白粉虱Trialeurodes Vaporariorum (Westwood)现已成为北方地区温室内的重要蔬菜害虫,主要为害黄瓜与番茄,芹菜也在某种程度上受害。在露地也为害架豆与茄子等。为了达到防治目的,首先必需对温室白粉虱在这些寄主上的生活规律有所了解,本文用两年时间对该虫在常见六种寄主上的历期及生命表进行调查研究与比较,现把初步结果整理如下:     

B型烟粉虱和温室白粉虱在温度逆境下的生存特性比较

为了明确B型烟粉虱和温室白粉虱在温度逆境下的生存特性对其种群发展的影响,通过进行高温和低温暴露试验,研究了B型烟粉虱和温室白粉虱卵、伪蛹、成虫在37℃,39℃,41℃,43℃,45℃下暴露1～2 h后的存活率,以及这两种粉虱卵、2～3龄若虫、伪蛹和成虫在2℃下暴露1～12 d后的存活率。结果表明：两种粉虱的卵、伪蛹和成虫在37℃～45℃下暴露1～2 h,其存活率均随着温度的上升而降低;但在相同处理条件下B型烟粉虱3种供试虫态的存活率要高于温室白粉虱。B型烟粉虱在2℃下暴露2～12 d,各供试虫态的存活率迅速下降,卵、2～3龄若虫、伪蛹在2℃下暴露12 d后均不能存活,成虫在2℃下暴露4 d后也全部死亡;而温室白粉虱卵、伪蛹在2℃下暴露12 d后其存活率还能超过45%,成虫在2℃下暴露7 d后仍有80.9%能够存活。结果说明,B型烟粉虱和温室白粉虱对温度逆境的适应性存在差异,B型烟粉虱对高温的适应性要高于温室白粉虱;温室白粉虱对高温敏感,但对低温的适应性要显著高于B型烟粉虱。据此推测,两种粉虱对温度逆境适应性的差异是导致其种群发生存在差异的一个重要原因。     

烟粉虱在温室内甘薯寄主上生物学特性的研究

对烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci(Gennadius)在温室内甘薯寄主上主要生物学特性的研究表明：烟粉氮成虫喜光、喜湿,晴朗高温时活动性强,但扩散飞行能力弱;多在白天交尾,多在中午产卵,具有强的惫鬃性．若虫一生脱皮3次,若虫(除一龄初期)固定生活。卵的孵化及成虫的羽化也多发生在中午。雌雄性比为1．628：1,成虫平均寿命14．25天,雌成虫平均寿命比雄成虫长6．9天,每雌平均产卵158．5粒。以两性生殖为主,也可孤雌生殖,两性生殖的产卵量及卵孵化率均高于孤雌生殖。     

温室白粉虱的变态经过

昆虫变态一般是根据其一生中各虫态的演变方式,划分为完全变态和不完全变态两大类型,二区别在于其生活史中是否存在蛹期,并把翅芽在幼体发生的部位(体内或体外)和生活史中有无组织重建的现象,做为划分变态类型的标志。     

烟草甲的生物学特性研究

烟草甲在安徽每年发生2～3代,以3龄以上幼虫越冬,幼虫期5～6龄,极少4或7龄。贮存期2年左右的烟叶受其为害最重（虫口密度最大）。米象金小蜂为其天敌优势种。     

雪莲的开花生物学特性及其生态适应意义

雪莲(Saussurea involucrata)是一种典型的高山草本植物, 同时也是我国重点保护的珍稀药用植物。该文对雪莲的开花生物学特性及其对高山环境的适应策略进行了观测与分析。主要结果如下: 雪莲不育花序单生于茎生叶的叶腋内, 可育复头状花序生长于茎顶端, 由26 ± 7个头状花序构成, 每个花序的小花数为137 ± 34个。复头状花序外侧为绿色至淡黄色半透明的茎生苞叶所包被, 开花过程中, 白天茎生苞叶内侧温度和湿度明显高于外侧的温度和湿度, 最大温差达7.2 ℃, 最大相对湿度差达54.2%, 可为苞叶内侧花序中小花的传粉和受精以及胚和种子的发育提供良好的微环境。不同年份间雪莲的开花物候差异不显著(p > 0.05), 群体花期为65-75天, 单株花期为45-55天, 盛花期持续时间约35天, 平均每株每天开花数为201个, 属于集中开花模式, 有利于吸引传粉者。单花开放持续时间为4-6天, 小花泌蜜持续时间为3天, 其泌蜜量与糖浓度于每天 12:00时达到最高值, 但随着开花的持续, 日泌蜜量逐渐增加, 而糖浓度逐渐减少。雪莲花期浓郁的气味、聚合成复头状的可育花序及其紫色小花与充足的泌蜜量, 增加了对传粉者的吸引力。雪莲开花过程中存在的雌雄异位、雄性先熟以及被动式花粉次级展现现象, 减少了自花授粉的可能性。自然条件下, 其头状花序的结籽数和结籽率分别为126.0 ± 10.5粒和91.7% ± 4.2%, 单株结籽数为3 326.4 ± 28.7, 表明雪莲在高山极端环境中能顺利地完成有性生殖过程。     

人胰岛素与猪胰岛素在生物学特性上的比较

本文就近年来有关人和猪胰岛素在降血糖、动力学性质、对激素及中间代谢物的影响、受体亲和力以及免疫学特性等方面的研究进行了比较,由此可看出人胰岛素与猪胰岛素相比较在临床治疗上的优点,因而提出发展人胰岛素商品生产的重要性。     

温室希蛛的生物学特性观察

温室希蛛Achaearanea tepidariorum在鲁东南沿海地区1年发生2代,但第2代不完整.越冬蜘蛛4月下旬出蜇,5月上旬开始产卵.卵期10 d,幼蛛期320 d,成蛛期76 d,越冬代成蛛寿命更长,雌雄性比为3∶1.成蛛日均食麦蛾4.9 头,是多种害虫的重要天敌.     

温室白粉虱自动计数技术研究初报

应用计算机视觉技术对温室白粉虱自动计数技术进行了研究。采用胶卷照相机和家用摄像机对田间温室白粉虱等生的叶片进行拍摄,以获得其数字图象,对白粉虱图象的分割采用Ｊohannsen基于熵的分割算法,对分割后的二值图象利用区域标记算法得到白粉虱个体的数量。对叶片挨在一起的白粉虱个体采用数学形态学算法进行了分离。用１９个虫叶片样本的统计结果表明,直接利用分割图象进行白粉虱个体计数的累积准确率达９１．９９％,而分离处理的算法则需要改进,因此,这一技术具有进一步在生态研究和ＩＰＭ实践中推广的可能性,这将使田间微小昆虫的种群数量监测和测查的工作量大幅度降低,而铉得到显著提高。     

Phototactic behavior of Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westwood (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) under visible wavelengths

The greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westwood (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), is one of the most important pests of greenhouse crops. The intensive use of chemical insecticides has resulted in insecticide resistance in T. vaporariorum and the critical level of pesticides residue in crops. It is therefore necessary to develop new control methods based on ecological pest management. The present study was designed to control greenhouse whitefly by finding and using insect repellent wavelengths. The repellent wavelength experiment was conducted by a two-way phototactic apparatus given a choice between darkness and visible wavelength spectrum from violet (380–450 nm) to red (620–750 nm). The phototactic responses of the greenhouse whitefly were then investigated in a four-way phototactic apparatus given a choice between two light regimes, light-emitting diode (LED) and sunlight. The results indicated that the lowest (69.2%) and highest (97.8%) number of whiteflies were attracted to violet and orange (590–625 nm) spectra, respectively. In addition, the present study indicated a significant attraction of T. vaporariorum adults to sunlight compared with LED. Furthermore, the eggplants grown under growth LEDs showed a significantly higher growth rate than the plants grown under sunlight. These findings suggest that this type of LED not only has positive effects on plant growth but it also has a repellent activity on T. vaporariorum adults, leading us to develop an effective behavioral control of the greenhouse whitefly.     

Chromosome‐level genome assembly of the greenhouse whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westwood)

The greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westwood, is an agricultural pest of global importance. Here we report a 787‐Mb high‐quality draft genome sequence of T. vaporariorum assembled from PacBio long reads and Hi‐C chromatin interaction maps, which has scaffold and contig N50 lengths of 70 Mb and 500 kb, respectively, and contains 18,275 protein‐coding genes. About 98.8% of the assembled contigs were placed onto the 11 T. vaporariorum chromosomes. Comparative genomic analysis reveals significantly expanded gene families such as aspartyl proteases in T. vaporariorum compared to Bemisia tabaci Mediterranean (MED) and Middle East‐Asia Minor 1 (MEAM1). Furthermore, the cytochrome CYP6 subfamily shows significant expansion in T. vaporariorum and several genes in this subfamily display developmental stage‐specific expression patterns. The high‐quality T. vaporariorum genome provides a valuable resource for research in a broad range of areas such as fundamental molecular ecology, insect–plant/insect–microorganism or virus interactions and pest resistance management.     

Effect of environmental factors on the flight activity of Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood) under greenhouse conditions

The flight activity of the greenhouse whitefly Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood) was monitored over a 3‐year period in greenhouses containing tomato and zucchini crops. The environmental factors affecting its flight activity and dispersal were analyzed. Among the climatic variables, temperature had a positive impact on T. vaporariorum flight, whereas relative humidity had only a weak effect. More flights were made during the morning and afternoon, with fewer flights occurring when the temperature was above 25°C in greenhouses containing zucchini or above 30°C in those containing tomato; no flights were recorded when the temperature was 12.30°C in either setting. Flight typology, classified as short, long or dispersal, and covering a few centimeters to more than 2–3 m, was influenced by the vegetative condition of the plants. As the plants aged and declined in condition, the number of short flights decreased, whereas the number of long and dispersal flights increased. Based on these results, we can conclude that the dispersal of T. vaporariorum in greenhouses containing either tomato or zucchini crops is generally influenced by environmental factors, which also affect the type of flight, with a trade‐off between short and long dispersal flights. However, adult dispersal is driven not only by temperature, but also by other factors, such as conspecific density and time of the day. Therefore, producers must consider such factors when aiming to reduce the dispersal of pest insects within greenhouses and, thus, to maintain the productivity of their crops.     

A model of greenhouse whitefly Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood) population development and management on Camarosa variety strawberry plants

A deterministic parameterized model of development of a greenhouse whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum) population on field grown strawberry plants (Fragaria × ananassa) is presented (var. Camarosa). The model calculates the timing of the physiological development of individual whiteflies and population size as a function of temperature, mortality, oviposition, and plant condition using parameters from the literature and field observations from California. Simulated dynamics of a T. vaporariorum population accurately reflected the observed population development in an untreated strawberry field, and its response to applications of pyriproxyfen and imidacloprid under production conditions in central coastal California. It was validated with an independent field observation where both imidacloprid and pyriproxyfen were applied at different periods of strawberry plant development. These results present an opportunity to predict effects of management strategies targeting T. vaporariorum populations on variety Camarosa strawberry plants.     

Morphological and biological notes on Encarsia meritoria Gahan (Hymenoptera,Aphelinidae), a parasitoid of Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood) (Homoptera,Aleyrodidae) new in Europe

Encarsia meritoria Gahan, a Neartic species recorded only in the USA, was found naturally occurring in Catalonia (north‐east Spain) in 1987. The morphology of immature stages, the rate of development in the range 12°C‐34°C, the longevity and fecundity at 24°C and some observations on its searching and host feeding behaviour are presented in this paper. Mean development times from egg laying to adult emergence ranged from 75 days at 12° C to 11 days at 28°C. The Lower Developmental Threshold computed from linear regression equations was 9°C. Females laid an average of 198 eggs (range 89–330) in an average of 34 days (longevity range 19–54 days). The intrinsic rate of increase at 24° C was 0.1717, slightly greater than the r_m of T. vaporariorum and smaller than the values reported for E. tricolor and E. formosa, which is not very promising for biological control. However, this may not be a definitive conclusion, because factors other than those considered in our experiments may play an important role infield conditions.     

Progress towards a biological control programme for glasshouse whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum) on tomatoes

During 1969/74 different methods of using the parasite Encarsia formosa to control whitefly infestations on tomatoes in glasshouses have been evaluated commercially. The most effective control was achieved by the Glasshouse Crops Research Institute (GCRI) programme of timed parasite introductions at rates totalling 120000 parasites per ha (48000/acre) following the pre-establishment of a low, evenly distributed infestation of the pest throughout the crop. Other methods, including the regular introduction of parasites after planting in anticipation of a whitefly infestation or starting when the first whiteflies appear on the plants, are also described. These multiple introduction (‘dribble’) methods, gave mostly satisfactory control but were less predictable. The efficiency of the parasite is greatly impaired during the short days and low light intensities of the late winter months and alternative methods of dealing with early whitefly infestations, including the use of chemicals, are discussed.     

Cytochemical demonstration of chitin incorporation in the cuticle of Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood) (Homoptera : Aleyrodidae) after buprofezin treatment

Buprofezin is an insect growth regulator acting specifically against sucking insects. Nymphs of the greenhouse whitefly Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood) (Homoptera : Aleyrodidae) were treated with different concentrations of this compound and the deposition of the chitin nn the integument examined. The lectin, wheat germ agglutinin (WGA), which binds specifically to N-acetylglucosamine-containing polymers, conjugated with colloidal gold, was used as an electron-dense marker for localizing chitin on ultrathin sections. In untreated insects, the epicuticle and epidermis cells were devoid of label, while the procuticle was heavily labelled. In buprofezin-treated nymphs, only the pre-apolysial cuticle remained heavily labelled, independent of the concentration used. The post-apolysial cuticle, however, was hardly labelled, the intensity of labelling dependn: g on the applied concentration, and its thickness severely reduced. These results suggest that buprofezin affects only post-apolysial cuticle in a concentration-dependent way.