砧用瓠瓜抗枯萎病相关性及杂种优势分析

枯萎病是一种严重危害瓜类蔬菜生产的土传病害,嫁接栽培是防治瓜类枯萎病的有效方法。该文研究了砧用瓠瓜种质幼苗生长指标与抗病性的相关性,并对抗病杂种优势进行了分析。结果表明:(1)砧用瓠瓜种质H041对西瓜枯萎病表现高抗(HR),对瓠瓜枯萎病表现抗病(R),种质H01、H05和杂交组合H01×H041、H041×H05、H05×H041对两种枯萎病均表现抗病(R)。(2)砧用瓠瓜幼苗接种西瓜枯萎病菌后,病情指数与下胚轴粗度呈显著负相关;接种瓠瓜枯萎病菌后,总根长、根系表面积与病情指数呈极显著负相关,表明砧用瓠瓜对枯萎病的抗病性与根系生长具有相关性,可以根据根系生长情况快速评价砧用瓠瓜对瓠瓜枯萎病的抗性表现。(3)分析砧用瓠瓜杂交组合的抗病性杂种优势显示,供试杂交组合H05×H041对西瓜枯萎病具备超中亲优势;杂交组合H01×H041和H02×H041对瓠瓜枯萎病抗性具有负向杂种优势。综合研究结果发现,种质H01、H041、H05兼抗西瓜枯萎病和瓠瓜枯萎病,且配制出的杂交组合表现抗性杂种优势,可作为选育抗两种枯萎病的砧木或栽培品种的抗源亲本,其中H041可作为优势骨干亲本。     

西瓜抗枯萎病育种分子标辅助选择的研究

将西瓜野生种质ＰＩ２９６３４１抗枯萎病生理小种１的抗性基因连锁的ＲＡＰＤ标记ＯＰＰ０１．７００进行克隆、测序,Ｓｏｕｔｈｅｒｎ杂交证明此标记为１个单拷贝,并转化为ＳＣＡＲ标记,简化了ＳＣＡＲ扩增产物的检测技术。上述技术在抗病转育后代造反中得到了很好的应用,初步建立了西瓜抗枯萎病育种分子标记辅助选择技术系统。     

经济植物无性繁殖讲座(五)——瓜类嫁接

瓜类嫁接,对西瓜、黄瓜、甜瓜等有明显的增产作用。 一、瓜类嫁接的意义 防治枯萎病 西瓜、黄瓜、甜瓜枯萎病又叫蔓割病,如同瓜蔓被割断一样,全株枯萎。西瓜的重茬地上的发病率一般达50%以上,甚至全部受害。以前防上枯萎病主要是进行轮作,种过西瓜之后要隔7—8年才能再种西瓜,限制了西瓜种植,更不利于大棚西瓜的连年种植。     

一株西瓜枯萎病生防菌的鉴定与田间防效

【背景】西瓜枯萎病是由尖孢镰孢菌西瓜专化型(Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum)引起的土传病害,是西瓜最为严重的病害之一。利用拮抗微生物抑制病原菌繁殖,降低其危害程度,已成为西瓜枯萎病防控领域的研究热点。【目的】筛选对西瓜枯萎病病原菌具有拮抗作用的菌株,并探究其抑菌作用,为有效防控西瓜枯萎病提供生防资源。【方法】从西瓜的根围土中分离细菌,采取平板对峙及温室生测的方法筛选生防菌,通过形态学及gyr B基因序列同源性分析对生防菌株进行鉴定;采用鉴别性培养基测定生防菌的拮抗因子(纤维素酶、蛋白酶、几丁质酶、β-1,3-葡聚糖酶);测定生防菌发酵液对西瓜枯萎病菌孢子萌发及菌丝生长的影响;于田间条件下检测该菌株防治西瓜枯萎病的效应。【结果】筛选到了一株对西瓜枯萎病具有防治效果的拮抗菌株SFJ11,经鉴定该菌株为解淀粉芽胞杆菌(Bacillusamyloliquefaciens)。该菌株可以分泌蛋白酶和纤维素酶,其20%的发酵液几乎能完全抑制西瓜枯萎病菌菌丝的生长,对孢子萌发的抑制率为95%,田间防治效果最高可达78%。【结论】菌株SFJ11对西瓜枯萎病具有较强的生防效果,有潜在的应用价值。     

西瓜枯萎病高效拮抗菌XJUL-12的筛选与鉴定

目的:分离获得西瓜枯萎病高效拮抗菌,为研究西瓜枯萎病高效拮抗菌的拮抗机制奠定基础。方法:用碾碎法从新疆有毒植物麻(Urtica cannabina L.)、亚洲薄荷(Mentha asiatica Boris.)、阿尔泰藜芦(Veratrum lobelianum Bernh.)中分离内生菌,并用琼脂扩散法筛选出对西瓜枯萎病具有较强抗性的内生菌XJUL-12,通过PCR方法扩增XJUL-12的16S rDNA,并与GeneBank中已鉴定菌的16S rDNA序列对比,用N-J方法构建XJUL-12进化树,用Bootstraping法对其评估,同时结合其形态特征、生理生化检测、G C mol%含量对XJUL-12进行鉴定。结果:XJUL-12的16S rDNA序列与Bacillus subtilisstrain CGMCC1869同源性为99%,G C mol%含量为46.72mol%。结论:筛选获得的内生菌XJUL-12对西瓜枯萎病具有较强抗性,并将XJUL-12鉴定为枯草芽孢杆菌。     

绿豆尖镰孢枯萎病抗性鉴定方法

绿豆是我国的主要食用豆类之一。由尖镰孢引起的绿豆枯萎病是一种严重的土传病害,病原菌从根部侵入,引起植株矮化,叶片黄化、枯萎,根茎部维管束变褐,严重时导致植株死亡。防治枯萎病最经济、有效的方法是培育利用抗病品种。本研究在控制条件下以具有不同抗性表型绿豆品种为材料,分别对接种方法、植株生育期、接种体浓度、接种体处理时间及接种后植株培养温度等影响绿豆抗性表型的因素进行比较研究,以期建立一个快速、准确和高效的绿豆枯萎病抗性鉴定方法,为抗病资源的筛选和抗病育种提供技术支持。结果表明,绿豆枯萎病苗期抗性鉴定最适宜的接种方法为剪根浸根法,最适宜接种体浓度为105~106孢子/m L,接种最佳植株生育期为2叶期,最短有效接种体浸根时间为2 min,最适宜发病温度为25℃,接种后14 d调查病情。     

水稻抗性基因定位及相关分子标记研究进展

水稻是一种重要的粮食作物。而选育高抗性良种是有效防治病虫的危害,增加水稻单位面积产量的一项关键措施。了解水稻本身抗性的遗传信息是进行抗性育种的基础。现代生物技术的发展为抗性育种提供了新途径。本文较系统地概述了水稻对稻瘟病、白叶枯病、稻飞虱、稻叶蝉抗性基因定位及相关分子标记研究的最新发展,为利用分子标记进行水稻抗性育种及抗性基因克隆提供参考文献。     

水稻抗性基因定位及相关分子标记研究进展

水稻是一种重要的粮食作物。而选育高抗性良种是有效防治病虫的危害,增加水稻单位面积产量的一项关键措施。了解水稻本身抗性的遗传信息是进行抗性育种的基础。现代生物技术的发展为抗性育种提供了新途径。本文较系统地概述了水稻对稻瘟病、白叶枯病、稻飞虱、稻叶暗抗性基因定位及相关分子标记研究的最新发展,为利用分子标记进行了水稻抗性育种及抗性基因克隆提供参考文献。     

双价抗真菌基因表达载体的构建及转基因西瓜的研究

构建了同时含有番茄儿丁质酶基因（Chi3）和β-1,3-葡聚糖酶基因（Glu-Ac）的双价抗真菌基因植物表达载体,以西瓜（Citrullus lanatus）子叶块为外植体,采用根癌农杆菌（Agrobacterium tumefaciens）介导法,将Chi3和Glu-Ac同时导入西瓜栽培种“中育一号”,共获得46株抗性再生植株。经PCR、Southern blot和RT—PCR检测,表明外源基因己成功整合到西瓜基因组中,并在转录水平得到表达。利用尖孢镰刀菌西瓜专化型（Fusarium oxysporum）对转基因植株进行离体叶片抗病性检测,表明转基因植株对枯萎病的抗性均有不同程度的增强。     

连作西瓜抗逆系统及土壤微生态对大蒜伴生的响应

以大蒜-西瓜化感伴生栽培模式为研究对象,设置连作西瓜单作(对照)、大蒜苗期伴生连作西瓜、大蒜全生育期伴生连作西瓜3个处理,考察西瓜枯萎病发病率,西瓜叶片抗氧化酶活性和渗透调节物质含量,以及根际土壤酶活性和微生物数量,探索大蒜伴生对西瓜酶促抗氧化系统及土壤特性的影响.结果表明:(1)大蒜-西瓜伴生栽培体系中,西瓜枯萎病发...     

棉花黄萎病及其抗病育种的研究

就棉花黄萎病菌的致病机理、棉花的抗黄萎病机制、抗黄萎病的遗传方式以及抗黄萎病棉花育种等方面的研究进行了综述。     

抗感枯萎病西瓜根际微生物比较研究

本文通过传统微生物培养方法,研究了在土培和基质培条件下,抗感枯萎病西瓜不同生育期根际和非根际微生物数量的变化.结果表明,微生物数量在根际显著高于在非根际微生物,且随西瓜生长发育的阶段不同而变化,苗期根际微生物数量最少,以后随西瓜生长发育,根际微生物数量不断增加,至生长旺盛的开花结果期,微生物数量达到最高,在西瓜生长发育后期,根际微生物数量又有所回落.西瓜抗枯萎病性与根际细菌的数量具有相关性,在生长发育各个阶段,无论是土培还是基质培,均表现为抗病材料的根际细菌数量高于感病材料的根际细菌数量.根际真菌与放线菌数量与西瓜的抗感枯萎病性没有相关性.非根际微生物数量在整个生育期变化辐度较小.非根际细菌数量在土培条件下几乎保持在同一水平,在基质培条件下迅速增加,至生长后期有所回落.非根际真菌与放线菌数量在土培和基质培条件下均于生长后期达到最高.     

生防菌根系定殖竞争作用对西瓜枯萎病发病机理的影响

【目的】西瓜枯萎病是由西瓜专化型尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.niveum)引起的一种常见的毁灭性土传病害,对镰刀菌同属非致病性菌株与致病性菌株存在的竞争作用进行研究,有助于获得新的具有生防效果的菌株,从而拓宽西瓜枯萎病生物防治的手段。【方法】利用选择性培养基和稀释平板计数法对温室盆栽试验中西瓜根际和非根际土壤及植物组织中非致病性轮枝镰刀菌菌株(Fusarium verticillioides XA)与致病性尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum LD)进行计数,确定其在西瓜植株根际和组织中的定殖情况。【结果】将从田间西瓜枯萎病发病植株根部分离获得的菌株XA和LD接入健康土壤中,接种菌株XA既不会引起西瓜枯萎病发病症状,也不会影响西瓜植株生物量,但接种菌株LD导致严重发病症状。与单接种LD处理相比较,双接种(XA+LD)处理地上部鲜重和地上部干重都分别增加了151.2%和110%。XA菌株能成功定殖于西瓜根系,但在茎基部没有检测到。在接种菌株LD的处理中植物组织和土壤中致病性镰刀菌的数量达到(1.58 4.85)×104CFU/g。与单接种LD处理相比,双接种菌株XA和LD处理植物茎基部、根系、根际土壤和土体土壤致病性镰刀菌的数量分别下降63.3%、66.1%、3.3%和24.4%,根系、根际土壤和土体土壤非致病性镰刀菌的数量增加到(0.35 3.84)×104CFU/g;双接种处理对西瓜枯萎病的防效达57.8%。【结论】非致病性轮枝镰刀菌菌株XA可有效降低致病性尖孢镰刀菌LD对西瓜植株的定殖侵染能力,对西瓜枯萎病具有一定的生防效果。     

Identification of DNA markers of tobacco linked to bacterial wilt resistance

Bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum is one of the most destructive soil-borne diseases in the world. Breeding resistant commercial varieties of tobacco is difficult because most donor candidates' resistance is controlled by polygenes. In this paper, we demonstrate the identification of useful DNA markers for bacterial wilt-resistant tobacco breeding. One hundred and seventeen markers were identified by the amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) method between W6, a burley variety with resistance originating from a Japanese domestic variety, Hatano, and Michinoku 1, a commercial burley wilt-susceptible variety, using 3,072 primer combinations. These markers were analyzed in 125 doubled haploid lines, derived from F(1) hybrids between W6 and Michinoku 1, and a linkage map consisting of ten linkage groups was drawn. The resistance phenotype of each of these lines was investigated on the basis of the average of disease severity obtained from field trials over two growing cycles. Quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis was performed on the marker phenotypes and the resistance phenotype of each line. One QTL for the bacterial wilt resistance of W6 and DNA markers associated with this QTL were identified on a linkage group consisting of 15 markers, 32 cM in length. This QTL explained more than 30% of the variance in resistance among these lines.     

A high resolution genetic map anchoring scaffolds of the sequenced watermelon genome

As part of our ongoing efforts to sequence and map the watermelon (Citrullus spp.) genome, we have constructed a high density genetic linkage map. The map positioned 234 watermelon genome sequence scaffolds (an average size of 1.41 Mb) that cover about 330 Mb and account for 93.5% of the 353 Mb of the assembled genomic sequences of the elite Chinese watermelon line 97103 (Citrullus lanatus var. lanatus). The genetic map was constructed using an F(8) population of 103 recombinant inbred lines (RILs). The RILs are derived from a cross between the line 97103 and the United States Plant Introduction (PI) 296341-FR (C. lanatus var. citroides) that contains resistance to fusarium wilt (races 0, 1, and 2). The genetic map consists of eleven linkage groups that include 698 simple sequence repeat (SSR), 219 insertion-deletion (InDel) and 36 structure variation (SV) markers and spans ～800 cM with a mean marker interval of 0.8 cM. Using fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) with 11 BACs that produced chromosome-specifc signals, we have depicted watermelon chromosomes that correspond to the eleven linkage groups constructed in this study. The high resolution genetic map developed here should be a useful platform for the assembly of the watermelon genome, for the development of sequence-based markers used in breeding programs, and for the identification of genes associated with important agricultural traits.     

Colonization of Fusarium Wilt‐Resistant and Susceptible Watermelon Roots by a Green‐Fluorescent‐Protein‐tagged Isolate of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. niveum

Interactions between watermelon and a green fluorescent protein (GFP)‐tagged isolate of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. niveum race 1 (Fon‐1) were studied to determine the differences in infection and colonization of watermelon roots in cultivars resistant to and susceptible to Fusarium wilt. The roots of watermelon seedlings were inoculated with a conidial suspension of the GFP‐tagged isolate, and confocal laser scanning microscopy was used to visualize colonization, infection and disease development. The initial infection stages were similar in both the resistant and susceptible cultivars, but the resistant cultivar responded differentially after the pathogen had penetrated the root. The pathogen penetrated and colonized resistant watermelon roots, but further fungal advance appeared to be halted, and the fungus did not enter the taproot, suggesting that resistance is initiated postpenetration. However, the tertiary and secondary lateral roots of resistant watermelon also were colonized, although not as extensively as susceptible roots, and the hyphae had penetrated into the central cylinder of lateral roots forming a dense hyphal mat, which was followed by a subsequent collapse of the lateral roots. The initial infection zone for both the wilt‐susceptible and wilt‐resistant watermelon roots appeared to be the epidermal cells within the root hair zone, which the fungus penetrated directly after forming appressoria. Areas where secondary roots emerged and wounded root tissue also were penetrated preferentially.