Benomyl tolerance in Verticillium dahliae

In Verticillium dahliae isolates (‘wild type’) obtained prior to the advent of benzimidazole fungicides, growth of germ tubes and extension of mycelium were typically inhibited by benomyl at 0–3 ppm and 0.5-1.0 ppm respectively. Culture of such isolates in the presence of increasing concentrations of benomyl resulted in the selection of variants able to grow at 12.0 ppm. Conidia, and mycelium grown for 24 b, were each more sensitive to inhibition by benomyl than mycelium grown for 48 h. Mycelium of both wild-type and selected variants was still viable after treatment with 20 ppm benomyl in a nutrient medium for 112 days. Long-term treatments at 20 ppm caused the enlargement of mycelial cells and conidia, thickening of the cell walls and formation of large spherical inclusions apparently comprising or containing lipids.     

Regulation of Dipeptidyl Aminopeptidase I and Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Activities in Cultured Murine Brain Cells by Cortisol and Thyroid Hormone

Cultures of dissociated brain cells from 15-day-old fetal mice were grown in the presence and absence of 20 or 50 nM triiodothyronine (T3), 30 or 300 nM cortisol, and 30 nM cortisol plus 50 nM T3 added to chemically defined media or in media supplemented with 15% serum from control and hypothyroid calves. The specific activities of five lysosomal enzymes--N-acetyl galactosaminidase, beta-glucuronidase, beta-galactosidase, cathepsin B, and dipeptidyl aminopeptidase I (DAP-I)--were higher in cells grown in calf serum than in cells grown in defined media. Of these enzymes, only DAP-I was elevated in activity when the cells were grown in hypothyroid calf serum instead of control calf serum. Elevation of DAP-I activity was reversed by addition of 20 nM T3 to hypothyroid calf serum. The enzymatic properties of DAP-I were similar whether the cells were grown in control or hypothyroid calf serum and were similar to those reported for human fibroblasts and the purified enzyme. When the cells were grown in defined media, cortisol decreased the activities of all lysosomal enzymes, with 300 nM cortisol being more effective than 30 nM cortisol. Addition of 50 nM T3 to 30 nM cortisol decreased DAP-I activity more than 30 nM cortisol alone, but 50 nM T3 alone in defined media did not alter DAP-I levels. The reduction of DAP-I activity in these cells by T3 required cortisol, unidentified components in serum, or both.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

The development of Pisum sativum explant systems for studies concerning source-sink activities

Using excised fruit/shoot systems of pea ( Pisum sativum L.), the effect of the 10-day-old (post anthesis) fruit (sink) on the translocation of ¹⁴C-sucrose applied to the stipule (source) was investigated. We also examined the influence of various growth regulators on the source-sink relationships using this system. Indole-3-yl-acetic acid (100 or 200 ppm), gibberellic acid (25-100 ppm) increased ¹⁴C-sucrose translocation into the growing fruit by about 13% and 22–29%, respectively. 2-chloroethyl phosphonic acid, 6-benzyladenine and 2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid also increased ¹⁴C-sucrose translocation into the fruit by about 11–26%, 11–23% and 24–37%, respectively. Elevated fruit ¹⁴C-sucrose levels found in other treatments include, methyl-2-chloro-9-hydroxyfluorene-9-carboxylate (300 or 1000 ppm), 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid (100 and 300 ppm) and butanedioic acid mono-(2,2-dimethylhydrazide) (30-300 ppm) by about 34%, 39–52% and 7–13%, respectively.     

Effect of light and simulated herbivory on growth of endangered northeastern bulrush,shape Scirpus ancistrochaetus Schuyler

The independent and interactive effects of light and simulated herbivory on growth and biomass allocation in the endangered emergent sedge, Scirpus ancistrochaetus Schuyler, were examined in a 15-week common garden experiment. Light level was manipulated through the use of shade cloth to attain shading levels of 0%, 30%, 63% and 90%, while herbivory was simulated by reducing plant height by 50% six weeks into the experiment. Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) of final total (shoot + root) plant mass, leaf width and root to shoot ratio (R:S) indicated overall significant effects of both light and the interaction of light and clipping. Means of these variables decreased with decreasing light level. Furthermore, means of these variables were generally higher for clipped plants than unclipped plants in 0% shade, while they tended to be lower in clipped plants in all other levels of shade. Maximum leaf height was also significantly affected by light. Leaf height was similar in all treatments for the first 11 weeks. For the last four weeks of the experiment, however, leaf height was lowest in plants grown in 0% shade, highest in plants grown in 63 and 90% shade, and intermediate in plants grown in 30% shade. Clipped plants tended to be taller than unclipped plants at lower levels of shade, while the opposite was true at higher levels of shade, although effects were marginally significant. Both light and the interactive effect of light and clipping were important determinants of growth of S. ancistrochaetus in this experiment and therefore may be important influences on its distribution within and among pond habitats.     

The Effect of Shade During Leaf Expansion on Photosynthesis by White Clover Leaves

In three experiments measurements of photosynthesis were madeon single leaves of white clover (Trifolium repens L.) on threecultivars grown in a controlled environment. Plants which had grown under an irradiance of 30 J m^–2s^–1, or in shade within a simulated mixed sward, producedleaves with photosynthetic capacities some 30 per cent lowerthan did plants grown at 120 J m^–2 s^–1 without shade.There were no differences between treatments either in photosynthesismeasured at 30 J m^–2 s^–1, or in respiration ratesper unit leaf dry weight. Respiration per unit leaf area washigher in the plants grown at 120 J m^–2 s^–1, reflectingthe lower specific leaf area of these leaves. There were nodifferences between the three cultivars examined. Leaves which were removed from the shade of a simulated swardshortly after becoming half expanded achieved photosyntheticcapacities as high as those which were in full light throughouttheir development. It is suggested that it is this characteristicwhich enables clover plants growing in an increasingly densemixed sward to produce a succession of leaves of high photosyntheticcapacity, even though each lamina only reaches the top of thesward at a relatively late stage in its development. Trifolium repens L., white clover, photosynthesis, leaf expansion, shade, specific leaf area, stomatal conductance     

水氮配合对绿洲沙地农田玉米产量、土壤硝态氮和氮平衡的影响

在黑河中游边缘绿洲沙地农田研究了不同的水氮配合对玉米产量、土壤硝态氮在剖面中的累积和氮平衡的影响.结果表明,施氮处理较不施氮处理产量增加48.22%～108.6%,施氮量超过225 kg hm-2,玉米产量不再显著增加.受土壤结构影响土壤硝态氮在土壤中呈"W"型分布,即土壤硝态氮含量在0～20 cm、140～160 cm和260～300 cm土层均出现峰值,并随施氮量增加,峰值增高.在常规高灌溉量处理硝态氮含量峰值最高值出现在260～300 cm土层,节水25%灌溉处理硝态氮含量峰值最高值出现在土壤表层0～20 cm土层.在常规高灌溉量处理0～300 cm土层中200～300土层硝态氮累积量所占比例最高,介于27.56%～51.86%之间;节水25%灌溉处理在0～300 cm土层中100～200土层硝态氮累积量所占比例最高,介于32.94%～38.07%之间;表明低灌溉处理下土壤硝态氮在土壤浅层累积较多,而高灌溉处理使更多的硝态氮淋溶至土壤深层.与2006年相比,2007年不施氮处理0～200 cm土层土壤硝态氮含量和积累量均明显减少;而施氮处理变化很小,在低灌溉处理甚至表现出硝态氮含量和积累量增加,表明施氮是土壤硝态氮累积的主要来源,而灌溉则使硝态氮向土壤深层淋溶.0～200 cm 土层土壤硝态氮累积量平均介于27.66～116.68 kg hm-2、氮素表观损失量平均介于77.35～260.96 kg hm-2,和施氮量均呈线性相关,即随施氮量增加,土壤硝态氮累积量和氮素表观损失量均增加,相关系数R2介于0.79～0.99之间,相关均显著.随施氮量增加,玉米总吸氮量和氮收获指数增加,氮的农学利用率降低,而灌溉的影响较小.施氮量超过225 kg hm-2时,地上部植株氮肥吸收利用率和籽粒氮肥吸收利用率开始有降低趋势.所以,在沙地农田,节水10%～25%的灌溉水平和225 kg hm-2的施氮水平可以在避免水肥过量投入的基础上减少土壤有机氮淋溶对地下水造成的污染威胁.     

Growth, soluble carbohydrates, and aloin concentration of Aloe vera plants exposed to three irradiance levels

Research was conducted on Aloe vera, a traditional medicinal plant, to investigate the effects of light on growth, carbon allocation, and the concentrations of organic solutes, including soluble carbohydrates and aloin. The plants were vegetatively propagated and grown under three irradiances: full sunlight, partial (30% full sunlight), and deep shade (10% full sunlight) for 12-18 months. After 1 year of growth, five plants from each treatment were harvested to determine total above- and below ground dry mass. Four plants from the full sunlight and the partial shade treatments were harvested after 18 months to assess the soluble carbohydrate, organic acid and aloin concentrations of the clear parenchyma gel and the yellow leaf exudate, separately. Plants grown under full sunlight produced more numerous and larger axillary shoots, resulting in twice the total dry mass than those grown under partial shade. The dry mass of the plants grown under deep shade was 8.6% that of plants grown under full sunlight. Partial shade increased the number and length of leaves produced on the primary shoot, but leaf dry mass was still reduced to 66% of that in full sunlight. In contrast, partial and deep shade reduced root dry mass to 28 and 13%, respectively, of that under full sunlight, indicating that carbon allocation to roots was restricted under low light conditions. When plants were sampled 6 months later, there were only minor treatment effects on the concentration of soluble carbohydrates and aloin in the leaf exudate and gel. Soluble carbohydrate concentrations were greater in the gel than in the exudate, with glucose the most abundant soluble carbohydrate. Aloin was present only in the leaf exudate and higher irradiance did not induce a higher concentration. Limitation in light availability primarily affected total dry mass production and allocation, without substantial effects on either primary or secondary carbon metabolites.     

不同土层深度配施缓释/普通尿素对土壤氮素和酶活性及玉米产量的影响

通过2017—2018两年田间试验,研究了不同土层深度配施缓释(PCU)/普通尿素(PU)对0～30 cm土层土壤无机氮含量、酶活性和玉米产量的影响。试验设置不施氮肥(CK)、普通尿素一次施肥(PU₁,5～10 cm土层)、普通尿素传统两次施肥(PU₂,5～10 cm土层,60%种肥+40%追肥)、普通尿素一次分层施肥(PU₃,5～10 cm土层20%N+15～20 cm土层30%N+25～30 cm土层50%N)、不同土层深度缓释/普通尿素配施[PCU₁～PCU₄,均为5～10 cm土层20%N(普通尿素)+15～20 cm土层30%N(配施)+25～30 cm土层50%N(配施),其中PCU₁～PCU₄的15～20和25～30 cm土层PCU:PU分别为3:7、3:7,5:5、5:5, 3:7、5:5, 5:5、3:7]共8个处理。结果表明: 与CK相比,PU₁能够满足玉米生育前期对0～10 cm土层氮素的需求,PU₂和PU₃能够满足玉米发育前期对10～30 cm土层氮素的需求,不同土层深度配施缓释/普通尿素能够满足玉米整个生育时期对氮素的需求。与PU₁～PU₃相比,不同土层深度配施缓释/普通尿素可显著增加灌浆期和成熟期10～20和20～30 cm土层NO₃^--N、NH₄⁺-N、碱解氮含量和脲酶、蛋白酶活性。与PU₃相比,不同土层深度配施缓释/普通尿素处理2017和2018年玉米产量分别提高2.3%～24.6%和1.3%～16.5%,PCU₄产量最高,分别达13899和12439 kg·hm^-2。因此,不同土层深度配施缓释/普通尿素既能满足玉米生育前期对氮素的需求,也能提高生育后期10～30 cm土层土壤无机氮含量和酶活性,促进玉米生长,增加玉米产量,其中PCU₄处理施肥方式最佳。     

Combined effects of partial root drying and patchy fertilizer placement on nutrient acquisition and growth of oilseed rape

Partial rootzone drying (PRD) is widely investigated as an effective irrigation technique, resulting in higher water use efficiency and yield for plants growing under mild water deficit. Nutrition is another important factor affecting plant yield, but nutrient acquisition has only rarely been considered in conjunction with PRD. Here we investigate the interaction between water and fertilizer supply in a pot experiment with oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.). Eight treatments were set up for the experiment, a factorial combination of four watering regimes (100% control watering at both sides of the plants; 50% control watering at both sides of the plants; 50% fixed watering applied only to one side of the plants; 50% alternate watering applied alternately to both sides of the plant) and two fertilizer placement levels (uniform over the entire pot, and patchy supplied to one side). For the 50% watering treatments, the total amount of water supplied to the plants was the same, only the pattern of application differed between treatments. Also the total fertilizer applied was the same for all treatments. Oilseed rape roots foraged effectively for water and nutrients resulting in relatively small differences in nutrient uptake and above-ground growth among the water-deficit treatments. Placing fertilizer at one side of the plants increased nutrient uptake, but there were differences between the water treatments and interactions with water uptake. Alternate watering resulted in the highest growth, as a result of the largest nitrogen and phosphorus uptake with the smallest root investment among the three water deficit treatments. Fixed watering resulted in poorest performance when fertilizer was uniformly spread throughout the pot, because the plants were unable to acquire the nutrients on the dry side. Our results show that PRD can be well combined with patchy fertilizer supply, but that reduced nutrient uptake may be expected when nutrients are supplied in parts of the soil volume that remain too dry. Responsible Editor: Yan Li     

Does nitrogen fertilization have an impact on the trade-off between willow growth and defensive secondary metabolism?

The effect of nitrogen fertilization on the phytomass production, shoot length and leaf secondary phenolics in nine Salix myrsinifolia clones was investigated. Cuttings taken from 1-year-old and 2-year-old shoot parts of field cultivated clones were grown at three concentrations of nitrogen (7, 150 and 300 ppm) in a greenhouse for one growing season. The willow clones differed significantly in phytomass yield and secondary phenolics content. Nitrogen fertilization affected significantly the growth and secondary metabolism of willow clones. In most clones, the addition of nitrogen from a sub-optimum concentration (7 ppm) to an optimum concentration (150 ppm) appeared to reduce the amounts of salicortin, chlorogenic acid and unknown salicylate and increased shoot phytomass, but a supraoptimum nitrogen concentration (300 ppm) resulted in highly variable growth and secondary phenolic responses. A significantly negative correlation between leaf phytomass and amount of total phenolics at sub-optimum and optimum N-treatments indicates trade-off between growth and secondary metabolism in willow clones at these treatments. However, the leaf phytomass:total amount of phenolics ratio varied significantly among clones, and in all clones it was not significantly lower at sub-optimum N-treatment than at optimum N-treatment.     

Treatment of catechol bearing wastewater in an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor: sludge characteristics

This paper deals with the characteristics of anaerobic microbial granules grown in an UASB reactor treating catechol bearing synthetic wastewater (SWW). The specific methanogenic activity of the sludge showed an increase in trend with an increase in the organic loading rate and the catechol concentration in the SWW. The settling velocity of individual granules in the size range of 0.5-2.5mm was found to be in the range of 30-75mh(-1). The ash content in the sludge was 11.7% with a sludge volume index of 18-20mlg(-1). The inorganic elemental distribution within the granules showed a decrease except that for phosphorous and cobalt, which increased by approximately 12% and 18%, respectively, after the treatment of SWW. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled with electron disperse X-ray analysis showed an increase in the sulphur content by approximately 300% after the treatment of SWW. Surface mineral composition of the granules determined by XRD analysis indicated the existence of vuagnatite (CaAlSiO(4)(OH)). SEM observation of the granules showed the predominance of Methanosaeta and Methanobacterium type of species on the surface along with a variety of other species.     

Growth, biomass allocation and photosynthesis of invasive and native Hawaiian rainforest species

Growth, biomass allocation, and photosynthetic characteristics of seedlings of five invasive non-indigenous and four native species grown under different light regimes were studied to help explain the success of invasive species in Hawaiian rainforests. Plants were grown under three greenhouse light levels representative of those found in the center and edge of gaps and in the understory of Hawaiian rainforests, and under an additional treatment with unaltered shade. Relative growth rates (RGRs) of invasive species grown in sun and partial shade were significantly higher than those for native species, averaging 0.25 and 0.17 g g⁻¹ week⁻¹, respectively, while native species averaged only 0.09 and 0.06 g g⁻¹ week⁻¹, respectively. The RGR of invasive species under the shade treatment was 40% higher than that of native species. Leaf area ratios (LARs) of sun and partial-shade-grown invasive and native species were similar but the LAR of invasive species in the shade was, on average, 20% higher than that of native species. There were no differences between invasive and native species in biomass allocation to shoots and roots, or in leaf mass per area across light environments. Light-saturated photosynthetic rates (Pmax) were higher for invasive species than for native species in all light treatments. Pmax of invasive species grown in the sun treatment, for example, ranged from 5.5 to 11.9 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ as compared with 3.0−4.5 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ for native species grown under similar light conditions. The slope of the linear relationship between Pmax and dark respiration was steeper for invasive than for native species, indicating that invasive species assimilate more CO₂ at a lower respiratory cost than native species. These results suggest that the invasive species may have higher growth rates than the native species as a consequence of higher photosynthetic capacities under sun and partial shade, lower dark respiration under all light treatments, and higher LARs when growing under shade conditions. Overall, invasive species appear to be better suited than native species to capturing and utilizing light resources, particularly in high-light environments such as those characterized by relatively high levels of disturbance. Received: 30 December 1997 / Accepted: 1 September 1998     

Effect of alternative treatments on seed-borne Didymella lycopersici in tomato

Aims:  To quantify the phytotoxicity and effect of alternative seed treatments based on acidified nitrite and elicitors of plant resistance (Tillekur and Chitosan) against seed-borne inocula of Didymella lycopersici .
Methods and Results:  Treatments tested were: nitrite [sodium nitrite in citric acid buffer (pH 2)] at 30, 100 and 300 mmol l⁻¹ and three exposure times (10, 20 and 30 min); Tillekur (in water) at 12·5, 25, 50, 100 and 200 mg ml⁻¹; Chitosan (in 0·05% acetic acid) at 2·5, 5, 10 and 50 mg ml⁻¹. Efficacy of treatments was determined in growth chamber experiments. Nitrite at 300 mmol l⁻¹ was completely effective, as was the fungicide, at controlling disease when applied for less than 20 min. Tillekur was as effective as the fungicide postemergence, but proved to be phytotoxic pre-emergence. Chitosan was significantly less effective than the other treatments.
Conclusions:  The high efficacy and low cost of acidified nitrite indicates that it is a suitable alternative to fungicides.
Significance and Impact of the Study:  There is currently a lack of effective seed treatments that can be used in organic and low-input crops. Treatments identified in this study can be considered as an effective alternative to chemical control against seed-borne fungal pathogens.     

Diurnal variation of photosynthesis and photoinhibition in tea: effects of irradiance and nitrogen supply during growth in the field.

Diurnal changes in the rate of photosynthesis (A) of mature tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze) bushes grown at high elevation in the field in Sri Lanka, were related to environmental conditions. Bushes were either unshaded, receiving 100% of incident photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), moderately shaded, (65% PAR) or heavily shaded (30% PAR). These treatments were combined with nitrogen fertilizer applications of 0, 360 and 720 kg ha(-1) year(-1). When recently fully expanded leaves were measured under the growing conditions on bright, clear days from dawn to dusk, A was greatest in the morning with increasing radiation between approximately 8 h and 10 h. Stomatal conductances (g(s)) and substomatal carbon dioxide concentrations (C(i)) were then large, leaf temperatures (T(L)) cool, and saturated water vapour deficits (VPD) small. However, as the irradiance, T(L) and VPD increased towards midday, A, g(s), photochemical quenching, and C(i) decreased, and non-photochemical quenching increased. In the late afternoon, irradiance, T(L) and VPD fell, but despite the relatively large increase in g(s) and C(i), A remained low; however, it recovered overnight. The zero-N treatment decreased total-N content of leaves by 50% and A by c. 20% (not significant). Leaves of unshaded plants receiving least N had significantly (P<0.05) smaller A and greater total sugar content than shaded but with abundant N, A and sugars did not differ between shade treatments. Analysis of the responses of A to environment in the morning compared to the afternoon, and of chlorophyll fluorescence, suggests that A was photoinhibited as a consequence of greatly increased PAR, whilst decreasing g(s) (related to changes in PAR, VPD and T(L)) caused C(i) to fall. End-product inhibition of A is not consistent with decreased C(i). Inhibition of A as a result of photoinhibition was minimized, but not eliminated, by abundant N. Interactions between factors regulating A in tea are discussed.     

Effect of serum from chickens treated with clenbuterol on myosin accumulation, β-adrenergic receptor population, and cyclic AMP synthesis in embryonic chicken skeletal muscle cell cultures

Broiler chickens at 35 d of age were fed 1 ppm clenbuterol for 14 d. This level of dietary clenbuterol led to 5-7% increases in the weights of leg and breast muscle tissue. At the end of the 14-d period, serum was prepared from both control and clenbuterol-treated chickens, and was then employed as a component of cell culture media at a final concentration of 20% (v/v). Muscle cell cultures were prepared from both the leg and the breast muscle groups of 12-d chick embryos. Treatment groups included control chicken serum to which 10 nM, 50 nM, and 1 microM clenbuterol had been added, as well as cells grown in media containing 10% horse serum. Cultures were subjected to each treatment for 3 d, beginning on the seventh d in culture. Neither the percent fusion nor the number of nuclei in myotubes was significantly affected by any of the treatments. The quantity of myosin heavy chains (MHCs) was not increased by serum from clenbuterol-treated chickens in either breast or leg muscle cultures; however, the MHC quantity was 50-150% higher in cultures grown in control chicken serum to which 10 and 50 nM clenbuterol had also been added. The beta-adrenergic receptor (betaAR) population was 4000-7000 betaARs per cell in cultures grown in chicken serum, with leg muscle cultures having approximately 25-30% more receptors than breast muscle cultures. Receptor population was not significantly affected by the presence of clenbuterol or by the presence of serum from clenbuterol-treated chickens. In contrast, the betaAR population in leg and breast muscle cultures grown in the presence of 10% horse serum was 16,000-18,000 betaARs per cell. Basal concentration of cyclic adenosine 3':5'monophosphate (cAMP) was not significantly affected by the treatments. When cultures grown in chicken serum were stimulated for 10 min with 1 microM isoproterenol, limited increases of 12-20% in cAMP concentration above the basal levels were observed. However, when cultures grown in the presence of horse serum were stimulated with 1 microM isoproterenol, cAMP concentration was stimulated 5- to 9-fold above the basal levels. Thus, not only did cells grown in horse serum have a higher betaAR population, but also each receptor had a higher capacity for cAMP synthesis following isoproterenol stimulation. Finally, the hypothesis that clenbuterol exerts its action on muscle protein content by changes in cAMP concentration was tested. No correlation was apparent between basal cAMP concentration and MHC content.     

不同施肥制度对石灰性紫色水稻土中氨氧化古菌群落结构的影响

研究不同施肥制度对水稻土氨氧化古菌(AOA)群落结构和垂直分布特征的影响,可以深入认识不同施肥制度下的石灰性紫色水稻土氮素循环特征及微生物驱动机制,为该地区科学施肥、培肥地力提供理论依据。利用化学分析和变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE)对不同施肥制度下石灰性紫色水稻土理化性质和AOA群落结构进行了分析。结果显示:相对于无肥处理,施肥会降低石灰性紫色水稻土pH和硝氮含量,而增加土壤有机质、全氮和氨氮含量。伴随土壤深度增加,土壤pH增加,全氮和硝氮含量降低,氨氮含量变化趋势不明显。不同施肥制度在不同土壤深度对石灰性紫色水稻土AOA群落结构产生不同的胁迫效应,不同施肥制度下的AOA群落结构在0—20 cm处差异不明显;土壤深度增加,不同施肥制度下的AOA群落结构表现出明显差异,CK和N肥处理下的AOA群落结构较简单。AOA群落结构多样性指数和丰富度随土壤深度增加而减小。石灰性紫色水稻土AOA与来自不同土壤和水体环境的AOA具有明显相似性。冗余梯度分析(RDA)显示pH(P=0.012)是造成石灰性紫色水稻土AOA群落结构差异的主要原因。研究揭示石灰性紫色水稻土中的AOA群落结构受施肥制度明显影响并表现出明显的垂直分布特征。     

Nitric oxide emissions from rice-wheat rotation fields in eastern China: effect of fertilization, soil water content, and crop residue

A better understanding of nitric oxide (NO) emission from a typical rice-wheat agroecosystem in eastern China is important for calculating the regional inventory and to propose effective NO mitigation options. Nitric oxide flux measurements by static chamber method were made from treatments of conventional nitrogen-fertilizer (NPK plus urea) application, no-nitrogen application, and nitrogen-fertilizer with incorporation of wheat straw residue for an entire rotation period (June 2002 to June 2003). During the wheat growing season two further treatments of fertilizer without crops planted and bare soil without nitrogen (N) fertilization were applied. Total annual NO emissions for the conventional fertilizer, no N fertilizer and fertilizer plus straw application were 0.44?±?0.01, 0.22?±?0.01, and 0.57?±?0.02 kg N ha^?1y^?1, respectively. On average 27% of this emission occurred during the rice season due to flooding/drainage cycle. The N fertilizer-induced emission factor for the conventional fertilizer treatment was 0.05% of the total N applied. Incorporation of wheat straw in the rice season showed no significant effect on NO flux due to the high C/N ratio of the straw incorporated. During the wheat growing season, NO emissions for all treatments had similar variation pattern controlled by soil moisture dynamics. Total NO emissions in the wheat season for fertilized bare soil (no wheat planted) were 0.389?±?0.01 and 0.21?±?0.01 kg N ha^?1 y^?1, respectively. The results indicate the importance of N fertilizer and soil moisture to nitrogen loss through the formation of NO.     

A Study on Manganese Content in Soils and Leaves of Rubber Trees in Rubber Plantation Areas of China

The present paper deals with the status of manganese (Mn) in rubber trees on 110 rubber plantation at 46 counties in the rubber tree growing regions of China. The content of Mn in rubber tree leaves ranges from 31 to 2167 ppm, averaging 390 ppm which is higher than that in the leaves of normal rubber trees (150–300 ppm). Thus it can be concluded that the present status of Mn in China's rubber trees is higher. Nevertheless, the content of Mn of soil of rubber plantations in China varies significantly according to different soil types, fertilization and management. The difference between the highest and the lowest contents of total Mn could be as high as 140 times and an even greater difference of 200–1240-fold between the highest and the lowest contents of replaceable and reducible Mn has been observed. The storage of reducible Mn is generally insufficient in the soil. Therefore, the symptom of leaf yellowing due to deficiency of Mn has developed in rubber trees in certain parts of rubber tree growing regions in China. The essential oure for leaf yellowing of rubber trees is to raise Mn content in the tree by proper application of fertilizer. The procedures, dosage and timing of the fertilizer for leaf yellowing treatments are suggested.     

In vivo antimutagenic effect of vitamins C and E against rifampicin-induced chromosome aberrations in mouse bone-marrow cells

-The genotoxic effect of rifampicin (RMP), one of the most active antituberculosis agents is studied. Also, the possible protection provided by the natural antioxidant vitamins C (VC) and E (VE) against the genotoxic effect of RMP is assessed.Mice were orally treated by gavage with 10, 50, 150 and 300 mg RMP kg(-1) body weight (bw). Also, oral treatment was conducted with RMP plus the vitamins. Mice received 300 mg RMP kg(-1) bw plus 100, 200 and 400mg VC or VE kg(-1) bw. Samples were taken 24h after the treatment. Repeated treatments with: (1) the therapeutic dose of RMP (10 mg kg(-1) bw); (2) RMP plus a dose of 25, 50 and 75 mg VC kg(-1); (3) RMP plus 10, 20 and 40 mg VE kg(-1) bw for 30 consecutive days were conducted.The tested doses of RMP induced a significant increase in the percentage of chromosome aberrations. However, a lower percentage of chromosome aberrations was observed when animals were treated with the therapeutic dose for 30 consecutive days.The obtained results revealed that chromosome aberrations induced by RMP decreased to a significant extent when mice were treated with RMP plus VC. The repeated doses of VC reduced the percentage of chromosome aberrations induced by RMP in a significant and dose-dependent manner. On the other hand, repeated doses of VE were not very effective in reducing the percentage of chromosome aberrations induced by RMP. Only the highest dose (3 x 40 mg kg(-1) bw) showed a significant effect (P<0.01).The results on the induction of chromosome damage clearly show that only VC appears able to efficiently protect the bone-marrow cells when given together with RMP, while no significant reduction in the yield of chromosome aberrations was observed for VE in combination with the antituberculosis drug.     

厦门地区紫薇二次成花调控技术研究

以控根器栽培的6年生紫薇(Lagerstroemia indica)为试材，在首次花后采用不同修剪强度、辅助追肥等综合调控措施进行处理，建立紫薇二次开花花期调控技术体系。结果表明，植株修剪和追肥均可促进紫薇二次开花。其中，紫薇首花后修剪4/5的抽生新枝，间隔两周根部追施一次150～180 g阿康复合肥，现蕾后间隔5 d叶面喷施一次花多多2号500倍液，两种肥料分别施用两次效果最佳。紫薇二次开花的盛花期、花枝长度及花序数量均显著高于其他处理；花期天数与其他处理相比处于较高水平，控花期间每两周喷施一次1000倍液啶虫脒和800倍液三唑酮，可有效防治紫薇长斑蚜、白粉病和煤烟病，保证紫薇正常花芽分化。