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1.
Fungal spores are an ever-present component of the atmosphere, and have long been known to trigger asthma and hay fever symptoms in sensitive individuals. The atmosphere around Tulsa has been monitored for airborne spores and pollen with Burkard spore traps at several sampling stations. This study involved the examination of the hourly spore concentrations on days that had average daily concentrations near 50,000 spores/m(3) or greater. Hourly concentrations of Cladosporium, Alternaria, Epicoccum, Curvularia, Pithomyces, Drechslera, smut spores, ascospores, basidiospores, other, and total spores were determined on 4 days at three sites and then correlated with hourly meteorological data including temperature, rainfall, wind speed, dew point, air pressure, and wind direction. On each of these days there was a spore plume, a phenomenon in which spore concentrations increased dramatically over a very short period of time. Spore plumes generally occurred near midday, and concentrations were seen to increase from lows around 20,000 total spores/m(3) to highs over 170,000 total spores/m(3) in 2 h. Multiple regression analysis of the data indicated that increases in temperature, dew point, and air pressure correlated with the increase in spore concentrations, but no single weather variable predicted the appearance of a spore plume. The proper combination of changes in these meteorological parameters that result in a spore plume may be due to the changing weather conditions associated with thunderstorms, as on 3 of the 4 days when spore plumes occurred there were thunderstorms later that evening. The occurrence of spore plumes may have clinical significance, because other studies have shown that sensitization to certain spore types can occur during exposure to high spore concentrations. 相似文献
2.
The Burkard Volumetric Spore Trap is a common and efficient instrument used to collect outdoor air samples. In North America, two slide counting methods have been widely used by aerobiologists: the single longitudinal traverse method and the twelve transverse traverse method. The purpose of this study was to compare the two counting methods by assessing fungal spore concentrations of ascospores, basidiospores, smut teliospores, Cladosporium, Alternaria, Epicoccum, Curvularia, Drechslera, Pithomyces, other spores, and total spores at two metropolitan Tulsa, Oklahoma sites (Tulsa and Hectorville) during September 1996. Results showed that both methods were sensing parallel fluctuations in average daily spore concentration, although the twelve transverse traverse method usually resulted in higher concentrations. At the Tulsa site, the twelve transverse traverse method gave statistically higher concentrations than the single longitudinal traverse method except for Epicoccum, Pithomyces, smut teliospores, and other spores. At the Hectorville site, however, only Cladosporium and basidiospores showed that the twelve transverse traverse method was statistically higher than the single longitudinal traverse method. Comparison with concentrations obtained by counting the total slide surface of two slides indicated that neither method was equivalent to the total slide spore count, although the twelve transverse traverse method gave a lower absolute percent difference from the total slide surface concentration. While the twelve transverse traverse method gave slightly better approximations of the spore concentration, the increase in accuracy may not justify the extra effort required to analyze with this method. 相似文献
3.
Different spore types are abundant in the atmosphere depending on the weather conditions. Ascospores generally follow precipitation,
while spore types such as Alternaria and Cladosporium are abundant in dry conditions. This project attempted to correlate fungal spore concentrations with meteorological data
from Tulsa, Oklahoma during May 1998 and May 1999. Air samples were collected and analyzed by the 12-traverse method. The
spore types included were Cladosporium, Alternaria, Epicoccum, Curvularia, Pithomyces, Drechslera, smut spores, ascospores, basidiospores, and other spores. Weather variables included precipitation levels, temperature,
dew point, air pressure, wind speed, wind direction and wind gusts. There were over 242.57 mm of rainfall in May 1999 and
only 64.01 mm in May 1998. The most abundant spore types during May 1998 and May 1999 were Cladosporium, ascospores, and basidiospores. Results showed that there were significant differences in the dry-air spora between May 1998
and May 1999. There were twice as many Cladosporium in May 1998 as in May 1999; both ascospores and basidiospores showed little change. Multiple regression analysis was used
to determine which meteorological variables influenced spore concentrations. Results showed that there was no single model
for all spore types. Different combinations of factors were predictors of concentration for the various fungi examined; however,
temperature and dew point seemed to be the most important meteorological factors.
Received: 5 July 2000 / Revised: 20 December 2000 / Accepted: 22 December 2000 相似文献
4.
Multi-year study of Ganoderma aerobiology 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Ganoderma basidiospores are dominant members ofthe airspora in many regions of the world and areconsidered important airborne allergens. Theaerobiology of Ganoderma spores in the Tulsa,Oklahoma area was examined using Burkard VolumetricSpore Traps from 1987–1996. Ganodermaspores were present in the atmosphere on more than95% of the days from June through October with peakconcentrations generally occurring from late August tomid-October. The data showed marked interannualvariation, with seasonal totals in 1994 and 1995significantly higher than other years. Stepwisebackward multiple regression showed that cumulativeseason total was significantly related to Junetemperature and May through August precipitation(R2 = 0.97, p < 0.01). 相似文献
5.
Few aerobiological studies have focused on smut spores, teliospores of fungi within the order Ustilaginales, but the scientific literature provides evidence of the potential aerobiological significance of these plant pathogens. The atmosphere in Tulsa, Oklahoma was monitored for the presence of smut teliospores using a Burkard Volumetric Spore Trap. Smut spores were identified in the atmospheric samples every day from May to October during 1991 and 1992 at concentrations that were normally below 1000 spores/m3. The peak concentration observed during this study was almost 6000 spores/m3. Daily concentrations fluctuate due to a variety of factors such as precipitation, relative humidity, percent sunshine, and the phenology of fungi in relation to their hosts. In northeastern Oklahoma, the most prevalent species of smuts in the atmosphere during the spring includeSphacelotheca occidentalis, Ustilago tritici, andU. kolleri. In the fall, spores ofU. brumivora, U. bullata, andU. maydis are more common. 相似文献
6.
Few aerobiological studies have focused on smut spores, teliospores of fungi within the order Ustilaginales, but the scientific
luterature provides evidence of the potential aerobiological significance of these plant pathogens. The atmosphere in Tulsa,
Oklahoma was monitored for the presence of smut teliospores using a Burkard Volumetric Spore Trap. Smut spores were identified
in the atmospheric samples every day from May to October during 1991 and 1992 at concentrations that were normally below 1000
spores/m3. The peak concentration observed during this study was almost 6000 spores/m3. Daily concentrations fluctuate due to a variety of factors such as precipitation, relative humidity, percent sunshine, and
the phenology of fungi in relation to their hosts. In northeastern Oklahoma, the most prevalent species of smuts in the atmosphere
during the spring includeSphacelotheca occidentalis, Ustilago tritici, andU. kolleri. In the fall, spores ofU. brumivora, U. bullata, andU. maydis are more common. 相似文献
7.
Estelle Levetin 《Aerobiologia》1998,14(1):21-28
Since 1986 the atmosphere in Tulsa, Oklahoma has been monitored for airborne pollen and spores with a Burkard 7-day spore
trap situated on the roof of a building at The University of Tulsa. The present study specifically examined the early spring
tree pollen season for several local taxa and the occurrence of pre-season pollen during December and January. Knowledge of
the local pollen season will help identify the presence of out-of-season pollen and possible long distance transport (LDT)
events. Average daily concentrations of airborne pollen for species ofBetula, Quercus, Ulmus, and Cupressaceae were determined for each year from 1987 to 1996. The data showed that during the early spring the precise
pollination periods for these allergenic tree species are highly variable. There were considerable variations in start date,
season length, peak concentration, date of peak, and cumulative season total. The start dates forUlmus, Betula, andQuercus varied by 30 days or more, while the early spring Cupressaceae pollen showed the least variation in start date (only 23 days).
More research is needed to understand the mechanisms which govern the onset and magnitude of pollen release. Although several
reports have documented episodes of long distance transport (LDT) of pollen, the actual contribution of out-of-season or out-of-region
pollen to local air spora is poorly known. The current study also re-examined the LDT ofJuniperus ashei pollen in Oklahoma.Juniperus pollen appeared in the Tulsa atmosphere on 40% of the days in December and January with concentrations as high as 2400 pollen
grains/m3 of air; however, no local populations ofJuniperus pollinate at this time of the year. High concentrations occurred on days with southerly winds suggesting thatJuniperus ashei populations in southern Oklahoma and Texas were the pollen source. Since no local pollen is present in the Tulsa atmosphere
in December and January, this example of LDT has been easy to document. 相似文献
8.
Many homobasidiomycetes are characterized by a combination of gloeocystidia and amyloid basidiospores. They display a great variation in basidioma morphology, including erect and effused forms and gilled and nongilled forms. Earlier studies have shown these taxa to be related, and the group has been named the russuloid clade. Phylogenetic relationships among russuloid basidiomycetes were investigated using sequence data from the nuclear 5.8S, ITS2 and large-subunit rDNA genes. A dataset including 127 ingroup sequences representing 43 genera and ca 120 species were analyzed by maximum-parsimony and neighbor-joining methods. The sampling of taxa had an emphasis on nongilled taxa and two-thirds of the species possessed corticioid basidiomata. Thirteen major well-supported clades were identified within the russuloid clade. All clades except one include corticioid species. Ten characters from basidioma morphology and cultured mycelium were observed and evaluated. Results suggest that gloeocystidia are a synapomorphy for taxa within the russuloid clade while the amyloidity of spores is inconsistent. The ornamentation of spores and type of nuclear behavior seems to be informative characters at genus level. The agaricoid genera Lactarius and Russula are nested in a clade with corticioid species at the basal position. The new combinations Boidinia aculeata, Gloeodontia subasperispora, Gloeocystidiopsis cryptacantha and Megalocystidium wakullum are proposed. 相似文献
9.
Seasonal and diurnal changes in concentrations of airborne basidiomycete spores (basidiospores, rusts, smuts) were studied, using Burkard volumetric spore traps, in two areas of Mexico City with different degrees of urbanization and related to changes in climatic variables through 1991. Basidiomycete spores formed a large component of the total airborne fungal spore load in the atmosphere of Mexico City. They were the second most abundant spore type after Deuteromycotina (Hyphomycetes), forming 32% of the total fungal spores trapped in an urban-residential area and 28% in an urban-commercial area. The most abundant basidiomycete spores were basidiospores although smut-type spores were trapped on more days than basidiospores and rusts on fewer. Basidiospores occurred in concentrations up to 2,000 spores m-3 in the urban-residential area. Basidiospores showed a marked seasonal distribution, especially in the southern area, with their greatest abundance during the wet season. The correlation coefficients associated with regressions between basidiospore concentration and some environmental factors were increased when a lag period of 2 to 4 days was used between environmental measurements and the day of spore collection. Basidiospore concentrations exceeded the 75 percentile concentration (>400 spores m-3) most often when rainfall was up to 6 mm and relative humidity was >70%. Basidiospores showed a diurnal periodicity with greatest concentrations in the early morning. The most common basidiospore type was Coprinus which formed 67% of basidiospores trapped in the southern area and 63% in the central area. Smut spores were trapped on 87% of days through the year while rust spores occurred in only 35%. Both rusts and smuts were present in only small concentrations. 相似文献
10.
The Burkard 7-day spore trap with standard orifice is commonly used by researchers in sampling outdoor air. The alternate
orifice is reported to have higher efficiency in collecting small airborne fungal spores; however, no previous studies compared
Burkard samplers with different orifices. This study was conducted to study the effect of the alternate orifice on the concentration
of airborne fungal spores. Air samples were collected from July to October 2005 with two Burkard spore traps, one had the
standard orifice and the second had the alternate orifice. The two spore traps were located on the roof of a building (12 m
height) at the University of Tulsa, Oklahoma. Burkard daily slides were analyzed for airborne spores by light microscopy.
The data from the two samplers were statistically analyzed using t-tests. The results indicated that the alternate orifice had significantly higher concentrations of Penicillium/Aspergillus-type spores and basidiospores than the standard orifice. By contrast, the standard orifice had significantly higher concentrations
of Alternaria, ascospores, and other spores than the alternate orifice. The alternate orifice can be used to increase the efficiency of
trapping small spores, which can be underestimated by using the standard orifice. However, additional comparison in other
months of the year is recommended. 相似文献
11.
Michel Almaguer Teresa I. Rojas-Flores F. Javier Rodríguez-Rajo María-Jesús Aira 《Aerobiologia》2014,30(2):197-204
The present study sought to examine Coprinus and Ganoderma airborne spore counts, analysing seasonal variations, the influence of meteorological variables and intraday behaviour with a view to charting the aerobiological dynamics of both genera in Havana (Cuba) during a 2-year period (November 2010–October 2012). A Hirst-type volumetric air sampler was used as sampling methodology. The spores registered in the air were identified and counted following the model proposed by the Spanish Aerobiological Network based on two longitudinal transects along the slides. Coprinus spores outnumbered those of the Ganoderma (28,468 annual total spores vs. 1,921 spores). Moreover, both genera were recorded in the atmosphere on a large number of days over the two-year study period, with daily maximum concentrations in the rainy months. The daily maximum value for Coprinus was 880 spores/m3 (30 September 2011), whereas for Ganoderma 44 spores/m3 (4 September 2011). The analysis of the Spearman correlation coefficient showed a significant positive correlation of the airborne Coprinus and Ganoderma spores with the temperature, relative humidity and rainfall, whereas the degree of association is negative with the wind speed. Regarding the intraday behaviour, both basidiospores were more abundant in the atmosphere during the night, with a maximum peak at 5–6 a.m. 相似文献
12.
Horton TR 《Mycologia》2006,98(2):233-238
The production of even a limited number of heterokaryotic spores would be advantageous for establishing new individuals after long distance dispersal. While Suillus and Laccaria species are known to produce binucleate, heterokaryotic spores, this condition is poorly studied for most ectomycorrhizal fungi. To begin addressing this matter the number of nuclei in basidiospores was recorded from 142 sporocarps in 63 species and 20 genera of ectomycorrhizal (EM) fungi. The mean proportion of binucleate basidiospores produced by sporocarps within a species ranged from 0.00 to 1.00, with most genera within a family showing similar patterns. Basidiospores from fungi in Amanita, Cortinariaceae and Laccaria were primarily binucleate but were likely still homokaryotic. Basidiospores from fungi in Boletaceae, Cantharellus, Rhizopogonaceae, Russulaceae, Thelephorales and Tricholoma were primarily uninucleate, but binucleate basidiospores were observed in many genera and in high levels in Boletus. Further research is needed to relate basidiospore nuclear number to reproductive potential in ectomycorrhizal species. 相似文献
13.
Millions of tons of fungal spores are dispersed in the atmosphere every year. These living cells, along with plant spores and pollen grains, may act as nuclei for condensation of water in clouds. Basidiospores released by mushrooms form a significant proportion of these aerosols, particularly above tropical forests. Mushroom spores are discharged from gills by the rapid displacement of a droplet of fluid on the cell surface. This droplet is formed by the condensation of water on the spore surface stimulated by the secretion of mannitol and other hygroscopic sugars. This fluid is carried with the spore during discharge, but evaporates once the spore is airborne. Using environmental electron microscopy, we have demonstrated that droplets reform on spores in humid air. The kinetics of this process suggest that basidiospores are especially effective as nuclei for the formation of large water drops in clouds. Through this mechanism, mushroom spores may promote rainfall in ecosystems that support large populations of ectomycorrhizal and saprotrophic basidiomycetes. Our research heightens interest in the global significance of the fungi and raises additional concerns about the sustainability of forests that depend on heavy precipitation. 相似文献
14.
Seasonal and diurnal variations of airborne basidiomycetous spores concentrations (basidiospores, smuts and rust spores) were studied using Burkard Volumetric Spore Traps in three major coastal cities viz., Dammam, Jeddah and Jizan in Saudi Arabia. The distance between the sites was approximately 1600 km from East to West. In addition to numerous airborne deuteromycetous spores identified at all sites, a considerable concentration of basidiomycetous spores were also recorded. The data revealed that basidiospores constituted a maximum of 17% of the total air spora in Jizan, while the maximum for Dammam and Jeddah was 11% each. Spores from smuts constituted the highest percentages of all basidiosmycetous spores ranging between 9–33% and 12–33% respectively in Dammam and Jizan. In Jeddah, it constituted between 14–26%. In contrast, rusts were less frequent at all sites. Maximum concentration of basidiospores showed that at certain months the level reached between 1000–6000 m−3. The data did not exhibit any seasonal pattern in their maximum appearance. Maximum concentration of smuts were much higher compared to basidiospores and the level fluctuated between 500–4000 m−3. Rusts were low in concentration (<150 m−3). The diurnal pattern of basidiospores concentration for at least one site (Jizan) averaged over the year showed a nocturnal trend consistent with basidiospores active discharge. The other two sites had no such trend. Diel periodicities of smuts and rusts spores did not exhibit any clear pattern. The study suggests that even in coastal regions having the same climatic conditions with a slightly different geography, show variation in basidiospores concentrations. 相似文献
15.
Many known fungal species are grouped among basidiomycetes and ascomycetes. Active mechanisms of spore release into air currents
are among the main features of these fungi. Aerobiological studies have described their presence in many regions worldwide.
In some areas, fungi have been described as the predominant outdoor airborne biological particulate with much higher concentrations
than pollen. Other studies have determined that among the fungal aerospora, the highest concentrations belong to basidiospores
and ascospores. Nevertheless, the allergenic potential of spores from basidiomycetes and meiotic forms of ascomycetes has
not been studied to the extent of mitosporic fungi and allergens from other sources. The need to further evaluate the role
of basidiomycetes and meiotic ascomycetes in allergies is evidenced by the few genera with characterized allergens and limited
studies that had demonstrated levels of sensitization similar or higher to that of mitosporic fungi and other allergens. In
this review, based on the existing aerobiological, epidemiological, immunological, and molecular biology studies, we provide
evidence that the role of basidiomycetes and ascomycetes deserves more attention with respect to their roles as potential
aeroallergens. 相似文献
16.
Aerobiological study of fungal spores from Palencia (Spain) 总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0
Baudilio Herrero M. Amor Fombella-Blanco Delia Fernández-González Rosa Maria Valencia-Barrera 《Aerobiologia》1996,12(1):27-35
A study of the concentration of fungal spores has been carried out in the atmosphere of Palencia town (NW Spain) during 1992. The volumetric method of filtration has been used. Half of the daily filter sample has been cultivated in Czapecdox-agar or Sabouraud-agar for the identification of fungal colonies, and the other half has been examined by optical microscopy. Several colonies belonging to 26 genera have been identified. Deuteromycetes (54%) and Zigomycetes (28%) are assembled in four genera, and Bacteria and Actynomycetes (18%) in three genera. The greatest concentrations occur forAspergillus (23%),Mucor (25%), followed byPenicillium (16%). The greatest diversity and abundance of fungal spores are found in September–December. The viable colonies are more abundant in Czapedox-agar culture, whereas Bacteria were more frequently found in Sabouraud medium. 相似文献
17.
Elaine Stephen Adrian E. Raffery Paul Dowding 《International journal of biometeorology》1990,34(2):87-89
Fungal basidiospores andCladosporium spores are the two most numerous spore types in the air of Dublin and its surroundings. They are known to have allergenic components, and the aim of the study described here is to develop a predictive model for these spores. A very simple model, which combines an estimated diurnal rhythm with a simple, one-parameter time series model, provided golld short-term forecasts. The one-step prediction error variance was reduced by 88% forCladosporium spores and by 98% for basidiospores. 相似文献
18.
Francisco José González Minero María Leticia González Romano Fernando Romero Francisco Pineda Pilar Candau 《Aerobiologia》1993,9(1):39-45
Summary This investigation was aimed at studying the mycoflora present in Huelva (South West Spain), a highly polluted region. The study was carried out using the Cour trap and it is worth pointing out that the chemical treatment performed following the Cour methodology might destroy a certain percentage of spores. We analyzed the presence and biannual changes (10 April 1989 to 8 April 1991) of fungal spores of three genera, seventeen form genera, and four groups lacking taxonomic category, looking at their morphology: ascospores, basidiospores, and unidentified unicellular and multicellular spores. Special attention was given to agriculturally interesting groups. The results obtained were correlated with meteorological parameters (rainfall, minimum temperature and humidity). 相似文献
19.
Mating System and Basidiospore Formation in the Lignin-Degrading Basidiomycete Phanerochaete chrysosporium 总被引:17,自引:10,他引:7
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Prototrophic strains recovered from crosses between auxotrophic strains of the lignin-degrading basidiomycete Phanerochaete chrysosporium were induced to fruit. The progeny of most of these self-crosses were prototrophic, indicating that the nuclei of the original prototroph were wild-type recombinants rather than complementary heterokaryons and that the binucleate basidiospores of this organism are homokaryotic. Various wild-type strains were shown to have multinucleate cells lacking clamp connections and to possess a variable number of sterigmata per basidium. Colonies arising from single conidia of various wild-type strains were all capable of producing fruit bodies and basidiospores. In addition, single basidiospores from three wild-type strains all produced fruit bodies and basidiospores. Nonfruiting as well as fruiting isolates were obtained from single basidiospores of five other wild-type strains. Basidiospores from these fruiting isolates always yielded colonies that fruited, again indicating that the spores are homokaryotic. Nonfruiting isolates from the same strain did not produce basidiospores when allowed to form a heterokaryon, implying that these isolates do not represent mating types. All this evidence indicates that P. chrysosporium has a primary homothallic mating system. In addition to fruiting and nonfruiting phenotypes, basidiospores from strain OGC101, a derivative of ME-446, gave rise to colonies which did not grow on cellulose (Cel−). The fruiting, nonfruiting, and Cel− phenotypes differed from each other and from the parental wild-type strain in a variety of characteristics, including growth, conidiation, and evolution of 14CO2 from 14C-side chain-labeled lignin, indicating that strain OCG101 is a heterokaryon. 相似文献
20.
Summary Weekly samplings of airborne spores have been carried out with an S.A.S. apparatus in an urban and a rural site in Franche-Comté (France) during two years. The amount of air spora is higher in the rural environment than in the urban atmosphere. Many allergenic genera have been identified. Quantitative seasonal variations of many genera have been observed. The most frequent genera are:Cladosporium, Geotrichum, Epicoccum, Alternaria, Aspergillus, Aureobasidium andPenicillium appear only sporadically. 相似文献