Study on the Spore Morphology of Subfam. Polypodioideae ( Polypodiaceae) in Yunnan,China

The spores of 8 species and 1 variety belonging to 4 genera of Polypodiaceae subfam. Polypodioideae in Yunnan, China were examined under LM and SEM. Of the species it is the first time to study the spores of Metapolyp odium manmeiense and Polypodiastrum mengtzeense under SEM. The results show that the spores of this subfam. Polypodioideae are morphologic uniform; they are monolete, bilaterally symmetric, ellipsoidal in polar view, bean- shaped in equatorial view, and with or without perispore. The surface ornamentation is regularly verrucate. In addition, the relationship of the spore morphology and taxonomy in Polypodiaceae subfam. Polypodioideae was discussed in this paper, providing more informative data for the systematics and palynology of Polypodiaceae.     

云南水龙骨科水龙骨亚科孢子形态的研究

利用光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜对云南产水龙骨科水龙骨亚科4属8种1变种植物的孢子进行了详细观察,其中篦齿蕨Metapolypodium manmeiense以及扫描电镜下观察的蒙自拟水龙骨Polypodiastrum mengtzeense为首次报道。研究结果表明,该亚科植物孢子形态较为一致,均为单裂缝,两侧对称,极面观为椭圆形,赤道面观为豆形,具周壁或不具周壁,外壁正面观均为较整齐的疣状纹饰。本文还就孢子形态及其与该亚科植物的系统分类和演化关系进行了讨论,为水龙骨科的系统分类及孢粉学研究提供了资料。     

中国蕨类植物孢子形态的研究XI.石杉科

利用扫描电镜对中国产石杉科2属22种植物孢子形态进行了观察,为石杉科分类和系统演化研究提供依据。结果显示:石杉科植物孢子为三裂缝,四面体形,辐射对称;极面观为钝三角形、圆三角形或近圆形;赤道面观为扇形或近椭圆形;石杉属孢子三边向内凹,马尾杉属孢子三边外凸;极轴长为16～26μm,赤道轴长为22～36μm;孢子具外壁,不具周壁,由外壁形成表面穴状纹饰的轮廓,穴为大小、深浅和密度不等的点状近圆形或不规则条状的凹陷。从孢子形态和纹饰类型看,石杉属和马尾杉属属间差异明显,属内差异不明显。     

Spore morphology of Serpocaulon A.R.Sm. and related taxa from Brazil (Polypodiaceae)

The epiphytic fern genus Serpocaulon (Polypodiaceae) comprises 42 species nested within the neotropical clade of the family together with genera such as Campyloneurum, Grammitis, Microgramma, Niphidium, Pleopeltis, Pecluma, Polypodium and Terpsichore. Although Serpocaulon is a well-supported genus, its intra-specific relationships are still not completely resolved. The morphological dataset for Serpocaulon and related genera is therefore expanded here with information on spore morphology to provide additional information for phylogenetic consideration. Spores have been collected from herbarium vouchers and acetolysed for light and scanning electron microscopy. All members of the neotropical clade have monolete spores, except for Grammitis and Terpsichore, which have trilete spores. Both verrucate and papillate ornamentation types are recognised. The palynological analysis shows close similarity between spores of Serpocaulon, Campyloneurum, Pleopeltis and Polypodium and supports close phylogenetic relationships between these taxa. Species of the grammitid clade, although nested within the Polypodiaceae, have spore morphology that supports a separate position.     

Studies in the Spore Morphology of Vittaria Smith

The spore morphology of 32 species of Vittaria Smith has been described. Spores are ellipsoidal or long ellipsoidal in polar view, and kidney-shaped in equatorial view, (18.2–65) × (39–110.5) × (19.5–52)μ in size, monolete, without perine. The stratification of exine which is generally 1.9–2.6 μ in thickness is distinct or indistinct. When it is distinct, the sexine is thicker than the nexine. The exine is generally orna- mented with indistinct granulose or vague sculpture, and with small verrucae in three species. In some species, there is a striate texture on the surface of the exine. As far as it goes, it is a very interesting phenomenon that has not been mentioned elsewhere in the literature of palynology. According to the references, the spores are trilete in a few species of this genus. But it is only monolete in our investigated meterial. Because the gross-morphology of plant in these genera of Vittariaceae is very similar to one anther, we raise the quastion whether the few species which have trilete spores really belong to this genus or to the other genus of Vittariaceae which have trilete, it may be further considered. On the basis of the spore types, Vittariaceae (E. B. Copeland, 1948) may be divided into two groups the one belongs to monolete spore type, and the other to trilete spore type. Based on morphology and anatomy of the plant, R. C. Ching (1940) separated out some genera which have trilete from Vittariaceae to establish a new family– Antrophyaceae, it is valuable to further exploration.     

中国蕨类植物孢子形态的研究 Ⅵ . 凤尾蕨科

利用扫描电镜对国产凤尾蕨科( Pteridaceae ) 2 属30 种4 变种植物孢子进行了观察。其中凤尾蕨属( Pteris) 29 种4 变种, 孢子三裂缝, 辐射对称; 极面观为钝三角形, 赤道面观为半圆形或超半圆形; 孢子极轴长26～54μm, 赤道轴长34～97μm; 外壁厚, 形成孢子表面纹饰的轮廓; 周壁薄, 紧贴于外壁上; 多数种类孢子外壁具沿赤道加厚的赤道环, 孢子表面呈瘤块状、疣块状, 或隆起的脊连成网状或拟网状等纹饰, 有的种类具近极脊和远极脊。凤尾蕨属植物孢子的形态稳定, 种间差异明显, 但孢子形态特征与孢子体的形态特征是不相关的。栗蕨属( Histiopteris) 植物孢子为单裂缝, 两侧对称, 极面观椭圆形, 赤道面观豆形; 孢子极轴长22～23μm, 赤道轴长29～36μm; 周壁很薄, 由外壁形成孢子纹饰的轮廓; 表面呈粗的块状纹饰。从孢子形态上看, 栗蕨属与凤尾蕨属有很大差异, 将其放在一个科中不合适。     

Spore Morphology of Pteridophytes from China Ⅵ .Pteridaceae

The spore morphology of 30 species 4 variety of 2 genera of Pteridaceae from China was investigated under scanning electron microscope (SEM) . Among them, 29 species 4 variety belong to the genus Pteris . The spores of Pteris are trilete , radiosymmetrical , subtriangular in polar view and hemispherical or subhemispherical in equatorial view . The polar axes are 26 - 54μm long , and equatorial axes are 34 - 97μm long . The perispore is thin and the surface ornamentation is formed by the exospore . The types of ornamentation are tuberculiform-rugulate , verruciform-rugulate or lophate , the spore of most species with the equatoial flange, some species with proximal ridge and distal ridge . The spore morphology of Pteris is stable, and the difference between species is distinct , but the features of spore and sporophyte are not related. The spore of Histiopteris is monolete and bilaterally symmetrical, elliptical in polar view and kidney-shaped in equatorial view . The polar axes are 22 - 23μm long , and equatorial axes are 29 - 36 μm long . The perispore is thin and the surface ornamentation is formed by the exospore . The surface is rugulate . The spore morphology of Histiopteris and Pteris is very differential , put genus Histiopteris in family Pteridaceae is not suitable, according to the feature of spore morphology .     

假冷蕨属孢子形态研究

利用光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜对假冷蕨属4种植物的孢子进行了详细观察,并与亲缘关系较近的冷蕨属、蹄盖蕨属植物孢子形态进行比较。结果表明,假冷蕨属孢子均为单裂缝,两侧对称,极面观为椭圆形,赤道面观为肾形,周壁表面具不规则脊状褶皱,连接成网状。假冷蕨属与蹄盖蕨属孢子形态特征相似,亲缘关系较近。     

Pollen Characters of Old World Gesneriaceae (Cyrtandroideae)

Pollen of 108 species out of 18 genera (from all tribes of the Old World Gesneriaceae [subf. Cyrtandroideae]) was examined using light, scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The pollen grains are small sized, isopolar and 3-colpate or 3-colporate. In equatorial view they are mostly spheroidal (rarely suboblate or oblate), in polar view circular or subangular. The most variable character is the exine structure and -sculpture. The tectum is perforate, microreticulate, coarsely reticulate or rugulate. Further important characters of the tectum are (a) the presence or absence of conical supratectate sculptural elements, and (b) the width of lumina being either equal or exhibiting different at the apo- and mesocolpium. Ten exine types are distinguished. Some genera and species can be well referred to a special exine type, e.g., Aeschynanthus, Epithema, Stauranthera grandiflora; in other genera several exine types occur, e.g., in the large and heterogeneous genus Didymocarpus. The pollen morphology of the two large subfamilies Cyrtandroideae and Gesnerioideae is compared.     

Pollen Morphology of the Subtribe Hyoscyaminae (Solanaceae)

The pollen morphology of 12 species representing 6 genera was examined under the light; scanning and transmission electron microscope. According to form of aperture; sculpture and structure of exine; the palynological relationships among the 6 genera are discussed. 1. Scopolia Jacq. (plate 1:1-4) Pollen grains subspheroidal or irregular; 43.7-49.6 μ in diameter; nonaperturate; Exine about 1.2-1.5μ thick; verrucate; with verrucae unequal in size; spinulose or granular. Stratification indistinct; with no columella layer visible under TEM. 2. Anisodus Link et Otto (plate 1: 5-12) Pollen grains subspheroidal; 43.4-48.7 μ in diameter; nonaperturate. Exine 1.5-1.8 μ thick; verrucate; with verrucae unequal in size; spinulose or smooth. Stratification indistinct under TEM. 3. Atropanthe Pascher (plate 2: 1-4) Pollen grains subspheroidai or spheroidal; triangular-circular in polar view; oblong in equatorial view; 47.2-49.3 μ ×39.8-47 μ; 3-colpate; colpi wide or narrow; colpus membranes finely granular. Exine with irregular short-stick sculpture; 2.3μ thick; distinctly 2-layered; columella layer clearly visible; sexine thicker than nexine under TEM. 4. Przewalskia Maxim. (plate 2: 5-8) Pollen grains subspheroidal; triangular-circular in polar view; oblong in equatorial view; 39.2-40.3 μ × 36.4-42.8 μ ; tricolporate; ora lalongate; colpus membranes granular. Exine reticulate; 2-layered; 2u thick; columella layer distinct; sexine and nexine equal in thickness under TEM. 5. Physochlaina G. Don (plate 2: 9-12; plate 3: 1-12) Pollen grains polymorphic; usually subspheroidal; 36.5-39.4μ in diameter; aperture varying from nonaperturate (P. macrophylla); 3-4 rugose (P. physaloides) to 3-colporate (P. praealta). Exine 1.5-2μ thick; reticulate; smooth or with spinulose or verrucous processes under SEM; distinctly 2-layered; or without stratification; columella layer differentiated or not. 6. Hyoscyamus Linn. (plate 4: 1-9) Pollen grains subspheroidal; circular-triangular in polar view; oval in equatorial view; 39.9-41.8 μ × 38.7-4.2 μ; tricolporate. Ora orbicular; colpus membranes finely granular or with striate processes. Exine reticulate or striate-rugulate; 2-2.3μ thick; distinctly 2-layered; columella layer developed. The dendrogram (Fig. 1) indicates probable phylogenetic relationships among the sixgenera in the subtribe Hyoscyaminae.     

Spore morphology and wall ultrastructure of Hymenophyllaceae Link (Pteridophyta) from north-west Argentina

The family Hymenophyllaceae is represented in the study area by six species in two genera, Hymenophyllum J. E. Smith and Trichomanes L. The study was based on herbarium material and spores were studied under light microscope (LM), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM). Both genera have trilete spores, 23 to 45 μm in equatorial diameter, with an ornamentation of echinulae and cones in Hymenophyllum and of verrucae, gemmae and granules in Trichomanes. Mature spores have a sporoderm composed of a perispore, an exospore and a fibrillar endospore; the exospore is 0.5 to 2.5 μm thick, compact and with an irregular margin. In some cases radial channels and other channels associated with the middle and inner parts of the laesurae were evident. A series of cavities filled with an opaque content line the inner margin of the exospore. The perispore is 20 to 400 nm thick and unevenly differentiated along the surface of a same spore. Under TEM, two main differentially contrasted portions could be distinguished: a dark massive portion with structural components could not be distinguished, and a light portion with several plates arranged in piles. The inner surface of the perispore exhibit short scales. Globules are immersed within the perispore at some depth from the perispore surface and others connected to it by structural threads. The spore characters observed including shape, ornamentation, laesurae length and wall structure are useful in distinguishing the two genera studied, but less useful in differentiation at the species level.     

北京水龙骨科孢子形态的研究

利用光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜对北京产水龙骨科２属４种孢子进行了详细观察,对每个种的形态特征进行了描述。讨论了各属、种间的差异,为水龙骨科系统分类及孢粉学研究提供资料。     

北京水龙骨科孢子形态的研究

利用光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜对北京产水龙骨科2属4种孢子进行了详细观察,对每个种的形态特征进行了描述。讨论了各属、种间的差异,为水龙骨科系统分类及孢粉学研究提供资料。     

Observations on the Spores of Pleistophora gigantea (Thélohan, 1895) Swellengrebel, 1911, a Microsporidan Parasite of the Fish Crenilabrus melops*

SYNOPSIS. After 1914 protozoologists have generally agreed that Pleistophora gigantea (Thélohan, 1895) Swellengrebel, 1911, Ichthyosporidium giganteum (Thélohan, 1895) Swarczewsky, 1914, and I. phymogenes Caullery and Mesnil, 1905, are identical. Because no polar filament was found in the spores, however, some authors have followed Swarczewsky in considering this species to be a haplosporidan, while others have persisted in thinking it a microsporidan. Using preserved material that Swellengrebel saved from a tumor on which he based his studies, we have found a polar filament in the spores both with the PAS reaction and with the electron microscpe. This new information removes the only basis for the doubt which some authors have entertained, that Thélohan and Sweliengrebel correctly considered the parasite to belong to the Microsporida. Since Pleistophora gigantea is believed to be identical with I. phymogenes, recently selected by Sprague as type species of genus Ichthyosporidium Caullery and Mesnil, 1905, then Ichthyosporidium, originally assigned to the Haplosporida, must be regarded as a microsporidan genus. Whether it is distinct from all other microsporidan genera is a matter needing further consideration.     

FINE STRUCTURE OF MISTLETOE POLLEN. III. LARGE-FLOWERED NEOTROPICAL LORANTHACEAE AND THEIR AUSTRALIAN RELATIVES

Pollen of all large-flowered neotropical loranthaceous genera and related Australian taxa (Nuytsia, Atkinsonia) were examined in the light, scanning, and transmission electron microscopes. Trilobate, deeply concave, peroblate or oblate pollen shapes are basic within the complex; triangular, slight convex, suboblate shapes are more derived features. The non-fixiform pollen of Atkinsonia is unique within the family. Most of the large-flowered genera possess exclusively syncolpate aperture types. However, among Psittacanthus species tricolpate, diplosynrugate and diplorugate apertures are also present, representing derived types for the complex. The inaperturate pollen of Atkinsonia appears to have developed independently within the family. Pollen sculpturing is typically non-uniform, i.e., there are pronounced sculpturing differences in polar and equatorial regions. Uniformly sculptured pollen is restricted to Atkinsonia, Ligaria and some species of Psittacanthus. Ultrastructurally, most exine modifications have occurred in the equatoral ektexine. Here the basic organization ranges from essentially columellaless to columellate, the latter the more derived condition. Endexine is typically thick and stratified in polar areas, thin and lamellate in peripheral and apertural regions. Similar pollen morphologies of Nuytsia and Gaiadendron support the idea of a transoceanic evolutionary connection between the Old and New Worlds. Pollen characters show Gaiadendron to be the most primitive and Psittacanthus the most advanced among the large-flowered neotropical genera.     

广西蕨类植物孢子形态的研究Ⅲ.凤尾蕨科

利用光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜对广西产凤尾蕨科及其近缘科蕨科、姬蕨科和碗蕨科5属9种植物的孢子形态进行了观察研究,详细描述了9种植物孢子的形态及表面纹饰特征.井栏边草、刺齿凤尾蕨、隆林凤尾蕨、剑叶凤尾蕨、林下凤尾蕨、蕨和碗蕨植物的孢子为三裂缝,辐射对称;极面观为钝三角形,赤道面观为半圆形或超半圆形;栗蕨和姬蕨植物孢子为...     

Spore morphology of pteridophytes from China Ⅲ. Thelypteridaceae 1. Cyclosorus Link.

Spore morphology of 51 species of Cyclosorus in the Thelypteridaceae from China was investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The spores are monolete, bilaterosymmetric, ellipsoidal in polar view, and kidney-shaped in equatorial view. On the basis of the variation in their surface ornamentation, the spores fall into three main types. Type I: The surface of spores is echinate or perforate with fimbriate wings. 19 species belong to this type. Type Ⅱ: The surface of spores is cristate. 11 species belong to this type. Type Ⅲ: The surface of spores is echinulate. 10 species belong to this type. The remaining 11 species have spores with mixed surface ornamentation of the above three types, which are considered as intermediate types. The results are valuable for a better understanding of the taxonomy and palynology of the genus Cyclosorus.     

Lankesteria barretti n. sp. (Eugregarinida,Diplocystidae), a Parasite of the Mosquito Aedes triseriatus (Say) and a Review of the Genus Lankesteria Mingazzini*

SYNOPSIS. Lankesteria barretti n. sp. (Eugregarinida, Diplocystidae) is named from the mosquito Aedes triseriatus in Texas. The young cephalins occur within the midgut epithelial cells. When they reach a length of about 150–200 μ they rupture the host cell and are released into the space between the epithelium and the peritrophic membrane, becoming gamonts. These grow to about 140–310 by 40 μ at the anterior end and 12 μ at the posterior end. When the host pupates they enter the lumen of the Malpighian tubules; pairs join in syzygy by their anterior ends and later more laterally. Each pair forms a spherical gametocyst about 60–100 μ (exceptionally 250 μ) in diameter. A large number of oocysts develop in each gametocyst. The mature oocysts are spindle-shaped, 11 by 5.4–5.7 μ, and contain 8 elongate sporozoites and a refractile residuum. The gametocyst wall breaks down, releasing oocysts in the Malpighian tubules of the host when it is adult. The oocysts pass out in the feces and presumably infect new larvae by ingestion. The cephalins and gamonts of L. barretti differ from those of L. culicis (of Aedes aegypti) in having a relatively anterior instead of a central nucleus and in lacking a noticeable mucron; its longitudinal folds are not as well-developed as in L. culicis, and its paraglycogen granules are larger. The fine structure of L. culicis and L. barretti is described in detail. Their gamonts have a polar ring but no definite conoid. The taxonomy of the genus is reviewed, but its species have been so poorly described that it is impossible to be sure whether they are all really Lankesteria. About 19 species have been described (5 from turbellaria, 8 from tunicates, perhaps 1 from Amphioxus, 1 from the chaetognath Sagitta sp., 1 from Phlebotomus and 3 from mosquitoes).     

Paleobotanical remains from the Paleocene–lower Eocene Vagadkhol Formation, western India and their paleoclimatic and phytogeographic implications

A small assemblage of macro- and micro floral remains comprising fossil leaf impressions, silicified wood, spores, and pollen grains is reported from the Paleocene–lower Eocene Vagadkhol Formation (=Olpad Formation) exposed around Vagadkhol village in the Bharuch District of Gujarat, western India. The fossil leaves are represented by five genera and six species, namely, Polyalthia palaeosimiarum (Annonaceae), Acronychia siwalica (Rutaceae), Terminalia palaeocatapa and T. panandhroensis (Combretaceae), Lagerstroemia patelii (Lythraceae), and a new species, Gardenia vagadkholia (Rubiaceae). The lone fossil wood has been attributed to a new species, Schleicheroxylon bharuchense (Sapindaceae). The palynological assemblage, consisting of pollen grains and spores, comprises eleven taxa with more or less equal representation of pteridophytes, gymnosperms, and angiosperms. Angiospermous pollen grains include a new species Palmidites magnus. Spores are mostly pteridophytic but some fungal spores were also recovered. All the fossil species have been identified in the extant genera. The present day distribution of modern taxa comparable to the fossil assemblage recorded from the Vagadkhol area mostly indicate terrestrial lowland environment. Low frequency of pollen of two highland temperate taxa (Pinaceae) in the assemblage suggests that they may have been transported from a distant source. The wood and leaf taxa in the fossil assemblage are suggestive of tropical moist or wet forest with some deciduousness during the Paleocene–early Eocene. The presence of many fungal taxa further suggests the prevalence of enough humidity at the time of sedimentation.     

下延叉蕨和芽胞叉蕨配子体发育的研究

利用光学显微镜详细观察了叉蕨属(Tectaria)下延叉蕨(Tectaria decurrens)和芽胞叉蕨(T.fauriei)的配子体发育过程,记录了配子体各发育阶段的特征。结果表明:(1)下延叉蕨和芽胞叉蕨的孢子均为单裂缝,具周壁,由周壁形成纹饰,孢子极面观椭圆形,赤道面观豆形或肾形。(2)孢子萌发方式为向心型。(3)原叶体发育方式为三叉蕨型。(4)成熟原叶体心脏形,两翼向斜上方扩展。(5)均具单细胞和多细胞毛状体,在丝状体或片状体阶段出现。研究认为,从配子体发育角度看,叉蕨属是较进化的陆生真蕨类;毛状体的类型、位置和出现时间等特征在叉蕨属种间存在差异,可作为该属种间分类的特征。