Leaf morphology and anatomy of Camellia section Camellia (Theaceae)

The delimitations of species in Camellia section Camellia have been disputed for many years, resulting from uncertain relationships among species. Leaf morphological and anatomical characters for 54 species and three varieties in this section were investigated to reveal the relationships. Principal component analysis and cluster analysis were conducted using the transformed data for quantitative and qualitative characters from leaf morphology and anatomy. Combining the results of statistical analysis with comparative leaf characters of morphology and anatomy, we discussed the taxonomic treatment of section Camellia by Chang compared with that of Ming and we conclude that section Camellia consists of c. 50 species. © 2009 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2009, 159 , 456–476.     

濒危植物杜鹃红山茶的细胞学研究

报道了杜鹃红山茶(Camellia azalea)的细胞学资料。其间期核为球形前染色体型,有丝分裂前期染色体为中间型。核型公式为2n=2x=30=28m(1SAT) 2sm,核型类型属于Stebbins的1B型。第3、4、9、10、11、12条染色体的长臂上具有次缢痕,第15条染色体的短臂上具随体。细胞学证据支持杜鹃红山茶在山茶组中较为原始的推断,并为人工杂交育种时亲本的选择提出了一些建议。     

Karyological Study on the Endangered Species Camellia azalea (Theaceae)

The chromosome number and karyotype of Camellia azalea were reported here for the first time . The species showed in somatic cells the round prochromosome type of the interphase nuclei and the interstitial type of the prophase chromosomes. It was a diploid , and the karyotype could be formulated as 2n = 2x = 30 = 28m (1SAT ) + 2sm, belonging to Stebbins’1B type. The third, fourth, ninth, tenth, eleventh and twelfth chromosomes had secondary constriction respectively, and one satellite had been found on the fifteenth chromosome. The cytological results supported the suggestion that C. azalea was primitive species in Sect . Camellia of the genus Camellia. A clue on selecting parents was also proposed due to the chromosome numbers and the position in Sect. Camellia.     

Genetic structure of age classes in Camellia japonica (Theaceae)

Camellia japonica L. (Theaceae), an insect- and bird-pollinated, broad-leaved evergreen tree, is widely distributed in Japan and the southern Korean peninsula. The species has a relatively even age distribution within populations, which may influence the spatial genetic structure of different age classes relative to species with typical L-shaped age distributions. To determine whether the internal spatial genetic structure found in seedlings and young individuals carries over into adults, we used allozyme loci, F-statistics, spatial autocorrelation statistics (Moran's I), and coancestry measures to examine changes in genetic structure among seven age classes in a population (60-m x 100-m area) in southern Korea. In seedlings, weak but significant positive values of Moran's I-statistics and coancestry measures were found for distances less than 14 m, which is consistent with a mechanism of limited seed dispersal combined with overlapping seed shadows. This spatial structure, however, dissipates in older age classes, and in adults genetic variation has an essentially random spatial distribution. Morisita's index of dispersion of individuals in each age class showed that seedlings and juveniles are more highly clustered than are older individuals. These results suggest that self-thinning changes the spatial relationships of individuals, and thus genotypes. A multilocus estimate of FST (0.008) shows a small but statistically significant difference in allele frequencies among age classes. In summary, intrapopulation genetic structure within and among age classes of C. japonica was significant but weak. Despite presumably limited seed dispersal, weak spatial genetic structure in juveniles suggests overlapping seed shadows followed by self-thinning during recruitment. The present study also demonstrates that studies of spatial genetic structure focusing on limited numbers of generations may not be sufficient to reveal the entire picture of genetic structure in populations with overlapping generations.     

Molecular taxonomy of Camellia (Theaceae) inferred from nrITS sequences

Camellia, comprising more than 200 species, is the type genus of the family Theaceae. Currently, the interspecies relationship of the economically important genus is still a matter of great debate and controversy. In an attempt to help settle this dispute using molecular phylogeny, we analyzed ITS sequences of 112 species of Camellia. The maximum parsimony and Bayesian trees grouped these species into eight major clades and four isolates. The current study supported the monophyly of sections Thea and Furfuracea, a merged section of Theopsis and Eriandra and the formation of section Oleifera by H, -t. Chang (Flora of Reipulicae Popularis Sinicae. Tomus 49 (3), Science Press, China). The study suggested the polyphyletic nature of the sections Camellia, Paracamellia, Pseudocamellia, and Tuberculata and the paraphyletic nature of the section Chrysantha but did not support the sectional status of the three small sections, Archecamellia, Piquetia, and Sterocarpus. We also discuss the results in terms of morphology, geographic distribution and the results from an earlier molecular phylogeny analysis.     

杜鹃红山茶遗传多样性的ISSR分析

运用ISSR分子标记技术,利用筛选的10条ISSR引物,对珍稀濒危植物杜鹃红山茶(Camellia changii Ye)2个亚种群60个单株的遗传多样性进行了研究。结果表明:物种水平上的多态位点百分率(PPB)为55.29%,Nei’s基因多样性指数(H)及Shannon多态性信息指数(I)分别为0.2191和0.3215。种群间的遗传分化系数(GST)仅为0.0922。研究结果揭示了杜鹃红山茶的遗传多样性较低,亚种群间遗传分化较小。小种群和人为活动干扰是杜鹃红山茶现存种群的主要限制因素。影响杜鹃红山茶种群发展的其它因素亟需进一步研究。     

四个DNA片段在山茶属分子系统学研究中的应用

选取山茶属14个组中的10组21种植物对目前常用于属内种间的4个DNA片段（ITS、waxy、trnL-F、rpL16）进行序列测定。结果表明：（1）来自叶绿体基因组的2个片段（trnL-F、rpL16）其PCR扩增和测序都很容易,但两者的进化速率都非常慢,序列矩阵只有很少信息位点（trnL-F含9个,rpL16为20个）,不能提供必要的系统发育信息。（2）来自核基因组的ITS片段其PCR产物比较容易获得,但其序列的测定存在较多问题。（3）waxy是来自核基因组的另一个片段,其PCR扩增因受模板DNA的数量和质量的影响很大而有一定难度,但其进化速率较快,序列矩阵具有较多信息位点（92个）,并且在山茶属是单拷贝,这对于解决山茶属这类具有许多近缘物种的类群的系统关系有重要价值。基于tsnL-F、rpL16和waxy三组数据所建分子系统树支持山茶属为一单系,但属下系统由于取样等原因有待进一步研究。     

珍稀濒危植物，中国山茶属（山茶科）一新种——牦牛山山茶

描述了山茶科一新种——牦牛山山茶Camellia maoniushanensis J. L. Liu et Q. Luo,并绘制了形态图。本种与西南山茶Camellia pitardii Cohen Stuart 相近似,不同在于叶狭小,狭椭圆形,披针状椭圆形或披针形,长4~9 cm,宽1.1~2.7（-3）cm,叶面全部向上强烈内弯呈半圆形,花瓣在外面中部以下密被白色伏生短毛,外轮花丝长2.2~2.9 cm,在中部或中上部合生,易于区别。     

四个DNA 片段在山茶属分子系统学研究中的应用

选取山茶属14 个组中的10 组21 种植物对目前常用于属内种间的4 个DNA 片段( ITS、waxy 、trnLF
、rpL16) 进行序列测定。结果表明: ( 1) 来自叶绿体基因组的2 个片段( trnL- F、rpL 16) 其PCR 扩增和
测序都很容易, 但两者的进化速率都非常慢, 序列矩阵只有很少信息位点( trnL-F 含9 个, rpL16 为20
个) , 不能提供必要的系统发育信息。( 2) 来自核基因组的ITS 片段其PCR 产物比较容易获得, 但其序列
的测定存在较多问题。( 3) waxy 是来自核基因组的另一个片段, 其PCR 扩增因受模板DNA 的数量和质量
的影响很大而有一定难度, 但其进化速率较快, 序列矩阵具有较多信息位点( 92 个) , 并且在山茶属是单
拷贝, 这对于解决山茶属这类具有许多近缘物种的类群的系统关系有重要价值。基于tsnL- F、rpL16 和
waxy 三组数据所建分子系统树支持山茶属为一单系, 但属下系统由于取样等原因有待进一步研究。     

大戟科叶下珠属花粉形态的研究

对叶下珠属Phyllanthus Linn.13种植物花粉进行了光学显微镜和扫描电镜的观察。研究表明,本属花粉虽然在大小、形状和外壁纹饰等方面有不同程度的差异,但差异最大的还是在于萌发孔类型上。可以把本属花粉分为3孔沟,4－5孔沟,多孔沟,散沟（沟短而纺锤形或近圆形）和散孔等类型。这些萌发孔类型虽然与李秉滔在中国植物志第44卷中所划分的组不很吻合,但或多或少有一定的相关性,并且对于属下的分类具有一定的意义。在外壁纹饰方面,均为网状纹饰,可分为具粗网眼,细网眼和中等网眼等几种类型。但纹饰类型在组间或种间的差异不大明显。     

Pollen Morphology of Embothrieae (Proteaceae)

This is the first of two papers detailing pollen morphology and evolution with the tribe Embothrieae comprising eight genera and ca. 56 spp. The present paper examines pollen of subtribes Buckinghaminae (Buckinghamia; 2 spp., Opislhiolepis; 1 sp.), Stenocarpinae (Strangea; 3 spp.), Stenocarpus (ca. 27 spp.) and Lomatiinae (Lomatia; ca. 12 spp.) in the light microscope and scanning and transmission electron microscopes. Pollen is medium-sized, oblate, foveolate to microreticulate to reticulate, and predominantly columellate with a complex modified postvestibulate aperture morphology. Pollen data indicate ties between Lomatia and Stenocarpus on the one hand and Stenocarpus and Strangea on the other. Though Buckinghamia and Opislhiolepis have been placed in the same subtribe, the unique combination of pollen features in each suggests only a remote relationship to each other as well as to remaining Embothrieae. Comparisons to the remaining genera of Embothriae (Embothrium, Oreocallis, Telopea) and overall analysis of pollen evolution within the tribe are detailed in the subsequent paper.     

天南星属植物的花粉形态

利用扫描电镜对天南星科天南星属（Arisaema)8组25种植物的花粉进行研究（其中,12种前人未观察过,12种中11种为我国特有）。结果显示：本属花粉形态基本一致,即球形,无萌发孔,无覆盖层,具微刺,是一个非常自然的类群。但各个种在花粉粒大小,刺长,刺的形状,刺基部上径,刺的密度和刺间纹饰方面差别较大,可以作为区别种的依据。这进一步证实了前人的结论。花粉形态支持学者们关于天南星属是本科最进化的类群之一的观点。天南星属花粉可能由线花组从花粉大小适中、刺密度居中向大或小、密或疏的方向发展;刺间表面纹饰对探讨组间演化关系意义不大。Murata等对于花粉刺间具较密颗粒为曲序组特征的界定可疑;把A.yunnanense Buchet、A.bathycoleum Hand.-Mazt.和A.prazeri Hook.f.归入曲序组似乎不妥。A.consanguineum Schott和A.fraternum Schott的花粉形态没有支持李恒对这两个种的归并。     

角蒿属(紫葳科)的花粉形态

对角蒿属(Incarvillea Juss.)14个种(4变种,2居群)的花粉进行了扫描电镜观察。角蒿属花粉形态较为相似,为单粒花粉,花粉粒扁球形至近球形,外壁表面同时具有近刺状和穴状两种纹饰。大小在28～51μm之间,萌发孔为多沟型,6～10沟,沟长度不等,沿赤道分布,一些种类中沟多少弯曲使萌发孔成螺旋状,沟末端在极面上多少连接形成合沟。角蒿属内种间花粉形态上的相似性说明了角蒿属应为一单系类群,而对于角蒿属下单元划分及种间的系统有着有限的意义,波罗花亚属花粉明显大于其它两个属,花粉形态特征也显示了它与角蒿亚属关系较近。同时,研究结果不支持将角蒿属放在硬骨凌霄族(Tecomeae)。     

Pollen Morphology of the Subtribe Hyoscyaminae (Solanaceae)

The pollen morphology of 12 species representing 6 genera was examined under the light; scanning and transmission electron microscope. According to form of aperture; sculpture and structure of exine; the palynological relationships among the 6 genera are discussed. 1. Scopolia Jacq. (plate 1:1-4) Pollen grains subspheroidal or irregular; 43.7-49.6 μ in diameter; nonaperturate; Exine about 1.2-1.5μ thick; verrucate; with verrucae unequal in size; spinulose or granular. Stratification indistinct; with no columella layer visible under TEM. 2. Anisodus Link et Otto (plate 1: 5-12) Pollen grains subspheroidal; 43.4-48.7 μ in diameter; nonaperturate. Exine 1.5-1.8 μ thick; verrucate; with verrucae unequal in size; spinulose or smooth. Stratification indistinct under TEM. 3. Atropanthe Pascher (plate 2: 1-4) Pollen grains subspheroidai or spheroidal; triangular-circular in polar view; oblong in equatorial view; 47.2-49.3 μ ×39.8-47 μ; 3-colpate; colpi wide or narrow; colpus membranes finely granular. Exine with irregular short-stick sculpture; 2.3μ thick; distinctly 2-layered; columella layer clearly visible; sexine thicker than nexine under TEM. 4. Przewalskia Maxim. (plate 2: 5-8) Pollen grains subspheroidal; triangular-circular in polar view; oblong in equatorial view; 39.2-40.3 μ × 36.4-42.8 μ ; tricolporate; ora lalongate; colpus membranes granular. Exine reticulate; 2-layered; 2u thick; columella layer distinct; sexine and nexine equal in thickness under TEM. 5. Physochlaina G. Don (plate 2: 9-12; plate 3: 1-12) Pollen grains polymorphic; usually subspheroidal; 36.5-39.4μ in diameter; aperture varying from nonaperturate (P. macrophylla); 3-4 rugose (P. physaloides) to 3-colporate (P. praealta). Exine 1.5-2μ thick; reticulate; smooth or with spinulose or verrucous processes under SEM; distinctly 2-layered; or without stratification; columella layer differentiated or not. 6. Hyoscyamus Linn. (plate 4: 1-9) Pollen grains subspheroidal; circular-triangular in polar view; oval in equatorial view; 39.9-41.8 μ × 38.7-4.2 μ; tricolporate. Ora orbicular; colpus membranes finely granular or with striate processes. Exine reticulate or striate-rugulate; 2-2.3μ thick; distinctly 2-layered; columella layer developed. The dendrogram (Fig. 1) indicates probable phylogenetic relationships among the sixgenera in the subtribe Hyoscyaminae.     

Development of polymorphic microsatellite markers in Camellia chekiangoleosa (Theaceae) using 454-ESTs

? Premise of the study: A set of microsatellite markers for Camellia chekiangoleosa was developed and characterized using 454 sequencing technology to study the population genetic structure and the diversity of germplasm collections. ? Methods and Results: Eighteen polymorphic microsatellite markers were identified and tested in 150 individuals from three natural populations of C. chekiangoleosa. Alleles numbered from two to seven, and the observed and expected heterozygosities ranged from 0.100 to 0.760 and 0.133 to 0.809, respectively. ? Conclusions: These markers will potentially be conducive to further genetic studies on C. chekiangoleosa.     

Isolation and characterization of polymorphic microsatellite loci in Camellia nitidissima Chi (Theaceae)

? Premise of the study: Microsatellite markers were developed in Camellia nitidissima for further population genetic studies. ? Methods and Results: Eight microsatellite markers were newly developed from C. nitidissima and 7 were transferred from other Camellia species. Two to 13 alleles per locus were identified for these microsatellites. Observed and expected heterozygosities ranged from 0.040 to 0.909, and 0.184 to 0.916, respectively. Four loci showed a significant deviation from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and five locus pairs displayed linkage disequilibrium. ? Conclusions: These microsatellite markers will be useful to assess the genetic variation and genetic structure of C. nitidissima.     

羊蹄甲属中国特有种的花粉形态学

对羊蹄甲属植物11种中国特有种的花粉形态进行了研究。结果表明,花粉萌发孔类型均为三孔沟,少数还有合沟;花粉均具半覆盖层,表面纹饰有皱波状、皱波状-穿孔、疣状、孔穴-穿孔、穿孔-网状。依据Larsen(1975)的划分,这11种植物的花粉隶属于Integrifolia型、Glauca型和Curtisii型,我们根据花粉纹饰的差异在Integrifolia型下进一步划分了Auma亚型和Paucinervata亚型。     

金花茶遗传多样性的ISSR分析

采用ISSR分子标记对金花茶的4个自然分布居群的126份样品的遗传多样性水平进行了研究。用12条引物,共检测到105个清晰的扩增位点,其中多态性位点79个,多态位点百分率(PPB)为75．24％。采用POPGENE软件进行分析,结果表明：居群总的Nei’s基因多样性指数为0．2302,Shannon信息多态性指数为0．3502,金花茶总的遗传多样性水平较高。但金花茶居群内的遗传多样性相对较低。基因分化系数为0．5752,遗传变异主要存在于居群间。用NTSYS软件对样品进行UPGMA聚类分析,结果4个居群的样品各自聚在一起,而金花茶两间断分布区区内的居群又各自聚在一起。金花茶4个居群间的遗传距离与地理距离呈显著的正相关(r=0．68261,P=1．0000)。