若尔盖地区22000年以来的植被与气候

若尔盖ＲＭ孔上部６３７ｃｍ的花粉分析研究表明,在２２０００－１８０００ａＢ．Ｐ．植被以高山草甸和荒漠草原为主,气候较现在寒冷干燥;１８０００－１３０００ａＢ．Ｐ．,主要是高山、亚高山草甸,出现亚高山灌丛,气温趋于升高,但仍干燥;１３０００－１１０００ａＢ．Ｐ．,植被以亚高山禾草草甸为主;亚高山灌丛发展,可能已出现亚高山常绿针叶林,气温进一步上升,到后期已接近现在,湿度有所增加;１１０００－７０００     

若尔盖地区25万年以来的植被与气候

本文根据ＲＭ孔上部６０ｍ２１０个样品的花粉分析结果,探讨了若尔盖地区２５万年以来的植被演替和气候变化。研究结果表明,若尔盖地区过去２５万年的植被演替和气候变化可划分为７个阶段。在约２５０－１９５ＫａＢ．Ｐ．（７阶段）,植被以亚高山莎草草甸为主,气温和降水与现在接近。在１９５－１２８ＫａＢ．Ｐ．（６阶段）和３２－１１ＫａＢ．Ｐ．（２阶段）,植被主要是荒漠草原,反映寒冷干旱的冰期气候,年平均气温比现在低５－６℃,年降水量仅为现在的６０－８０％左右。１２８－７１ＫａＢ．Ｐ．（５阶段）是过去２５万年中水热条件最好的时期,植被主要是亚高山暗针叶林和亚高山草甸,大部分时间的气温比现在高１℃左右,降水量稍高于现在;但在此阶段的气温和降水仍有较大的波动,５ｅ、５ｃ和５ａ阶段的气温和降水高于５ｂ和５ｄ阶段。７１－５８ＫａＢ．Ｐ．（４阶段）的植被主要是高山草甸为主,年平均气温比今低３－５℃,年降水量约为现在的８０％,在５８－３２ＫａＢ．Ｐ．（３阶段）,早期植被以亚高山暗针叶林和草甸为主,晚期主要是亚高山禾草草甸,气温和降水均明显高于４阶段,在晚期气温呈非线性逐渐下降的趋势。     

衡山表土花粉与植被和气候的关系

山地花粉传播过程受多种因素的影响,其散布规律较为复杂。厘清不同区域现代花粉的垂直散布规律与植被、气候的关系,将有助于化石花粉的正确解译与定量重建。研究选取南岳衡山典型垂直植被带,沿海拔梯度从山顶1061 m向山脚202 m,共采集了21个表土花粉样品,运用花粉分析和数值统计等方法,获得以下认识: (1)衡山现代表土花粉组合中乔灌木类型以松属、杉科、壳斗科、木犀科和蔷薇科等占优势,草本类型以禾本科、蒿属和莎草科等为主。(2)本区域松属和蒿属可能具有超代表性,杉科、蔷薇科、木犀科和盐肤木属代表性适中,壳斗科、樟科、木兰属、槭属和禾本科具有低代表性。(3)表土花粉组合在本研究区的四类植被带中有明显差异,代表性的花粉类型与周边植物组合具有较好的一致性,其中常绿阔叶树/落叶阔叶树和松属/杉科(P/T)的花粉比值在各植被带中差异显著。(4)影响衡山表土花粉分布的主要气候因子为年均温,且与P/T的相关性较强,因此P/T或可作为区域地层花粉古气候重建的参考指标。     

Holocene climatic changes in the Western Mediterranean, from south-east France to south-east Spain

Holocene climatic changes along coastal regions from south-east France to south-east Spain were studied using pollen ratios. Comparing modern pollen rain, vegetation and climate along selected transects from the Atlantic Ocean to the Mediterranean, we obtained threshold values of two different ratios corresponding to the different climatic conditions along the transects. These pollen ratios and threshold values were employed to characterize the Holocene climatic changes from nine Mediterranean coastal sites. The results were compared with data from marine and continental pollen sequences distributed in the western Mediterranean basin, and with additional regional data independent of human activity: lake-level fluctuations, alpine glacier advance and retreat chronology, ¹⁴C anomaly and cooling phases in Eastern France and Central Europe. The role of anthropogenic activities and climate on the changes in vegetation is discussed. Six major changes in vegetation cover were identified. They correspond to aridification phases that occurred around 9500–9000 yr BP (10 900–9700 cal BP), 7500–7000 yr BP (8400–7600 cal BP), 4500–4000 yr BP (5300–4200 cal BP), 3700–3300 yr BP (4300–3400 cal BP), 2600–1900 yr BP (2850–1730 cal BP) and 1300–1000 yr BP (1300–750 cal BP). These arid episodes were regional responses to more global climatic changes and determined the changes in the vegetation cover. Humans undoubtedly enhanced the vegetation changes, but none the less had to adapt to these new climatic conditions.     

Among-species differences in pollen quality and quantity limitation: implications for endemics in biodiverse hotspots

Background and Aims

Insufficient pollination is a function of quantity and quality of pollen receipt, and the relative contribution of each to pollen limitation may vary with intrinsic plant traits and extrinsic ecological properties. Community-level studies are essential to evaluate variation across species in quality limitation under common ecological conditions. This study examined whether endemic species are more limited by pollen quantity or quality than non-endemic co-flowering species in three endemic-rich plant communities located in biodiversity hotspots of different continents (Andalusia, California and Yucatan).

Methods

Natural variations in pollen receipt and pollen tube formation were analysed for 20 insect-pollinated plants. Endemic and non-endemic species that co-flowered were paired in order to estimate and compare the quantity and quality components of pre-zygotic pollination success, obtained through piecewise regression analysis of the relationship between pollen grains and pollen tubes of naturally pollinated wilted flowers.

Key Results

Pollen tubes did not frequently exceed the number of ovules per flower. Only the combination of abundant and good quality pollen and a low number of ovules per flower conferred relief from pre-zygotic pollen limitation in the three stochastic pollination environments studied. Quality of pollen receipt was found to be as variable as quantity among study species. The relative pollination success of endemic and non-endemic species, and its quantity and quality components, was community dependent.

Conclusions

Assessing both quality and quantity of pollen receipt is key to determining the ovule fertilization potential of both endemic and widespread plants in biodiverse hotspot regions. Large natural variation among flowers of the same species in the two components and pollen tube formation deserves further analysis in order to estimate the environmental, phenotypic and intraindividual sources of variation that may affect how plants evolve to overcome this limitation in different communities worldwide.     

Examining high magnitude grass pollen episodes at Worcester,United Kingdom,using back-trajectory analysis

Trajectory analysis is a valuable tool that has been used before in aerobiological studies, to investigate the movement of airborne pollen. This study has employed back-trajectories to examine the four highest grass pollen episodes at Worcester, during the 2001 grass pollen season. The results have shown that the highest grass pollen counts of the 2001 season were reached when air masses arrived from a westerly direction. Back-trajectory analysis has a limited value to forecasters because the method is retrospective and cannot be employed directly for forecasting. However, when used in conjunction with meteorological data this technique can be used to examine high magnitude events in order to identify conditions that lead to high pollen counts.     

贵州白鹇湖沉积物中孢粉记录的5.5kaB.P.以来的气候变化

通过对白鹇湖沉积物柱芯孢粉组合的剖面变化分析,在有机质14C定年基础上,探讨了白鹇湖地区过去5.5 ka calB.P.以来的植被演替和气候变化过程.研究结果表明,5500-4500 aB.P.期间,各类植被比较丰富,气候温暖湿润;4500-2750 aB.P.期间,干旱草本和蕨类植物开始出现,是气候转变过渡期;2750-1500 aB.P.期间,木本植物组合类型发生明显变化,喜湿草本减少,耐旱草本增加,气候向温凉干旱化发展;1500 aB.P.至今,木本植被和喜湿草本继续减少,中生耐旱草本和蕨类植物数量继续大幅增加,干旱化趋势明显,植被组合向典型石漠化植被组合类型发展.白鹇湖沉积物剖面孢粉组合变化表明,该地区近5000a来气候变化以温度下降、降水减少为主要趋势,并存在明显的陆地植被退化现象.研究还揭示了自然气候变化事件(如气候持续干旱)可导致喀斯特地区发生石漠化,证实了喀斯特地区生态环境具先天脆弱性.科学评估白鹇湖地区气候干旱化趋势及其生态环境影响对指导该地区科学应对气候变化具重要意义,亟待加强.     

Olive phenology as a sensitive indicator of future climatic warming in the Mediterranean

Experimental and modelling work suggests a strong dependence of olive flowering date on spring temperatures. Since airborne pollen concentrations reflect the flowering phenology of olive populations within a radius of 50 km, they may be a sensitive regional indicator of climatic warming. We assessed this potential sensitivity with phenology models fitted to flowering dates inferred from maximum airborne pollen data. Of four models tested, a thermal time model gave the best fit for Montpellier, France, and was the most effective at the regional scale, providing reasonable predictions for 10 sites in the western Mediterranean. This model was forced with replicated future temperature simulations for the western Mediterranean from a coupled ocean‐atmosphere general circulation model (GCM). The GCM temperatures rose by 4·5 °C between 1990 and 2099 with a 1% per year increase in greenhouse gases, and modelled flowering date advanced at a rate of 6·2 d per °C. The results indicated that this long‐term regional trend in phenology might be statistically significant as early as 2030, but with marked spatial variation in magnitude, with the calculated flowering date between the 1990s and 2030s advancing by 3–23 d. Future monitoring of airborne olive pollen may therefore provide an early biological indicator of climatic warming in the Mediterranean.     

Miocene to Pliocene vegetation reconstruction and climate estimates in the Iberian Peninsula from pollen data

Pollen analysis of Miocene and Pliocene sediments from the Iberian Peninsula shows a progressive reduction in plant diversity through time caused by the disappearance of thermophilous and high-water requirement plants. In addition, an increase in warm-temperate (mesothermic), seasonal-adapted “Mediterranean” taxa, high-elevation conifers and herbs (mainly Artemisia) occurred during the Middle and Late Miocene and Pliocene. This has mainly been interpreted as a response of the vegetation to global and regional processes, including climate cooling related to the development of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet and then the onset of the Arctic Ice Sheet, uplift of regional mountains related to the Alpine uplift and the progressive movement of Eurasia towards northern latitudes as a result of the northwards subduction of Africa. The development of steppe-like vegetation in southern Iberia is ancient and probably started during the Oligocene. The onset of a contrasted seasonality in temperature during the Mid-Pliocene superimposed on the pre-existing seasonality in precipitation, the annual length of which increased southward. The Mediterranean climatic rhythm (summer drought) began about 3.4 Ma and caused the individualization of modern Mediterranean ecosystems. Quaternary-type Mediterranean climatic fluctuations started at 2.6 Ma (Gelasian) resulting in repeated steppe vs. forest alternations. A latitudinal climatic gradient between the southern and the northern parts of the Iberian Peninsula existed since the Middle Miocene.     

中国热带－亚热带地区晚第四纪植被与气候变化

根据华南地区第四纪孢粉分析资料,中国热带低海拔丘陵地区冰期气候的被要垂直植被带的下降,而西部山区的山地雨林被常绿一落叶阔叶混交林和要公林所替代。在亚热带地区则以铁杉属、山毛榉属、桦属、冷杉属及其它落叶叶组分的增加为特点。除了末次盛冰期（２０～１８ｋａＢ．Ｐ．）沿海平原的植被为稀树草地,气候环境凉干。在此之前的多次冰期一间冰期旋回华南地区主要表现为冷／热的气候变化,而湿度的变化较小,西部庙的的一些地     

Airborne pollen data of Platanaceae in Santiago de Compostela (Iberian Peninsula)

The pollen count of the Platanus genus in the atmosphere of Santiago de Compostela (Galicia, Spain) was carried out from 1993 to 1998, with the pollen of this taxon representing 6% of total identified pollen. The principal pollination period (P.P.P.) was centred on the months of March and April, with an average duration of 23 days.During the study period we obtained negative correlations with precipitation and humidity and positive ones with temperature and hours of sunshine, with a confidence index of more than 90%. On the basis of the six-year study period, we also calculated the average accumulated temperature required to trigger the onset of flowering, which oscillated between 330 and 456 °C, with this result being confirmed for 1999 (437 °C). We also observed that the values of maximum pollen concentration of this taxon in the last 7 years (1993–1999), were obtained on days during the P.P.P. with maximum temperatures above 18 °C. The model of intradiurnal variation reflects, for the majority of years, a greater representation during the central hours of the day.     

Correlation between large-scale atmospheric fields and the olive pollen season in Central Italy

Olives are one of the largest crops in the Mediterranean and in central and southern Italy. This work investigates the correlation of the Olea europaea L. pollen season in Perugia, the capital city of the region of Umbria in central Italy, with atmospheric parameters. The aim of the study is twofold. First, we study the correlation between the pollen season and the surface air temperature of the spring and late spring in Perugia. Second, the correlation between the pollen season and large-scale atmospheric patterns is investigated. The average surface temperature in the spring and late spring has a clear impact on the pollen season in Perugia. Years with higher average temperatures have an earlier onset of the pollen season. In particular, a 1°C higher (lower) average surface temperature corresponds to an earlier (later) start of the pollen season of about 1 week. The correlation between the pollen season and large-scale atmospheric patterns of sea level pressure and 500-hPa geopotential height shows that the cyclonic activity in the Mediterranean is unequivocally tied to the pollen season in Perugia. A larger than average cyclonic activity in the Mediterranean Basin corresponds to a later than average pollen season. Larger than average cyclonic activity in Northern Europe and Siberia corresponds to an earlier than average pollen season. A possible explanation of this correlation, that needs further investigation to be proven, is given. These results can have a practical application by using the seasonal forecast of atmospheric general circulation models.     

滇西北鹤庆盆地1.0Ma以来构造抬升的植被与气候响应

依据滇西北鹤庆盆地１６８ｍ钻孔分资料,对该区１．０ＭａＢＰ以来的古植被常规替与气候变化的阶段性特征进行了研究,探讨了该区植被和气候对高原隆开不同阶段的响应特点。明显的气候转型发生在０．７３ＭａＢＰ、０．４２－０．３６５ＭａＢＰ。０．１７ＭａＢＰ前后,山体抬升引起的树线植被响就砂甚明显,可能与山体上升到一定高度和生趣带谱的稳定形成有关。１３．２ｋａＢＰ,垢差异升降和气候变化导致湖盆被切穿。