Air Pollution from Industry and Traffic: Perceived Risk and Affect in the Moerdijk Region,The Netherlands

The aim of the present study was to compare the perceived risks of air pollution from industry and traffic in the Moerdijk region in The Netherlands, and to identify the demographic and psychometric variables that are associated with these perceived risks. We sent out a questionnaire and risk perceptions were explored using multiple regression models. The results showed that the perceived risks of industrial air pollution were higher than for those of traffic-related air pollution. The perceived risk of industrial air pollution was associated with other variables than that of traffic. For industry, the psychometric variable affect prevailed. For traffic-related air pollution, the demographic variables age and educational level prevailed, although affect was also apparent. Which source was considered as the major source—traffic or industry—depended on a high risk perception of industrial air pollution, and not on variation in risk perception of traffic-related air pollution. These insights can be used as an impetus for the local risk management process in the Moerdijk region. We recommend that local authorities consider risk perception as one of the targets in local risk management strategies as well.     

高潜水位煤矿区生态风险识别与评价

生态风险评价是生态环境保护与管理的重要研究内容,并广泛运用于流域与较大范围的区域尺度的研究。以区域生态风险评价理论为基础,结合高潜水位煤矿区生态环境以及煤炭开采对生态系统造成的危害的特点,通过分析风险源、风险受体、生态终点以及暴露—响应过程,对高潜水位煤矿区生态风险的识别与评价方法进行了研究,构建了典型高潜水位煤矿区的生态风险识别与评价概念模型与空间分析框架,分析了煤矿区生态风险识别的主要技术手段与方法,并构建了以缓冲为主要手段的综合生态风险评价方法。选择山东东滩煤矿作为研究对象,针对研究区内存在的采煤塌陷、洪涝、污染、景观及社会等生态风险类型,定量评价其空间差异,并提出相应的风险防范措施。案例分析结果表明,研究区综合生态风险重度、中度、一般、轻度分别占到研究区的4.70%,64.00%,24.09%,7.20%。生态风险较高的区域主要位于矿区中西部,为煤矸石山、裸露煤炭堆积与发电厂分布区域;中度风险是研究区主要的风险类型。从降低生态风险保障矿区生态安全角度,在未来矿区规划与生态治理过程中,提出了具体的应对措施,包括:(1)注重源头控制;(2)建立高生态风险区域阻隔带;(3)加强污染的监测与控制;(4)采用边开采边治理技术。建议加强生态风险高区域的阻隔,建立生态缓冲带,减缓对整个矿区的综合影响,构建东滩煤矿生态风险防范的空间结构。     

城市化对空气污染人群暴露贡献的定量方法研究

短期快速城市化引发一系列生态环境问题,尤其是近年来以细颗粒物(PM_(2.5))为代表的城市与区域空气污染问题。人群的污染暴露一方面是因为污染区范围的扩张,另外一方面则归因于城市化引发的人口迁移,目前的研究重点关注于前者的贡献,而忽略了后者的贡献。因此,建立了城市化对空气污染人群暴露贡献的定量方法,并选取我国PM_(2.5)污染最为严重的京津冀城市群开展了实证研究,通过利用2000、2005、2010、2015年PM_(2.5)浓度和人口栅格数据以及人口自然增长率数据,定量评估了城市化引发的人口迁移对空气污染人群暴露的贡献。研究结果显示:(1)京津冀地区受污染影响面积和人口变化显著,造成大量的人口暴露于PM_(2.5)污染。(2)城市化引发的人口迁移与自然增长贡献率方面:总体上,2000—2015年,京津冀城市群总的人口迁移贡献率为48%,北京市和天津市总的人口迁移贡献率分别为94%和88%,而河北省污染总的人口迁移贡献率为-32%。其中在污染保持区,北京市和天津市的人口迁移贡献率均接近100%,而河北省的迁移贡献率为-26%,尤其在2010—2015年,河北省衡水市的人口迁移贡献率达到-6613%;在污染新增区,北京市和天津市的人口迁移贡献率分别为86%和84%,而河北省污染的人口迁移贡献率为-757%。本研究建立了定量化的方法揭示了城市化在空气污染人群暴露中的定量贡献,为科学引导城市化发展提供了定量的手段,为合理规划京津冀城市群地区的人口流动与空气污染奠定了数据基础。     

Evaluation of Environmental Quality of Atmosphere by Determination of Element content in Plants and Soils in Tianjin

165 plants and 40 soil samples were collected at seven areas in Tianjin. The analysis of sulphur and heavy metals in these samples showed the polluted degree of the air. It is indicated that the plants at smeltery (polluted industry area) contain Zn, Cu, Cd, Pb highest and NJ, S higher. The content of heavy metals in these plants were 3 to 11 times higher than that of the background value. In business-traffic area and park, the amount of Zn, Cu, Ni, Cd in the plants were 1.5 to 3.5 times higher than the background value. In the other area, such as culture-education area, road and suburbs, the pollution is not significant, and in the clean area (Panshan), all elements in the plants are the lowest. As to the soils in polluted industry area (Smeltery), the amount of Ph, Cu, Cd, Zn and S was 725, 348, 9, 3 and 14 times higher than that of the background value respectively. Among them, most of Pb, Cu were deposited in surface layer. In soil of business-traffic area, Pb, Cu, Cd, Zn and S were 2 to 10 times higher than the background value, and in the soil of clean area, all elements are also the lowest. The stomata of plants which were blocked by the particles going down from the air resulted in increase in the stamotal diffusive resistance and the order of the resistance in the different places are as follows: polluted industry areas > parks > business-traffic areas > road > clean areas. These results are in agreement with the polluted state of the plants and soils in above mentioned areas.     

中国斑叶蝉族昆虫地理分布格局聚类分析

分析了斑叶蝉族昆虫在中国以及贵州动物地理区的分布情况,探讨其分布格局形成、起源和演化原因。根据中国和贵州斑叶蝉族的地理分布数据,运用MEGA 6.0、SPSS 22.0和ArcGIS 10.2等软件,对斑叶蝉族昆虫的区及亚区分布进行支序聚类分析,结果表明我国斑叶蝉族现代分布中心为西部山地高原亚区、华南区的台湾亚区及滇南山地亚区,分布热点地区为西双版纳地区、海南地区和台湾地区。贵州斑叶蝉现代分布中心为黔东低山丘陵省、黔北中山峡谷省和黔南低山河谷省,分布热点地区为铜仁北部的沿河地区、遵义的务川地区及贵州黔东南州的榕江、雷山地区。斑叶蝉族昆虫中国分布区形成的顺序先是东北区,其次是青藏区和蒙新区,最后是西南区、华北区、华南区和华中区。贵州分布区形成的顺序先是黔西高原中山省和黔中山原丘陵省,其次是黔南低山河谷省,最后是黔北中山峡谷省和黔东低山丘陵省。中国分布区中,B21和B22聚类群属级阶元的相似性最高,区间关联性最强。在贵州分布区中黔东低山丘陵省和黔北中山峡谷省属级阶元的相似性最高,物种交流最为频繁。目前,斑叶蝉族昆虫的地理分布格局主要是历史气候变化、当前气候条件以及植被覆盖等生态环境共同作用的结果;区系起源和演化主要受地质构造运动作用;斑叶蝉在各区的分布相似性可能与气候变化引起的物种由南向北扩散有关。     

滇池水体理化环境状况时空分布格局研究

在滇池全湖设置了 4 0个采样点 ,从 2 0 0 2年 9月至 2 0 0 3年 8月 ,按每月一次的频度对滇池水体的pH、溶解氧、透明度、总磷、溶解性总磷、溶解性磷、总氮、氨氮、Chla进行了为期一年的监测。结果表明 ,滇池外海水质已属V类及超V类水质 ,重富营养程度 ,只能满足工业和农业供水水质要求。滇池外海水质存在区域性强的特点 ,其污染程度与该地区的工农业分布格局相关 ,西北部水质污染情况最为严重 ,北部次之 ,南部最轻 ;在不同月份水质存在明显差异 ,在汛期 (5— 9月份 )水质污染最为严重 ,冬春季节则较轻。本研究初步揭示了滇池污染的现状及时空分布规律 ,为分区域治理滇池水污染提供了科学依据     

Comparison of environmental tobacco smoke concentrations and mutagenicity for several indoor environments

Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) is a major source for indoor air pollution. Although ETS-caused indoor air pollution has been well studied in the developed countries, few studies have examined ETS indoor air pollution in China, which currently has the largest population of tobacco smokers. In this study, respirable-particulate (RP) from ETS-contaminated (RP-ETS) indoor air was collected and measured in 5 different indoor environments during the winter in the northwestern Liaoning Province, China. The extractable portion of RP-ETS (ERP-ETS) was obtained by dichloromethane extraction and used in the Salmonella mutagenicity assay in the presence of S9 using strains TA98, TA100, and TA1538. The percentage of RP-ETS attributable to ETS (ETS-RP) and the percentage of ERP-ETS attributable to ETS (ETS-ERP) were estimated by measuring the concentration of solanesol, an ETS marker. Comparative results in 5 different indoor environments were: (1) the concentration of RP-ETS ranged from 197.3 to 1227.6 microg/m(3) and approximately 64.7 to 92. 0% of the RP-ETS originated from ETS; (2) the concentration of ERP-ETS ranged 88.8 to 601.5 microg/m(3) and approximately 83.1 to 95.4% of the ERP-ETS originated from ETS; (3) the mutagenic potency (revertants/m(3)) of ERP-ETS ranged from 60.4 to 595.5 for TA98, from 33.7 to 312.8 for TA100, and from 49.7 to 475.2 for TA1538. The data indicate that the extent of ETS pollution and the potential health hazards of ETS to humans in the five indoor environments are in the following increasing order: rural bedrooms, urban living rooms, office rooms, restaurants, and passenger cars in that area.     

基于水足迹的作物生产生态效率评价——以陕西省为例

传统生产函数很少考虑农业生产中自然资源的要素功能，也无法表达化肥、农药的使用对环境产生的损害。研究将绿水、蓝水和灰水足迹，分别代表降水资源、灌溉水资源和作物生产的环境影响，引入农业生产函数，采用随机前沿方法测算陕西省作物生产生态效率，并分析其影响因素。结果表明：1）1985-2018年间陕西省作物生产总水足迹呈上升趋势，作物生产单位面积用水强度不断增强。单位面积水足迹及蓝、绿、灰水占比与气候、种植结构，灌溉条件和农业污染相关。2）研究期内，陕西省作物生产生态效率以2003年为分界点呈现先降后升趋势，陕西省作物生产生态效率的U型波动对应政府对耕地资源保护和农业污染管控政策变化。3）作物生产生态效率低下的区域集中在生产落后的农业区和农业条件差的工业区，农业耕地质量差，灌溉条件匮乏，低效率（产值角度）的灌溉和化肥农药施用以及落后农业生产方式是导致作物生产生态效率低下的主要原因。4）研究期内，陕西省作物生产经历了从规模报酬递增，到规模报酬递减2个阶段，与耕地面积的变化基本对应。短期内，考虑各投入要素的产出弹性调整种植结构和化肥农药施用量是提高作物生产生态效率的有效措施，而促进农业产业升级和技术革新是推动作物生产生态效率提升的根本路径。     

基于GIS的宁夏灌区农田污染源结构特征解析

弄清区域污染源结构特征是进行污染防控的关键。本研究通过对宁夏灌区种植业、畜牧业、工业与居民生活排污源实地调查的基础上,结合各地区2005-2008年统计资料及已有对污染源结构的研究成果,利用统计分析和GIS技术方法,分析宁夏灌区种植业、畜牧业、工业与生活4方面的污染源的污染物的类型、排放方式及途径,并应用SPSS 13.0、ArcGIS 9.3地理信息系统空间分析软件及主成分分析和空间结构分布分析方法,研究该区农田污染源结构特征,把污染源组成分布与变化趋势采用数字化和可视化的形式展现出来,通过颜色的深浅递进将种植业、畜牧业、工业与生活4大类污染源区分出轻度、中度、重度等结构类别,最终将所研究的4个方面的污染源分别对应到灌区内各个县市。结果表明,宁夏灌区各项污染源的区域分布表现不同,且各县市污染程度按以下列出顺序依次递减,即,种植业污染源区域主要包括平罗县、中宁县;畜牧业污染源区域主要包括青铜峡市、吴忠市、平罗县;工业污染源区域主要包括中卫市、青铜峡市、吴忠市;生活污染源区域主要包括银川市、石嘴山市。该研究方法把青铜峡市、永宁县、银川市等灌区各县市污染源结构组成差异与变化趋势清晰地表示出来,对直观认识宁夏灌区黄河水污染源结构,寻求防治污染的方法途径有一定的引导作用,可为进一步开展农业污染综合防控,进行清洁生产,并为黄河水的污染防治提供参考。     

江西武功山两栖爬行动物资源调查及评价

2001年7月中旬～8月上旬,对江西武功山国家森林公园进行了20多天的野生动植物资源野外考察.公园内现已记录两栖类2目7科25种和爬行类3目9科37种,本次调查增加安福县爬行动物新记录7种：多疣壁虎、中国石龙子、黑背白环蛇、铅色水蛇、灰鼠蛇、乌梢蛇、银环蛇;增加武功山爬行动物新记录23种.动物地理区划属东洋界华中区东部丘陵平原亚区,动物区系组成以东洋界华中区与华南区共有种为主.两栖类东洋界种类占92.00%;生态类型以流水型9种和陆栖-静水型7种占优势.数量优势种为黑斑蛙、中华蟾蜍、黑斑肥螈、泽蛙、棘胸蛙、花臭蛙、华南湍蛙、三港树蟾、镇海林蛙和饰纹姬蛙.爬行类东洋界种类占75.68%,广布种占24.32%.数量优势种有石龙子、蓝尾石龙子、铜蜓蜥、赤链华游蛇、王锦蛇、虎斑颈槽蛇、赤链蛇、红点锦蛇、乌梢蛇、灰鼠蛇、尖吻蝮、竹叶青蛇等.公园内野生动物及其生境受人类干扰破坏大,当地群众保护意识有待增强,就此提出了保护对策.     

Use of rooms with laminar air flow]

The paper deals with the problem of dependency of the reduction of microbial contamination and of dust pollution of the air mediu min the CAMERA-BOXES with a liminary flux on the aeration degree. It was shown that the degree of aeration in the camera-box constituted from 330 to 1060, with the rate of the air flux at the filter exit of from 0.2 to 0.6 m/sec. Vertical laminar flux provided release of the air from the microbes and dust. The use of the camera-box with a laminar flux for work requiring sterile conditions is recommended.     

天津市彩色红外相片在研究植被与大气污染关系中的应用

利用彩色红外相片来研究城市植被与大气污染的关系,这是遥感技术应用于环境动态研究中的一个重要课题。在研究过程中,使用了中国科学院遥感所提供的天津市1／5000和1／10000比例尺彩色红外相片。我们首先将显示在相片上的植被与大气污染的遥感信息进行了解译,然后取样分析该地植物体中污染物质的含量,最后再到实地验证。结果表明,彩色红外相片记录了当时植被与大气污染的真实状况,具有丰富的信息,植被信息特征能够反映大气污染的基本情况。同时还可发现一些抗性强、吸毒能力大的绿化效应好的树种和绿化结构,可为城市建设、城市环境质量评价提供科学依据。     

Environmental impacts of gold mining in Essakane site of Burkina Faso

In this study, environmental impacts on air, water, and soil pollution caused by the exploit of Essakane gold mine, which is located in North Eastern part of Burkina Faso were investigated. Analyses on drinking water were made in the laboratory to determine the concentration of essential chemicals used in gold mining. Dust fallouts have been measured to assess the level of air pollution. The results showed that exploiting of gold mine directly or indirectly contributes to air pollution in Essakane district. The use of chemicals such as cyanide (industrial gold mining) and mercury (artisanal gold mining) to obtain the gold from the ore constitutes a potential risk for the ecosystem, the local population's health, and livestock production. The results also showed that there is a significant degradation of natural landscape and topography of the soil by open-pits mining (industrial mine) and holes dug by artisanal miners.     

山西晋中小南庄墓地人骨的C、N稳定同位素:试析小麦在山西的推广

小麦何时何地对中国北方传统的粟黍农业产生影响是近些年学术界研究的焦点问题之一。相关研究表明,小麦对中国北方不同地区粟黍农业的影响存在时间上的差异。古文献及考古研究表明,小麦在龙山时期就开始在中国北方地区出现,但直到东周及其后才逐步对粟黍农业产生显著的影响。为了探索小麦在东周时期在山西地区推广的程度和其对先民食物结构和生业经济的影响程度及其背后的内在动因等,本文选取晋中小南庄墓地东周时期人骨进行了C、N稳定同位素分析,结果显示先民的δ~(13)C值和δ~(15)N值都比较集中(δ~(13)C值的范围为-9.0‰～-7.5‰,均值为-8.0‰±0.4‰,n=16;δ~(15)N值的范围为9.0‰-11.7‰,均值为10.5‰±0.9‰;n=16),说明他们以C_4类食物为主,也有少量C_3类食物,但动物蛋白消费有所区分。据他们对动物蛋白占有的不同,晋中小南庄墓地东周时期人至少可以划分为两个经济群体,第一个群体可能从事农耕经济,第二群体可能从事畜牧经济。从事农耕经济人群的食物中的C_3食物应该主要来源于小麦,这说明小麦在东周时期开始在晋中地区有所推广。小麦在山西地区的推广、种植和使用,对传统的粟黍农业产生了相应的影响,使得先民种植农作物的种类有所增加,这应该加快了秦汉时期农业高峰期的形成。然而,山西地区小麦的推广相对缓慢,这可能与当地根深蒂固的粟黍经济和饮食习惯密切相关。     

Microorganisms as indices of environmental pollution by smelting industry.

The aim of the study was to prove suitability of some microbiological tests for determination of the degree of soil pollution by copper industry. The microbiological tests reveal sensitivity to metal compounds present in dusts emitted by smelters. The sensitivity of the selected strains to the dust present in the agar medium and soil has been determined and 30 strains, of which 50% reacted to the presence of 1--2 g of the dust in medium, were recommended for the tests. The tests showed accumulation of heavy metals contained in the dust mainly in the upper soil horizons and the highest pollution with the dust approximately 800 m away from the emitor in northeastern direction, which is the direction of prevailing winds of that area. The results obtained are in accordance with theoretical assumption as well as with the literature based on chemical analyses of polluted soil.     

Tokyo-Yokohama Asthma—A Review and Some Current Concepts

Soon after the occupation of Japan, military physicians began recording an unusually large number of patients with asthma. Subsequent reports labeled the condition “Yokohama asthma” and called it a new environmental respiratory disease. It occurred in the Tokyo-Yokohama area, in previously healthy persons, from October to May during the time of the heaviest concentration of air pollution.The disease begins with cough at night, wheezing and shortness of breath, and apparently does not respond to the usual forms of treatment for asthma. It was reported that the symptoms subsided upon removal of the patient from the Tokyo-Yokohama area but abruptly recurred upon return to the area. It has been implied that the disease is a hypersensitivity phenomenon due to some unknown contaminant in the atmosphere. More recent studies indicate that Tokyo-Yokohama asthma is not a disease but a syndrome seen in people with bronchial infections and asthma. The high level of air pollution is thought to have an aggravating rather than a sensitizing effect.     

基于替代式自下而上法的区域旅游交通碳排放测度

区域旅游交通碳排放测度是分解旅游业减碳任务的一个难题。在剖析替代式自下而上法机理的基础上,以长三角为例,依托归纳法和变异系数法,尝试从人均GDP、人均消费水平和人均运输线路长度三方面测算出游距离,采取以实地调研数据为主、辅之以Mus TT模型法拟定各旅游交通方式的距离比例,立足区情确定碳排放系数,并以区域输入和输出的双向旅游流的人次比值法则对替代结果进行还原调整。研究表明:(1)2011年,长三角旅游交通碳排放总量为8.32 Mt,其中江苏省、浙江省和上海市分别为3.23、2.98 Mt和2.11 Mt;(2)飞机和自驾车共占排放量的71.64%,较明显低于世界平均比例,二者是降低旅游交通碳排放的关键;旅游公共交通的碳排放比例具有远高于发达国家甚至全球平均水平的"中国式"烙印;由高碳排放系数的旅游交通方式向低碳排放系数甚至零碳排放系数的转变,是旅游交通减排的基本方向。     

兰州一个铝厂氟污染对植物的影响

木文是以兰州一个铝厂为中心,沿北面、西北面、东南面和南面四个方向设置十八个测点。采集空气样品235个,土壤样品127个,植物样品362个。这些样品的测定结果,说明空气和土壤的污染主要在2—4公里的半径范围内,下风向可能到达7.5公里。由于植物从空气中吸收氟,并加以积累,使叶片含量达数百ppm,最高达2534ppm,构成氟的伤害。这种伤害最早(5月间)出现在离铝厂最近测点的桃树(Prunus persica)、杏树(P．armeniaca)上,以后逐渐扩大到稍远的其他地方和别的植物,使葱、蒜失去食用价值,小麦发育不良,叶面积缩小,有效分蘖下降,穗长缩短,小穗数减少,千粒重从50.1克下降为37.6克,造成粮食减产。根据铝厂周围地区植物、土壤和空气氟的污染程度,可分为四种类型：清洁区、轻污染区、污染区和重污染区。     

The significance of chicory to the diet of common duiker at Grants valley, Eastern Cape Province, South Africa

South Africa is considered one of the top four chicory (Chichorium intybus) producing countries of the world and commercial growing of the plant in the country is restricted to a small area in three districts of the Eastern Cape Province. Faecal analysis technique was used to study the diet of common duiker (Sylvicapra grimmia Linnaeus, 1758) in a chicory growing region at Grants valley. One of the principal items in the diet of these antelopes was chicory and the crop provided more than one third (35.6%) of the winter diet and a substantial proportion (14.4%) of the spring diet of common duiker. These findings confirmed earlier reports of common duiker feeding on cultivated crops and may have profound implications for the South African chicory industry. The study also confirmed earlier findings that common duiker are selective feeders and predominantly browsers, consuming only a very small proportion of monocotyledonous plants.     

Spatial Modeling of Air Pollution in Studies of Its Short‐Term Health Effects

Summary In studies that estimate the short‐term effects of air pollution on health, daily measurements of pollution concentrations are often available from a number of monitoring locations within the study area. However, the health data are typically only available in the form of daily counts for the entire area, meaning that a corresponding single daily measure of pollution is required. The standard approach is to average the observed measurements at the monitoring locations, and use this in a log‐linear health model. However, as the pollution surface is spatially variable this simple summary is unlikely to be an accurate estimate of the average pollution concentration across the region, which may lead to bias in the resulting health effects. In this article, we propose an alternative approach that jointly models the pollution concentrations and their relationship with the health data using a Bayesian spatio‐temporal model. We compare this approach with the simple spatial average using a simulation study, by investigating the impact of spatial variation, monitor placement, and measurement error in the pollution data. An epidemiological study from Greater London is then presented, which estimates the relationship between respiratory mortality and four different pollutants.