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1.
In the course of composting biological waste, concentrations of various thermophilic and thermotolerant microorganisms increase. Moving piles of compost results in increased emissions of Actinomycetes and fungi. The present investigation deals with the reduction of airborne microorganism emission and immission in large-scale composting plants with open piles. Simple measures were introduced in order to reduce the release of bioaerosols when turning piles and the release of dust and bioaerols at large. These measures included the sealing of turning machinery with rubber mats, the wetting of piles before and after turning and regular cleaning and wetting driveways during the dry season.Concentrations of airborne microorganisms during the summer season were determined on 5 days before and after the introduction of emission-reducing measures using the six-stage Andersen cascade sampler. The investigation showed that following the introduction of emission-reducing measures there was, at all locations, a highly significant reduction not only of all culturable indicator organisms (thermophilic actinomycetes and Aspergillus fumigatus) but also of total microorganism concentrations ( p < 0,001). The introduction of the simple emission-reducing measures mentioned above, however, reduced the immission in the vicinity of the plant to such a degree that the natural background levels were reached at a distance of 150 m. 相似文献
2.
Limited data are currently available on the concentrations of airborne bacteria, fungi, and endotoxins in indoor environments. The levels of aerial bacteria and fungi were measured at several microenvironments within a well-ventilated residential apartment in Singapore including the living room, kitchen, bedroom, toilet, and at a workplace environment by sampling indoor air onto culture medium plates using the 6-stage Andersen sampler. Total microbial counts were determined by collecting the air samples in water with the Andersen sampler, staining the resultant extracts with a fluorescent dye, acridine orange, and counting the microbes using a fluorescent microscope. The levels of airborne endotoxins were also determined by sampling the airborne microorganisms onto 0.4?μm polycarbonate membrane filter using the MiniVol sampler at 5?l/min for 20?h with a PM 2.5 cut-off device. The aerial bacterial and fungal concentrations were found to be in the ranges of 117–2,873?CFU/m 3 and 160–1,897?CFU/m 3, respectively. The total microbial levels ranged from 49,000 to 218,000?microbes/m 3. The predominant fungi occurring in the apartment were Aspergillus and Penicillium while the predominant bacterial strains appeared to be Staphylococcus and Micrococcus. The average indoor endotoxin level was detectable in the range of 6–39?EU/m 3. The amount of ventilation and the types of human activities carried out in the indoor environment appeared to be important factors affecting the level of these airborne biological contaminants. 相似文献
3.
Several studies have showed an association between the work in waste treatment plants and occupational health problems such as irritation of skin, eyes and mucous membranes, pulmonary diseases, gastrointestinal problems and symptoms of organic dust toxic syndrome (ODTS). These symptoms have been related to bioaerosol exposure. The aim of this study was to investigate the occupational exposure to biological agents in a plant sorting source-separated packages (plastics materials, ferric and non-ferric metals) household waste. Airborne samples were collected with M Air T Millipore sampler. The concentration of total fungi and bacteria and gram-negative bacteria were determined and the most abundant genera were identified. The results shown that the predominant airborne microorganisms were fungi, with counts greater than 12,000 cfu/m(3) and gram-negative bacteria, with a environmental concentration between 1,395 and 5,280 cfu/m(3). In both cases, these concentrations were higher than levels obtained outside of the sorting plant. Among the fungi, the predominant genera were Penicillium and Cladosporium, whereas the predominant genera of gram-negative bacteria were Escherichia, Enterobacter, Klebsiella and Serratia. The present study shows that the workers at sorting source-separated packages (plastics materials, ferric and non-ferric metals) domestic waste plant may be exposed to airborne biological agents, especially fungi and gram-negative bacteria. 相似文献
4.
The changes of microbial community during agricultural waste composting were successfully studied by quinone profiles. Mesophilic
bacteria indicated by MK-7 and mesophilic fungi containing Q-9 as major quinone were predominant and seemed to be important
during the initial stage of composting. Actinobacteria indicated by a series of partially saturated and long-chain menaquinones were preponderant during the thermophilic period.
While Actinobacteria, fungi and some bacteria, especially those microbes containing MK-7(H4) found in Gram-positive bacteria with a low G+C content
or Actinobacteria were found cooperate during the latter maturating period. Since lignocellulsoe is abundant in the agricultural wastes and
its degradation is essential for the operation of composting, it’s important to establish the correlation between the quinone
profiles changes and lignocellulose degradation. The microbes containing Q-9 or Q-10(H2) as major quinone were found to be
the most important hemicellulose and cellulose degrading microorganisms during composting. While the microorganisms containing
Q-9(H2) as major quinone and many thermophilic Actinobacteria were believed to be responsible for lignin degradation during agricultural waste composting. 相似文献
5.
Compost windrows for bioremediation of soil were built at a wood-preserving site contaminated with chlorophenols, polychlorinated dibenzo- p-dioxins (PCDDs), and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs). Sampling of airborne particles during the mixing of the compost windrows found concentrations of PCDDs and PCDFs in different particle sizes. The congener distribution of PCDDs and PCDFs in the collected air particle fractions was similar to that in the compost windrows, and the level of PCDDs and PCDFs was 1000-fold higher than the atmospheric background values reported previously. Viable particle-sizing samplers and several selective growth media were used to enumerate bacteria and fungi in the airborne particles. From the collected air samples, 40 bacteria were isolated and identified. Among the isolated bacteria, 80% were Gram-positive and spore-forming. Two of the identified airborne bacteria, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus cereus, may cause human disease and are classified in biological agent hazard group 2. The amounts of airborne fungi, molds, and yeasts were 1000 to 2000 colony-forming units (CFUs) per m 3. The number of actinomycetes was up to 6-fold, and the number of bacteria was 2- to 20-fold compared to background values. The overall level of airborne bacteria (200 to 3500 CFUs per m 3) was low compared to the level of bacteria (10 5 to 10 8 CFUs per m 3) found when composting municipal waste. 相似文献
6.
A total of 1,408 cattle held in eight commercial feedlot pens were used to examine the quantity and diversity of microorganisms in cattle feedlot air. The effect of two feeding patterns on the generation of airborne dust and the total numbers of microorganisms was also examined (four feedlot pens/treatment). Microbial samples were collected, and dust particles that were 2.5 μm or less in diameter were measured with a Dustrak monitor during the evening dust peak for 4 days at sites both upwind and downwind of the feedlot pens. An Andersen biological cascade sampler was employed with different medium and incubation combinations for the capture and identification of bacteria and fungi. The results showed that when bacteria were considered, only nonpathogenic gram-positive organisms were recovered. However, gram-negative bacteria may have been present in a viable but nonculturable state. Fungi were recovered in smaller numbers than bacteria, and none of the fungi were pathogenic. The Dustrak results showed that one feeding pattern resulted in cattle behavior that generated levels of downwind dust lower ( P = 0.04) than the levels generated by the behavior resulting from the other feeding pattern. However, the Andersen sampler results showed that there were no differences between feeding patterns with regard to the total number or diversity of microorganisms. The disparity may have been due to the different operating principles of the two systems. The overall numbers of microorganisms recovered were lower than those reported in studies of intensively housed farm animals in which similar recovery techniques were used. 相似文献
7.
The aim of this preliminary study was to assess exposure to β(1 → 3)-glucan as well as inhalable dust and viable fungi in
different occupational environments. The study was conducted in three different industrial plants: metal plant where metalworking
fluids were applied, wastewater treatment plant, and waste composting plant. In selected points simultaneously the stationary
air sampling was performed to evaluate the levels of inhalable dust, β(1 → 3)-glucan, and to make a quantitative analysis
of airborne fungi. All variables describing the exposure were characterized by a wide range of concentrations. The results
were as follows: β(1 → 3)-glucan (1.38–65.1 ng/m 3), inhalable dust (0.03–2.93 mg/m 3), and fungi (0.16–285 × 10 2 CFU/m 3). The highest concentrations for all parameters were found in the composting plant. In the composting plant, a statistically
significant correlation was found between β(1 → 3)-glucan and fungal levels ( r = 0.89; p < 0.05). In the metal industry and composting plant, the participation of alkali-soluble fraction was stable, exceeding 90%
of all β(1 → 3)-glucan. However, in the wastewater treatment plant, its average amount was much lower—73.6%. The study showed
that β(1 → 3)-glucan was present in different occupational environments and it should be taken into consideration as an important
part of bioaerosols. However, more studies are required to assess the concentration levels as well as all determinants of
exposure. 相似文献
8.
Thailand border market is where the local Thais, Cambodians, Laotians, and Burmeses exchange their goods and culture at the
border checkpoints. It is considered to be the source of aerial disease transmission especially for foreigners because it
is always very crowded with people from all walks of life. Unhealthy air quality makes this area high risk of spread of airborne
diseases. This study assessed airborne concentrations of bacteria and fungi in a border market to improve exposure estimates
and develop efficient control strategies to reduce health risk. The density and distribution of airborne bacteria and fungi
were investigated in the Chong Chom border market in Surin Province, Thailand. Eighteen air sampling sites were taken from
outdoors and various work environments including indoor footpaths, wooden handicraft shops, electronic shops, the secondhand
clothing shops, and fruit market areas. Exposed Petri plate method and liquid impinger sampler were used for sampling at the
breathing zone, 1.5 m above the floor level, during weekend and holiday. Meteorological factors such as relative humidity,
temperature, and light intensity were collected by portable data logger. The relative humidity was 67–73%, and temperature
29–33°C, and light varied between 18 and 270 Lux m −2. Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria were found at a mean value of 10 4 CFU m −3, and airborne fungi of 10 3 CFU m −3 were recorded. The highest concentration of culturable airborne microorganisms was found along the indoor footpath (9.62 × 10 4 CFU m −3 and 750.00 CFU/plate/h for impingement and sedimentation methods, respectively), the fruit market area (7.86 × 10 4 CFU m −3 and 592.42 CFU/plate/h for impingement and sedimentation methods, respectively), and the secondhand clothing shop (4.59 × 10 3 CFU m −3 and 335.42 CFU/plate/h for impingement and sedimentation methods, respectively) for Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative
bacteria, and fungi, respectively. The lowest concentration of Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria, and fungi was
found only at the outdoor area at 1.53 × 10 4 CFU m −3, 0.93 × 10 4 CFU m −3 and 0.80 × 10 3 CFU m −3 by means of impingement method and 136.67 CFU/plate/h, 69.25 CFU/plate/h, and 62.00 CFU/plate/h by means of sedimentation
methods for Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria, and fungi, respectively. The most frequently present airborne
bacteria were identified as Bacillus, Corynebacteria, Diplococcus, Micrococcus, Acinetobacter, Alcaligenes, Enterobacter, and spore former rods. Acremonium, Aspergillus, Cladosporium, Penicillium, and Sporotrichum were the most frequently found aerosol fungi genera. The distribution of airborne microorganisms correlated with relative
humidity and light factors based on principal component analysis. In conclusion, the border market is a potential source of
aerial disease transmission and a various hazards of bioaerosols for workers, consumers, sellers, and tourists. The bioaerosol
concentration exceeded the standard of occupational exposure limit. Many major indicators of allergenic and toxigenic airborne
bacteria and fungi, Acinetobacter, Enterobacter, Pseudomonas, Cladosporium, Alternaria, Aspergillus, and Penicillium, were found in the various market environments. 相似文献
9.
A total of 1,408 cattle held in eight commercial feedlot pens were used to examine the quantity and diversity of microorganisms in cattle feedlot air. The effect of two feeding patterns on the generation of airborne dust and the total numbers of microorganisms was also examined (four feedlot pens/treatment). Microbial samples were collected, and dust particles that were 2.5 microm or less in diameter were measured with a Dustrak monitor during the evening dust peak for 4 days at sites both upwind and downwind of the feedlot pens. An Andersen biological cascade sampler was employed with different medium and incubation combinations for the capture and identification of bacteria and fungi. The results showed that when bacteria were considered, only nonpathogenic gram-positive organisms were recovered. However, gram-negative bacteria may have been present in a viable but nonculturable state. Fungi were recovered in smaller numbers than bacteria, and none of the fungi were pathogenic. The Dustrak results showed that one feeding pattern resulted in cattle behavior that generated levels of downwind dust lower (P = 0.04) than the levels generated by the behavior resulting from the other feeding pattern. However, the Andersen sampler results showed that there were no differences between feeding patterns with regard to the total number or diversity of microorganisms. The disparity may have been due to the different operating principles of the two systems. The overall numbers of microorganisms recovered were lower than those reported in studies of intensively housed farm animals in which similar recovery techniques were used. 相似文献
10.
A study was carried out on suspended dust, bacterial and fungal aerosols in a four-storey flourmill building located in Giza,
Egypt. Airborne microorganisms were quantitatively isolated using liquid impinger and gravimetric samplers during the period
from March 2004 to February 2005. Suspended dust varied from 1.96 to 16.3 mg m −3 and 0.69 to 1.8 mg m −3 in the indoor and outdoor environments, respectively. Suspended dust was significantly greater ( P < 0.05) at bran package, double roller, purifiers and flour storage units in comparison to the outdoor reference site. The
dust levels exceed the occupational exposure limit (OEL) of 0.5 mg m −3 for flour dust. Airborne microbial counts were found at median values, between sampling locations, ranged from 0 to >10 4 CFU m −3. Gram-negative bacteria were found in small numbers (0–10 2 CFU m −3). The highest concentration of actinomycetes (>10 3 CFU m −3) was detected in the storage unit. Airborne fungal counts were found at the median values, between sampling locations, varied
from 10 3 to 10 4 CFU m −3. The counts of airborne bacteria and fungi were significantly greater ( P < 0.05) at the purifiers and double roller mill units in comparison to the outdoor reference site using the liquid impinger
sampler. Microbial levels associated with bulk deposited dust averaged between 10 5 and 10 6 CFU g −1. Alcaligenes (5.4%) Pseudomonas (3.87%) and Enterobacter (3.1%) were the predominant Gram-negative species while Bacillus (29.4%) and Micrococci (13.9%) were the major components of Gram-positive bacteria. Aspergillus and Penicillium were the predominant fungal types indoor whereas Cladosporium (35.2%) and Aspergillus species (22.2%) were the predominant fungal types outdoor. A number of allergenic and toxigenic bioaerosols were found in
the flourmill workplace. 相似文献
11.
Inhalation of airborne microorganisms and organic dust is an occupational concern among workers in agricultural industries.
Airborne microorganisms and particulate matter samples were collected from poultry house, flourmill, textile, and food industry
sites by use of liquid impinger and gravimetric samplers. Particulate matter concentrations were recorded at median concentrations
of 1.56, 1.92, 4.39, and 0.7 mg/m 3 in the occupied poultry house, textile, flourmill, and food indoor working environments, respectively. The highest median
particulate matter concentration (27.9 mg/m 3) was detected at the flourmill’s stack site. The highest median indoor concentration of culturable airborne bacteria (6.23 × 10 5 CFU/m 3) was found at the occupied poultry-house site and the lowest concentration (4.6 × 10 3 CFU/m 3) was found at the food industry site. The highest median indoor concentration of culturable airborne fungi (3.15 × 10 4 CFU/m 3) was found at the flourmill site whereas the lowest (1.24 × 10 3 CFU/m 3) was found at the textile industry site. Bacillus and Staphylococcus were the predominant Gram-positive bacteria whereas Acinetobacter and Klebsiella were the predominant Gram-negative bacteria. Escherichia coli and Salmonella were only detected in the indoor air at the poultry house site. Aspergillus
flavus, Aspergillus niger, Penicillium, and yeast were the predominant fungal types at flourmill, textile, food industry, and poultry house, respectively. Workers
were continuously exposed to airborne microorganisms at a median value of 10 4 CFU/m 3 in all the industries studied. 相似文献
12.
Besides the well known allergens, several other risk factors may exist for health in a laboratory animal unit. The exposure to these factors may be significant in animal units with poor general or local ventilation systems. Moreover, means to prevent the distribution of airborne contaminants may be limited in animal units housing rabbits or other bigger laboratory animals. Airborne contaminants in conventional laboratory rabbit rooms were sought to evaluate the occupational exposure of animal care personnel. Concentrations of airborne dust, bacteria, fungi, ammonia and endotoxins were measured during 2 days in three phases: before working activities began, during them and afterwards. Both stationary and some personal samples were taken. All of the contaminants sought were found in the rabbit room air. When compared to reported levels in farm animal production areas, the concentrations measured were generally low. However, moderate or high levels of airborne bacteria and fungi were found occasionally during work routines. Airborne contaminants should be considered as a potential occupational health risk for persons working with laboratory animals. 相似文献
13.
In recent years, monitoring of airborne bacteria and fungi concentrations has obtained increasing universal attraction not only for influences on ecological balance but also for evaluating their public health consequences. In this study, we aimed to investigate culturable airborne bacteria and fungi levels in different sites of Abadan, and their association with meteorological parameters and PM2.5 levels. Abadan is one of the most industrialized cities in the southwest of Iran where over the current decade has experienced lots of dust storm episodes. In total, 400 air samples were collected in 6 months (autumn and winter) using a single-stage viable Andersen cascade impactor for sampling airborne bacteria and fungi and portable DustTrak Aerosol Monitor 8520 for measuring PM2.5 concentrations and meteorological parameters. Microbial concentrations showed a significant difference between various sites over the study period with averages of 569.57?±?312.64 and 482.73?±?242.86 CFU/M3 for bacteria and fungi, respectively. The air temperature had a significant effect on the concentration of both airborne bacteria and fungi. A significant positive correlation between relative humidity and fungi but no correlation between relative humidity and bacteria concentrations were observed. The average airborne PM2.5 concentrations of all sites among the study period was 93.24?±?116.72 μg/m3. The atmospheric bacterial and fungal communities were strongly positively correlated with the ambient PM2.5 level. The levels of airborne bacteria and fungi along with PM2.5 in the air of the city were relatively higher than the recommended levels. Therefore, the best course of action is needed to control emission sources. Further studies are also needed to evaluate the clinical analysis of the health effects of exposure to these pollutants. 相似文献
14.
According to Council Directive 90/679/EEC on the protection of workers from risks related to exposure to biological agents
at work, nature, degree and duration of workers’ exposure to microorganisms must be determined. This directive has already
been implemented in waste and wastewater management. The present case study investigates concentration and composition of
microorganisms in a poultry slaughterhouse in the State of Styria, Austria. From June to November 2002, measurements were
conducted at the sampling sites ‘moving rail’ and ‘gall bladder separation’ using the Andersen six stage viable cascade impactor
and the SKC BioSampler. The results of this study were compared with other previous studies which were carried out using the
same device (ACFM) and the same measurement methods. At the processing area of the ‘moving rail’, the median concentration
of airborne mesophilic bacteria was 1.7×10 6 CFU/m 3 which is 8000 times higher than the background concentration of residential areas (approx. 210 CFU/m 3). The airborne microorganisms concentration was 1.7×10 4 CFU/m 3 at composting plants which is 100 times lower than at a workplace of a poultry slaughterhouse. The study shows that poultry
slaughterhouse employees are exposed to high concentrations of airborne microorganisms throughout the entire work time without
using a respiratory protective device. For the protection of employees against airborne biological agents, relevant measures
should be introduced to this field of work. 相似文献
15.
From plate counts of the airborne microorganisms in the downwind dust plume of operating grass-seed combines, the mean source concentrations were calculated to be 6.4 × 10 8 and 4.7 × 10 8/m 3, respectively, potentially accounting for at least 41.9% of the bacteria and 35.1% of the fungi in the airshed in the Willamette Valley, Oregon. 相似文献
16.
In work environments with laboratory animals, the bedding of animals binds the excreta as well as other compounds originating from the animals and their environment. These may be generated into the ambient air when the personnel handle bedding in different procedures. This study compares the dustiness of different types of six clean and four soiled beddings from rat or mouse cages. The dust generation of clean bedding varied from <1 to 25 mg/m(3). When used in the cages of rats or mice for 4 days, the dust concentration of the beddings decreased, increased or stayed the same, depending on the type of bedding and animal species. A decrease in dustiness was, however, more common. The levels in the soiled beddings varied from <1 to 8.6 mg/m(3). In the case of the aspen chip bedding, the contents of bedding used in mouse, rat or rabbit cages were analysed for mesophilic bacteria and fungi, mycobacteria and endotoxins. All of these contaminants were variably found in the bedding samples, the maximal concentrations for bacteria were >6 500 000 colony-forming units (cfu)/g, for fungi 212 000 cfu/g, and for endotoxins 6500 ng/g (81 000 EU/g). The results showed that the bedding of laboratory animals may contain biologically effective compounds, and that these may be distributed into the ambient air depending on the characteristics of the bedding material. The dustiness of different bedding types is an important factor affecting the amount and quality of the occupational exposure of the personnel to airborne contaminants. 相似文献
17.
There are few reports on the material transformation and dominant microorganisms in the process of greening waste (GW) composting. In this study, the target microbial community succession and material transformation were studied in GW composting by using MiSeq sequencing and PICRUSt tools. The results showed that the composting process could be divided into four phases. Each phase of the composting appeared in turn and was unable to jump. In the calefactive phase, microorganisms decompose small molecular organics such as FA to accelerate the arrival of the thermophilic phase. In the thermophilic phase, thermophilic microorganisms decompose HA and lignocellulose to produce FA. While in the cooling phase, microorganisms degrade HA and FA for growth and reproduction. In the maturation phase, microorganisms synthesize humus using FA, amino acid and lignin nuclei as precursors. In the four phases of the composting, different representative genera of bacteria and fungi were detected. S treptomyces, Myceliophthora and Aspergillus, maintained high abundance in all phases of the compost. Correlation analysis indicated that bacteria, actinomycetes and fungi had synergistic effect on the degradation of lignocellulose. Therefore, it can accelerate the compost process by maintaining the thermophilic phase and adding a certain amount of FA in the maturation phase. 相似文献
18.
Airborne gram-negative bacteria, endotoxins, dust, and Aspergillus fumigatus were measured in four compost plants in Sweden. At sites where material was processed, the number of airborne A. fumigatus exceeded 10(6)/m3, whereas the number of gram-negative bacteria was usually lower. Dust levels were moderate, and endotoxin levels were well below 0.5 micrograms/m3. Medical studies to evaluate the effects of this type of microbial exposure are recommended. 相似文献
19.
Airborne gram-negative bacteria, endotoxins, dust, and Aspergillus fumigatus were measured in four compost plants in Sweden. At sites where material was processed, the number of airborne A. fumigatus exceeded 10(6)/m3, whereas the number of gram-negative bacteria was usually lower. Dust levels were moderate, and endotoxin levels were well below 0.5 micrograms/m3. Medical studies to evaluate the effects of this type of microbial exposure are recommended. 相似文献
20.
This study investigates the exposure of workers to biological particles in a poultry litter burning plant in operation. The
microorganism concentrations were examined at different workplaces during procedures leading to increased emissions. The concentrations
of culturable airborne mesophilic, xerophilic and thermophilic microorganisms in the ambient air were tested inside and outside
of the burning plant using two different methods of measuring. The focus of this study was on the quantitative evaluation
of culturable bacteria as well as the quantitative and qualitative evaluation of gram-negative bacteria, fungi and thermophilic
actinomycetes. The maximum airborne concentrations were found in the delivery hall. Mesophilic bacteria concentrations reached
up to 1.7 × 10 6 CFU/m 3; gram-negative bacteria up to 9.1 × 10 2 CFU/m 3. Fungal propagule concentrations for xerophilic fungi were between 1.2 × 10 3 and 2.9 × 10 4 CFU/m 3 and for mesophilic fungi between 4.4 × 10 2 and 2.9 × 10 4 CFU/m 3. Among fungi, Aspergillus niger, Eurotium herbariorum and Scopulariopsis brevicaulis species were dominant. Thermophilic actinomycetes reached airborne concentrations of 8.7 × 10 4 CFU/m 3, with increased concentrations of the pathogens causing extrinsic allergic alveolitis. The high concentrations of airborne
microorganisms in poultry litter burning plants and the potential hazard of the intake of microorganisms including potential
pathogens require the introduction of consistent measures in both technical areas and personnel management. 相似文献
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