具尾蓝隐藻(Chroomonas caudata Geitler)研究──Ⅱ.藻蓝蛋白(Phycocyanin)的初步分析

初步分析了具尾蓝隐藻（ChroomonascaudataGeitler）的藻蓝蛋白,其吸收光谱为一双峰曲线,两个吸收峰分别为590nm和640nm。按A．N．Glazer等关于隐藻藻蓝蛋白分型的意见,具尾蓝隐藻的藻蓝蛋白属于Ⅱ型PC－645。     

具尾蓝隐藻(Chroomonas caudata Geitler)研究──Ⅱ.藻蓝蛋白(Phycocyanin)的初步分析

初步分析了具尾蓝隐藻的藻蓝蛋白,其吸收光谱为一双峰曲线,两个吸收峰分别为５９０ｎｍ放６４０ｎｍ,按Ａ．Ｎ．Ｇｌａｚｅｒ等关于隐藻藻蓝蛋白分型的意见具尾蓝隐菏的藻蓝蛋白属于Ⅱ型ＰＣ－６４５。     

柳树叶浸提液对四尾栅藻生长特性及光合效率的影响

以四尾栅藻（Scenedesmusquadncauda）为研究对象,应用柳树（sn如babylonica）叶浸提液研究了其对四尾栅藻密度、细胞形态、叶绿素含量及光合效率的影响。结果表明：各浓度柳树叶浸提液处理组四尾栅藻密度均低于对照组,且较高浓度浸提液处理组藻密度更低。浓度为10g／L、20g／L和30g／L的柳树叶浸提液对四尾栅藻的最大抑制率分别为47．0％、54．6％和62．3％。根据浓度一效应关系方程,计算出对应的柳叶浸提液96h对四尾栅藻的半效应浓度（EC,。值）为23．32g/L.加入柳树叶浸提液后,四尾栅藻细胞边缘变得不规则,细胞体变透明,部分细胞溶解。在柳树叶浸提液作用下四尾栅藻叶绿素a含量始终保持在很低的水平。lO∥L、20∥L和30∥L处理组叶绿素含量最低分别为173．12t,g／L、124．18斗∥L、37．62斗g／L。实验开始第ld后各浓度柳树叶浸提液处理组Fv／Fm显著下降（P〈0．01）,第24d柳树浸提液浓度效应较为明显,大致是浸提液浓度越高,四尾栅藻PSⅡ最大光合效率越低。     

汉中地区汉水流域水生维管植物种类及地理分布

经野外调查,采集标本与鉴定分析,汉中地区汉水流域共有水生维管植物69种,包括蕨类植物3种,种子植物66种,分别隶属于32科48属。其中挺水植物41种,浮水及浮叶植物11种,沉水植物17种。66种种子植物分别隶属于46属,有7种地理分布类型,其中以世界分布类型成分居多,共21属,占本地区水生种子植物总属数的45．7％;热带分布类型成分13属,占28．3％,温带分布类型12属,占26．0％。调查分析发现8种6该区域的新分布种,即：竹叶眼子菜,南方眼子菜,小茨藻,大茨藻,水毛花,穗花狐尾藻,有梗石龙尾的狸藻;新记录属4个,即：茨藻属,狐尾藻属,石龙尾属和狸藻属;新记录科2个,即;茨藻科和小二仙草科。     

穗状狐尾藻与不同生长期苦草种间竞争研究

水生植物之间的竞争作用在水体生态系统恢复过程中具有重要作用。本研究采用取代系列实验方法,对穗状狐尾藻(Myriophyllum spicatum L.)与不同生长期(幼苗期和成株期)苦草(Vallisneria natans(Lour.)Hara)的种间竞争进行了研究。结果显示,对于不同生长期的苦草,穗状狐尾藻均具有较强的竞争优势,成株期苦草的竞争能力强于其幼苗期;苦草成株组中的穗状狐尾藻平均株高比苦草幼苗组中的穗状狐尾藻平均株高增加了128.6%(P0.05),但苦草成株组中的穗状狐尾藻植株平均干重比苦草幼苗组中的穗状狐尾藻植株平均干重降低了62.8%(P0.05);苦草幼苗组中的穗状狐尾藻分枝较多、株丛大,对苦草幼苗形成了较大的遮光作用;苦草成株组中的穗状狐尾藻分枝少、植株较长,顶端漂浮于水面生长,表明受苦草的种间竞争压力增大,但仍小于穗状狐尾藻的种内竞争;另外,苦草幼苗组中的苦草根长比苦草成株组中的苦草根长平均长28.6%(P0.05),表明在与穗状狐尾藻竞争过程中,苦草幼苗更趋于竞争地下资源。本研究结果说明穗状狐尾藻竞争能力强于苦草,苦草幼苗受穗状狐尾藻的竞争影响较大。     

鼠尾藻生长与生殖的权衡

2009年7月初至2009年9月中旬对烟台长岛县望福礁附近水域鼠尾藻(Sargassum thunbergii)进行了生态学调查。实验设立固定采样地点通过随机采样以及现场标记测量的方法观测了鼠尾藻的生长与生殖情况。结果表明:(1)鼠尾藻生殖始于7月初,8月初为高峰期,此间87%的藻体产生生殖托;(2)藻体长度对成熟比例和生殖力均有显著的影响,藻体成熟具有大小依赖性;(3)营养组织生物量大的鼠尾藻群体生殖组织生物量也相对较大,生殖期间营养组织生长和生殖组织生长呈异速关系;(4)成熟藻体在有性生殖高峰期过后,生长率下降,而始终未成熟的藻体则持续生长(生长率0)。以上结果表明,在鼠尾藻的生活史中存在着生长与生殖的权衡。     

具尾蓝隐藻(Chroomonas caudata Geitler)研究──Ⅱ.藻蓝蛋白(Phycocyanin)的初步分析

初步分析了具尾蓝隐藻(Chroomonas caudata Geitler)的藻蓝蛋白,其吸收光谱为一双峰曲线,两个吸收峰分别为590nm和640nm。按A.N.Glazer等关于隐藻藻蓝蛋白分型的意见,具尾蓝隐藻的藻蓝蛋白属于Ⅱ型PC－645。     

武汉东湖隐藻门植物的分类学研究

隐藻门植物在各种淡水水体中很常见,其中卵形隐藻、啮蚀隐藻在国内被多次报道过。但是由于缺乏分类学的资料,国内关于隐藻门植物的报告并不完全准确,其类群也常常被忽视。我们在2009年6月到2010年3月间,不定期从武汉东湖的各个区域采集水样,共鉴定隐藻门植物4属8种：卵形隐藻、啮蚀隐藻、蛋白核隐藻、四蛋白核隐藻、马索隐藻、反曲弯隐藻、犀角织隐藻、具尾逗隐藻。其中四蛋白核隐藻和犀角织隐藻为中国新记录。作为具尾逗隐藻的异名,尖尾蓝隐藻此前也曾在国内被报道。     

沉水植物穗花狐尾藻耐盐性与生长

通过室内人工海水培养和杭州湾栽培实验,探究了穗花狐尾藻的耐盐能力及在低盐度水域中的生长情况。室内培养表明:穗花狐尾藻断枝可在盐度12以内的人工海水中正常生长;低盐度处理可促进不定根的生长;水体盐度达到15后,穗花狐尾藻叶绿素含量和最大光合效率Fv/Fm降低,生长停滞,大部分植株逐渐死亡。野外栽培表明:从2017年6月到2018年5月,穗花狐尾藻可在杭州湾水体盐度6.06～9.03,水温3.85～33.37℃条件存活,8—10月是穗花狐尾藻的快速生长期;穗花狐尾藻在杭州湾低盐度水体中可进行有性繁殖和无性繁殖,以无性繁殖为主。研究结果为穗花狐尾藻在低盐度水体中建立种群提供了依据。     

洪湖5种优势沉水植物光合荧光特性比较研究

利用水下饱和脉冲荧光仪(DIVING-PAM),原位观测洪湖5种优势沉水植物——苦草[Vallisneria natans(Lour.)Hara]、黑藻[Hydrilla verticillata(L.f.)Royle]、狐尾藻(Myriophyllum verticillatum L.)、菹草(Potamogeton crispus L.)和马来眼子菜(Potamogeton wrightii Morong)的量子产量及快速光曲线。结果显示:5种沉水植物苦草、黑藻、狐尾藻、菹草和马来眼子菜最大量子产量(Fv/Fm)分别为0.603、0.723、0.751、0.778和0.646。各物种的开放PSⅡ反应中心原初光能捕获效率(Fv′/Fm′)的大小依次为菹草狐尾藻黑藻马来眼子菜苦草,且除黑藻与狐尾藻间差异不显著外,其他物种间差异均显著;各物种光能利用能力(α)的大小依次为菹草黑藻狐尾藻马来眼子菜苦草,且除黑藻与狐尾藻间差异不显著外,其他物种间差异均显著;各物种无光抑制的最大潜在相对电子传递速率(rETRm)的大小依次为菹草狐尾藻黑藻马来眼子菜苦草,且各物种间差异显著;半饱和光强(Ek)的大小依次为狐尾藻菹草黑藻苦草马来眼子菜,且除狐尾藻与菹草间差异不显著外,其他物种间差异均显著。研究表明:洪湖5种优势沉水植物中,菹草和狐尾藻较耐强光,光合速率较高,而苦草则有较强的耐弱光能力。     

Materials for Chinese Phyllanthoideae

The present paper is part of taxonomic study on Chinese Phyllanthoideae. Included in it are two new varieties, Leptopus esquirolii var. villosus and Drypetes hainanensis var. longistipitata, one new combination, Glochidion triandrum var. siamense, and seven new records in China: Drypetes salicifolia, D. hoaensis. Actephila subsessilis, Glochidion khasicum, G. nubigennum, Bridelia spiosa and B. poilanei. In addition, seventeen taxon names are newly reduced: Liodendron formosanum = Drypetes formosana, Liodendron matsumurae = Drypetes matsumurae, D. longipes = D. indica, Antidesma paxii = A. acidum, A. hiiranense, A. filipes and A. pentandrum var. hiiranense = A. japonicum, A. calvescens = A. montanum, A. microphyllum = A. venosum, Breynia stipitata var. formosana and B. jormosana = B. vitis-idaea, Glochidion zeylanicum var. tomentosum = G. hirsutum, G. rubidulum = G. thomsonii, G. acuminatum = G. triandrum, G. fagifolium and Phyllanthus fagifolius = Glochidion sphaerogynum, Bridelia penangiena = B. insulana, B. henryana = B. tomentosa. All the types are kept in SCBl and PE.     

Phylogenetic revision of the Taenogera Kröber genus-group (Diptera: Therevidae), with descriptions of two new genera

The phylogenetic relationships of the Taenogera genus-group, consisting of nine genera, are examined using cladistic methods. Twenty-one species representing nine genera and one outgroup were compared in a cladistic analysis across 99 states in 44 characters. The genus Taenogera Kröber is revised to contain only T. longa (Schiner), T. nitida (Macquart) and T. notatithorax Mann. Two new genera are described and figured: Actenomeros gen. n., with two species, A. corniculaticaudus sp. n. and A. onyx sp. n.; and Taenogerella gen. n., with four species, Ta. elizabethae sp. n., Ta. platina sp. n., Ta. schlingeri sp. n. and Ta . nigrapicalis (Mann) comb. n. Phylogenetic analysis also supports the removal of Nanexila gracilis (Mann) comb. n. from Taenogera .     

Relationships between host blood factors and proteases in Glossina morsitans subspecies infected with Trypanosoma congolense

Abstract. Host blood effects on Trypanosoma congolense establishment in Glossina morsitans morsitans and Glossina morsitans centralis were investigated using goat, rabbit, cow and rhinoceros blood. Meals containing goat erythrocytes facilitated infection in G. m. morsitans , whereas meals containing goat plasma facilitated infection in G. m. centralis. Goat blood effects were not observed in the presence of complementary rabbit blood components. N-acetyl-glucosamine (a midguMectin inhibitor) increased infection rates in some, but not all, blood manipulations. Cholesterol increased infection rates in G. m. centralis only. Both compounds together added to cow blood produced superinfection in G. m. centralis , but not in G. m. morsitans. Midgut protease levels did not differ 6 days post-infection in flies maintaining infections versus flies clearing infections. Protease levels were weakly correlated with patterns of infection, but only in G. m. morsitans. These results suggest that physiological mechanisms responsible for variation in infection rates are only superficially similar in these closely-related tsetse.     

Selection of Verticillium lecanii Isolates with High Potential for Biocontrol of Cucumber Powdery Mildew by Means of Components Analysis at Different Humidity Regimes

To identify characteristics for the selection of Verticillium lecanii isolates with high potential for biocontrol of Sphaerotheca fuliginea under glasshouse conditions, an exploratory study was performed on the effect of water limitation on the development of 14 isolates. The conidial germination, growth and sporulation of isolates of V. lecanii were studied in a tritrophic system on cucumber leaves and in a ditrophic system in Petri dishes. Their mycoparasitic ability was studied in S. fuliginea and Cladosporium cladosporioides . All characteristics were clearly affected by humidity. Four isolates showed good biocontrol potential. The performance of isolates on agar had less predictive value than on powdery mildew. The germination of isolates of V. lecanii was lower and the mycelial growth faster on agar than on mildewed leaves under corresponding humidity conditions. The results suggest that conditions in the phyllosphere differed from the set humidity in the surrounding air. A correlation was found between the lysis of C. cladosporioides growing in dual culture on agar with isolates of V. lecanii and the parasitism of powdery mildew on detached, rooted leaves. C. cladosporioides might offer a suitable substrate for testing isolates of V. lecanii for mycoparasitic potential under various environmental conditions. Conidial germination, growth and sporulation had limited predictive value.     

Evaluation of the Palaearctic Eurithia consobrina (Diptera: Tachinidae) as a Potential Biocontrol Agent for Mamestra configurata (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Canada

The evaluation of Eurithia consobrina (Meigen) as a candidate for introduction against bertha armyworm, Mamestra configurata (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), in western Canada included studies of its host range, distribution, synchronization with host, constancy, abundance and life history in Europe. In addition, its diapause induction and its coldhardiness were compared with those of the target host M. configurata and its native tachinid parasitoid, Athrycia cinerea (Coq.). E. consobrina was found to fit criteria for a successful biocontrol agent reasonably well. It also had the potential to fill a largely unoccupied niche in the parasitoid complex of M. configurata. E. consobrina has a facultative diapause of the long-day type, similar to A. cinerea, but is less sensitive to diapause-inducing conditions. E. consobrina is at least as coldhardy as A. cinerea and more coldhardy than M. configurata. Laboratory exposures to temperatures of 0 C for 140 days apparently selected for greater coldhardiness, and later generations survived exposures of 140 days at -15 C without significant mortality. Adult E. consobrina were released at three locations in Manitoba in 1986 and 1987, but establishment has not been confirmed.     

Predation by Halmus chalybeus (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) on Ceroplastes destructor and C. sinensis (Hemiptera: Coccidae: Ceroplastinae) Infesting Citrus in Northland, New Zealand

Predation by Halmus chalybeus (steelblue ladybird) on two species of wax scale was studied on citrus orchards in Northland, New Zealand. Field experiments using an exclusion technique of enclosing citrus branches in bags, found that larval and adult H. chalybeus preyed on first and second instars of both Ceroplastes destructor (white wax scale) and C. sinensis (Chinese wax scale), but not third instar C. destructor. Third instar C. sinensis and adults of both species were not tested but are rarely, if ever, attacked by H. chalybeus. The sampling of scale and ladybird populations and field experiments showed that few scales of either species survived past the second instar stage where H. chalybeus was numerous. The feeding rate of H. chalybeus on settled first and second instar scales was estimated inside bagged branches. Adults consumed on average 15.6 C. destructor and 13.3 C. sinensis per day per ladybird, while larvae ate 9.7 C. destructor per day. These feeding rates accounted for the experimental reduction of scale populations. H. chalybeus is a useful natural enemy for the control of C. destructor and C. sinensis when its activity is not disrupted by pesticides.     

Further flavonoid studies onAttalea species and some related cocosoid palms

In a flavonoid survey of direct and hydrolysed leaf extracts of sixteenAttalea, sevenScheelea and fourOrbignya species free tricin, tricin 7-glycosides, tricin 5-glucoside and flavone C-glycosides were the most frequent constituents; present in 100, 89, 70, and 81% of species, respectively. Luteolin, quercetin and isorhamnetin were each found in only 15% of the sample. The present results confirm the findings of a previous survey thatAttalea, Scheelea andOrbignya are chemically heterogeneous with as much variation between species as between genera. Furthermore, threeAttalea species,A. allenii, A. guaranitica andA. victoriana showed some infraspecific variation. On the other hand all three accessions ofA. ferruginea and six ofA. geraensis examined gave identical flavonoid profiles. The results support the view thatA. geraensis andA. guaranitica are closely related but do not support the suggested close relationship based on morphology betweenA. oleifera, A. burretiana andA. piassabossu.     

Investigations into the evolutionary history of the polyploid complexAntennaria neodioica (Asteraceae: Inuleae)

TheAntennaria neodioica polyploid agamic complex is a polymorphic species occurring across North America mainly north of the terminal margin of the Wisconsin glacier. This taxonomically difficult group has recently been treated as consisting of the four subspeciesA. neodioica subsp.canadensis, subsp.howellii, subsp.neodioica, and subsp.petaloidea. TheA. neodioica agamic complex has been considered of hybrid origin with several sexual diploid species constituting its parentage. Crosses were made among five sexual diploid species ofAntennaria, morphologically similar toA. neodioica s.l., in an attempt to discover its origins. Representative specimens of the five diploid species,A. neodioica s. l., and the synthetic interspecific F₁ hybrids were subjected to various analyses including PCA, cluster (UPGMA), and discriminant analyses. Results suggest that theA. neodioica complex is of multiple hybrid origin involving the four diploid speciesA. neglecta, A. plantaginifolia, A. racemosa, andA. virginica. BecauseA. neodioica is the result of diverse origin it is more desirable to consider the agamic complex as a separate, distinct species from its sexual diploid relatives. Several morphological characters in the diploid species were determined to be polygenically inherited.Investigations into the Evolutionary History of the Polyploid Complexes inAntennaria (Asteraceae: Inuleae). I.