基于4个叶绿体基因识别蓑藓属(Macromitrium)植物的可行性研究

我国的蓑藓属植物形态变异式样复杂,分类问题多.DNA条形码技术是一种新的物种鉴定技术.本研究以采自浙江、福建、云南、广西、四川等省的蓑藓属(Macromitrium)7个物种及其外类群直叶藓Macrocoma tenue subsp. sullivantii和火藓Schlotheimia grevilleana的38份标本为对象,获得了它们的叶绿体基因trnL、trnG、psbT和rps4序列,基于这些基因的不同组合构建了15棵贝叶斯系统发育树,获得了相应的蓑藓属植物的物种识别率、种内和种间的遗传距离.发现基于trnL-rps4、trnL-trnG-rps4、trnL-psbT-rps4、trnG-psbT-rps4和trnL-trnG-rps4-psbT等5个组合能够较好地识别本研究中蓑藓属植物,均得到了100%的物种识别率.考虑到扩增和测序的成功率和得到的7种蓑藓属植物的系统发育关系,建议将trnL-trnG-psbT组合用于蓑藓属植物的系统发育分析和物种识别的DNA条形码.     

甘草野生种群果实与种子形态特征的地理变异研究

目的:研究甘草荚果和种子形态特征地理变异规律并分析其形成的生态学机制。方法:采用样方调查的方法测定全国4省区8个旗县甘草野生种群的地上植株形态特征,采用双重筛选逐步回归分析方法探讨甘草荚果和种子形态特征的地理变异规律及其形成的生态学机制。结果:(1)不同甘草种群的荚果数、荚果腺毛长度、种室数目、每荚种子粒数和结实率5项指标的差异达到了极显著水平(P<0.01);荚果长度、荚果厚度、荚果腺毛密度和种子长度4项指标的差异达到了显著水平(P<0.05)。(2)荚果厚度、种室数目等5项形态特征与经度呈显著相关,只有荚果腺毛长度1项指标与纬度显著相关。结论:甘草野生种群荚果与种子形态特征存在显著的地理变异,其变异趋势以经向变异为主,光照因子差异是导致地理变异的主要原因,其次为温度因子和水分因子,其相关关系可用多元回归模型解释。     

中国汉族男性不同年龄阶段面貌特征的编码

推断年龄一直是法医人类学重点研究的内容。目前,最主要的年龄推断方法就是骨龄鉴定,但是成本较高。本文开拓新思路,利用照片推断年龄范围。将面部结构分成上中下三个区域,按区域进行观察和测量。实验选取12项指标,包括8项测量指标和4项观察指标。面部上1/3选取外眼角间距、内眼角间距、额纹和眉弓突出度;面部中间1/3选择容貌上面高、颧间距、鼻宽和鼻翼沟可见度;面部下1/3选择下颌长度、下颌角间距、口裂长度和口周皱褶。每项指标根据程度不同按数量级划分,统计出面部不同区域数字编码组合出现的频率。在面部上1/3处,20岁-组到60岁-组出现频率最高的组合分别为2311、3311、2311、1321和1333;在面中部1/3处,20岁-组到60岁-组出现频率最高的组合分别是1111、2311、2111、1212和3232;在面部下1/3处,20岁-组到60岁-组出现频率最高的组合分别是1111、1111、2211、2331和3332。     

中国汉族男性不同年龄阶段面貌特征的编码北大核心CSCDCSSCI

推断年龄一直是法医人类学重点研究的内容。目前,最主要的年龄推断方法就是骨龄鉴定,但是成本较高。本文开拓新思路,利用照片推断年龄范围。将面部结构分成上中下三个区域,按区域进行观察和测量。实验选取12项指标,包括8项测量指标和4项观察指标。面部上1/3选取外眼角间距、内眼角间距、额纹和眉弓突出度;面部中间1/3选择容貌上面高、颧间距、鼻宽和鼻翼沟可见度;面部下1/3选择下颌长度、下颌角间距、口裂长度和口周皱褶。每项指标根据程度不同按数量级划分,统计出面部不同区域数字编码组合出现的频率。在面部上1/3处,20岁-组到60岁-组出现频率最高的组合分别为2311、3311、2311、1321和1333;在面中部1/3处,20岁-组到60岁-组出现频率最高的组合分别是1111、2311、2111、1212和3232;在面部下1/3处,20岁-组到60岁-组出现频率最高的组合分别是1111、1111、2211、2331和3332。     

甘草野生种群果实与种子形态特征的地理变异研究

目的：研究甘草荚果和种子形态特征地理变异规律并分析其形成的生态学机制。方法：采用样方调查的方法测定全国4省区8个旗县甘草野生种群的地上植株形态特征,采用双重筛选逐步回归分析方法探讨甘草荚果和种子形态特征的地理变异规律及其形成的生态学机制。结果：（1）不同甘草种群的荚果数、荚果腺毛长度、种室数目、每荚种子粒数和结实率5项指标的差异达到了极显著水平（P〈0．01）;荚果长度、荚果厚度、荚果腺毛密度和种子长度4项指标的差异达到了显著水平（P〈0．05）。（2）荚果厚度、种室数目等5项形态特征与经度呈显著相关,只有荚果腺毛长度1项指标与纬度显著相关。结论：甘草野生种群荚果与种子形态特征存在显著的地理变异,其变异趋势以经向变异为主,光照因子差异是导致地理变异的主要原因,其次为温度因子和水分因子,其相关关系可用多元回归模型解释。     

基于树木年轮径切特征的卷积神经网络树种识别

卷积神经网络可以通过树木年轮样本构造特征图像实现物种识别的自动化。本研究通过建立树木年轮样本构造特征图像集,选用LeNet、AlexNet、GoogLeNet和VGGNet 4个卷积神经网络模型,实现基于树木年轮横切面的计算机自动化树种精准识别,进而确定各模型的树种识别准确率,明晰不同树种在自动识别中的混淆情况,探测不同模型识别结果的差异。结果表明: 本研究训练的用于树种识别的卷积神经网络模型具有较好的可信度;4个模型中GoogLeNet模型树种识别准确率最高,为96.7%,LeNet模型识别准确率最低(66.4%);不同模型对于所选树种的识别结果具有一致性,表现为对蒙古栎识别准确率最高(AlexNet模型识别率达到100%),对臭冷杉的识别准确率最低。本研究中也存在类似结构树种的识别混淆情况。模型在科和属水平的识别准确率高于种水平;阔叶树种因其显著的结构差异容易区分,阔叶树树种的识别准确率高于针叶树。总体上,通过卷积神经网络,探测了树木年轮特征的深层信息,达到树种的精准识别,提供了一种快速便捷的自动树种初筛鉴定方法。     

人类口唇部形态变异的研究进展

口唇部是主要的面部形态区域之一,具有重要的生理功能。嘴唇保护口腔免受外部物质的渗透,维持口腔内部的湿度和温度,帮助咀嚼,同时也是外科美容整形手术中的主要部位之一,且在法医物证研究中唇纹也具有重要的鉴别价值。目前关于口唇部形态的研究主要包括以下几个方面：口唇部形态变异的性别、年龄、族群差异;影响口唇部形态变异的因素,如遗传基因、饮食结构、牙齿及颌骨形态和呼吸方式等;口唇部形态研究在医学、个人身份识别及法医刑侦领域的相关应用等。国内口唇部形态研究相对较少,尤其缺乏较为系统的口唇部形态生长发育及变异研究。本文通过梳理和归纳国内外相关文献的研究数据和结论,对口唇部形态相关研究作简要概述,并对国内口唇部生长发育及形态变异研究作了简要回顾和展望。     

川西亚高山岷江冷杉外生菌根形态随海拔梯度的分化

外生菌根真菌是一类有助于植物生长及应对环境变化的重要共生真菌类群。深入认识外生菌根特征有助于理解植物对环境变化的响应规律。本研究在四川省卧龙自然保护区巴郎山脉设置海拔2850、3000、3194、3413和3593 m 5个样地,利用中心象限法进行土块样品(10 cm×10 cm×10 cm)采集,通过分析各海拔每土块中岷江冷杉外生菌根形态个数、形态多样性及养分获取类型等指标,研究岷江冷杉外生菌根形态特性随海拔的变异特征及土壤环境因子的作用。结果表明: 1) 菌根形态为橘黄色或橘色、单轴羽状分支或不分支、菌套表面光滑、无或少见外延物、根尖直筒型或膨大的菌根类型是卧龙自然保护区岷江冷杉外生菌根的主要形态类型。该形态类型在研究区内的侵染率最高,为12.4%;2) 随着海拔的升高,岷江冷杉外生菌根形态多样性下降,每土块内的形态个数减少;3) 单因素方差分析结果表明,不同海拔上无外延菌丝或极少外延菌丝的紧密接触类型(CE)和短距离养分获取类型(SDE)外生菌根侵染率有显著差异,CE类型外生菌根侵染率随着海拔的升高而增加;4) 土壤环境因子对岷江冷杉外生菌根形态在海拔上的变异有一定的影响,冗余分析(RDA)表明,土壤全氮含量、全磷含量、土壤温度、土壤含水率、pH值及酸性磷酸酶活性对岷江冷杉外生菌根形态在海拔上的变异有显著影响,其中土壤全氮含量和土壤温度的影响最大,分别解释了岷江冷杉形态特征变异的5.4%和4.9%。本研究揭示了岷江冷杉外生菌根形态形成在海拔上的差异,为进一步研究亚高山针叶树种菌根策略对环境变化的响应机制提供了科学依据。     

国外紫花苜蓿种质资源表型性状与品质多样性分析

本研究旨在利用形态指标、农艺性状指标和品质性状指标探讨引进紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa L.)种质资源的遗传多样性,为紫花苜蓿品种改良和亲本选择提供科学依据。研究了不同地理来源的75份紫花苜蓿种质资源的21项指标,并利用主成分分析和聚类分析方法分析其多样性。结果表明,不同紫花苜蓿种质的各个特征存在广泛变异,农艺性状变异最大,其次是形态性状和品质性状;主成分分析结果显示前8个主成分累计贡献率达到82.7748%,其中茎秆干重、单株干重、单株鲜重、叶干重4个性状是构成紫花苜蓿种质表型差异的主要因素;以21个性状为基础的聚类分析将所研究的75份种质材料分为5类,其中第Ⅱ类群的3号材料和第Ⅰ类群的25、31号材料农艺性状表现较好,可以作为苜蓿新品种选育和改良的优异亲本材料。     

甘草野生种群地上植株形态地理变异及其生态学机制分析

目的:研究甘草地向部分形态特征地理变异规律并分析其形成的生态学机制。方法:采用样方调查的方法测定全国8省区35个旗县甘草野生种群的地上植株形态特征,采用双重筛选逐步回归分析方法探讨甘草地上形态特征的地理变异规律及其形成的生态学机制。结果:(1)不同甘草野生种群的株高、侧枝数、侧枝角度、侧枝长度、复叶长度、小叶数、小叶长度和宽度8项形态指标的差异均达到了极显著水平(P<0.01);(2)各形态形态指标与产地年均温、日照百分率等气候因素密切相关。结论:甘草野生种群地上植株形态特征存在显著的地理变异,导致甘草种群产生地理变异的气候因子主要是光照因子,其次为温度因子和水分因子,其相关关系可用多元回归模型解释。     

The frontal sinus in ancient and modern Greenlandic Inuit

The purpose of this study was to compare the frontal sinus size of ancient Greenlandic Inuit with ancient Inuit of Alaska and Canada, and to compare sinus size between ancient and modern Greenlandic Inuit. Also, it was analyzed whether cranial size was a determinant of frontal sinus size. Frontal sinus size was evaluated in terms of absence frequency and planimetrically. Absence was defined as a frontal sinus not exceeding a line drawn between the supraorbital rims. A significant increase in absence frequency was noted from Alaska over Canada to Greenland (males: p<0.03; females p<0.0001). This is in accordance with earlier studies, indicating that although these Inuit populations once have been commonly related to the Old Bering Sea population, the Greenland Inuit represent an endpoint in an eastward migration. There was a significant increase (p<0.0001) in frontal sinus size from ancient to modern Greenlandic Inuit, probably indicative of a high degree of admixture with non-Inuit after modern colonization. The results regarding craniofacial size parameters and frontal sinus side were inconclusive. No single craniofacial variable showed significant effect on frontal sinus size, but the area displayed sexual dimorphism, females having smaller frontal sinuses.     

Performance evaluation of an in-house panel containing 59 autosomal InDels for forensic identification in Chinese Hui and Mongolian groups

In recent years, a novel multiplex system containing two mini-short tandem repeats, 59 autosomal InDels, two Y-chromosomal InDels, and the Amelogenin gene with all amplicons less than 200 bp has been constructed and validated by ourselves for forensic degration sample, and its forensic application efficiency has been studied in Chinese some populations. Herein, the population genetic polymorphisms of these loci were investigated in Chinese Hui (n = 249) and Mongolian (n = 222) ethnic groups using direct multiplex amplification and capillary electrophoresis platform. The forensic identification efficiencies of this self-developed system were further evaluated in these two groups. And the results showed that the values of the combined power of discrimination were 0.9999999999999999999999999999006 (Hui) and 0.999999999999999999999999999738 (Mongolian), respectively. Moreover, the combined power of exclusion values were 0.99999817 (Hui) and 0.99999779 (Mongolian). The 59 autosomal InDels used in this study exhibited high forensic identification efficiencies in 10 East Asian populations, which was also expected to be a new powerful tool for identifying degraded biological materials in East Asian populations.     

Genetic data provided by 21 autosomal STR loci from Chinese Tujia ethnic group

The aim of this study was to investigate allelic frequency distribution and forensic genetic parameters of autosomal short tandem repeats (STR) loci of the population samples from 107 Tujia individuals from Chinese Hubei Province. Twenty-one autosomal STR genetic markers (D9S1122, D6S474, D6S1017, D5S2500, D4S2408, D3S4529, D2S441, D2S1776, D22S1045, D20S482, D1S1677, D1S1627, D1GATA113, D19S433, D18S853, D17S1301, D11S4463, D12ATA63, D10S1248, D10S1435 and D14S1434) were simultaneously amplified in a new multiplex polymerase chain reaction system. 155 alleles for all the STR loci from the Tujia population were observed and the corresponding allelic frequencies ranged from 0.005 to 0.589. Expected heterozygosity, polymorphic information content, power of discrimination and power of exclusion of the 21 STR loci in the Tujia population were from 0.579 to 0.824, from 0.525 to 0.802, from 0.773 to 0.945 and from 0.257 to 0.641, respectively. Our results indicate that the autosomal STRs multiplex system provides highly informative STR data and could be useful in forensic individual identification and parentage testing in this region.     

Polymorphism profile of nine short tandem repeat Loci in the Han chinese

Nine short tandem repeat (STR) markers (D3S1358, VWA, FGA, THO1, TPOX, CSFIPO, D5S818, D13S317, and D7S820) and a sex-identification marker (Amel-ogenin locus) were amplified with multiplex PCR and were genotyped with a four-color fluorescence method in samples from 174 unrelated Han individuals in North China. The allele frequencies, genotype frequencies, heterozygosity, probability of discrimination powers, probability of paternity exclusion and Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium expectations were determined. The results demonstrated that the genotypes at all these STR loci in Han population conform to Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium expectations. The combined discrimination power (DP) was 1.05×10-10 within nine STR loci analyzed and the probability of paternity exclusion (EPP) was 0.9998. The results indicate that these nine STR loci and the Amelo-genin locus are useful markers for human identification, paternity and maternity testing and sex determination in forensic sciences.     

湖南省汉族人群15个STR基因座多态性分析

应用美国AmpFISTR Indentifiler荧光标记复合扩增试剂盒,结合PE9700型PCR仪和美国ABI公司310型遗传分析仪,对湖南汉族人群D8S1179、D21S11、D7S820、CSF1PO、D3S1358、TH01、D13S317、D16S539、D2S1338、D19S433、vWA、TPOX、D18S51、D5S818和FGA共15个STR基因座进行多态性调查分析．结果显示15个STR基因座的基因型分布符合Hardy．Weinberg平衡。其杂合度（H）介于0．593～0．900,多态信息含量（PIC）介于O．54～0．85,个体识别力（DP）介于0．780～0．963,非父排除率（PE）介于0．282～0．785,累计个体识别力为（1～1．6&#215;10^-17）〉0．99999999。累计非父排除率为0．9999995．证明15个STR基因座在湖南省汉族人群中具有较高的多态性。可应用于该地区群体学研究、法医学个体识别和亲权鉴定等．     

Autosomal STR loci for improving the kinship discrimination power for missing children and forensic application

Short tandem repeats (STRs) loci are very useful genomic markers with high power of individual discrimination, thus, they have been used for population genetics, forensic application and complex kinship analyses. In this study, we examined allele frequencies and forensic parameters for a total of 23 STR loci, that is, 17 established STRs with 13 CODIS core STR loci and D2S1338, D19S433, Penta E, and Penta D loci, and 6 new STRs (D10S1248, D22S1045, D2S441, D1S1656, D12S391, and SE33) in a sample of 545 unrelated individuals in South Korea. All loci were highly polymorphic and no significant departure from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium was observed. The addition of 6 new loci to the 17 established STRs increased their power of discrimination by almost eight orders of magnitude (2.52 × 10^?20–4.44 × 10^?28) and improved the specificity of missing children database searches. Furthermore, we found several microvariant alleles at D2S441 and SE33 loci that have not been reported in the Korean population. We believe that this analysis will be useful for forensic application, deficiency paternity testing and expanding previously established Korean DNA databases.     

Fever, frontal sinus mass, and CSF pleocytosis in a 44-year-old man

Intracranial complications arising from frontal sinusitis occur infrequently. However, they can progress with such rapidity that the clinical situation becomes far advanced before they are recognized. Radiographic imaging techniques may not be definitive early in the course of these complications. The infectious disease service was asked to evaluate a middle-aged man with acute global headache and nasal discharge for two weeks. CSF pleocytosis (3,600 WBC/mm3) was documented on lumbar puncture, and a dense mass was noted on sinus radiographs. At surgery, a large bony lesion was found extending from the right frontal sinus into the adjacent ethmoid sinus and nasal-frontal duct. The authors discuss the bacteriology, pathogenesis, and potentially serious intracranial and extracranial complications of frontal sinusitis which were considered during their evaluation of this patient.     

Use of spectral correlation method in a study of human emotional states

Application of a new approach to EEG analysis, i.e. of the method of spectral correlation, permitted identification of significant differences in spatial distribution of spectral power correlation for emotions of different quality, namely: anger and fear. It was shown that against the background of fear the topographic distribution of intracortical connections in the delta band was more extensive and included frontal, central, temporal, parietal and occipital regions. The emotion of anger evoked changes in the picture of spatial distribution of intracortical connections in the alpha band which resulted in appearance of a powerful focus of connections in the frontal regions. The greatest number of connections was found for the emotion of anger in the beta band--22 statistically significant correlations. Thus, a generalization of connections in the EEG high frequency bands is noted for the emotion of anger which is not characteristic of the emotion of fear.     

An ultra-high discrimination Y chromosome short tandem repeat multiplex DNA typing system

In forensic casework, Y chromosome short tandem repeat markers (Y-STRs) are often used to identify a male donor DNA profile in the presence of excess quantities of female DNA, such as is found in many sexual assault investigations. Commercially available Y-STR multiplexes incorporating 12-17 loci are currently used in forensic casework (Promega's PowerPlex Y and Applied Biosystems' AmpFlSTR Yfiler). Despite the robustness of these commercial multiplex Y-STR systems and the ability to discriminate two male individuals in most cases, the coincidence match probabilities between unrelated males are modest compared with the standard set of autosomal STR markers. Hence there is still a need to develop new multiplex systems to supplement these for those cases where additional discriminatory power is desired or where there is a coincidental Y-STR match between potential male participants. Over 400 Y-STR loci have been identified on the Y chromosome. While these have the potential to increase the discrimination potential afforded by the commercially available kits, many have not been well characterized. In the present work, 91 loci were tested for their relative ability to increase the discrimination potential of the commonly used 'core' Y-STR loci. The result of this extensive evaluation was the development of an ultra high discrimination (UHD) multiplex DNA typing system that allows for the robust co-amplification of 14 non-core Y-STR loci. Population studies with a mixed African American and American Caucasian sample set (n = 572) indicated that the overall discriminatory potential of the UHD multiplex was superior to all commercial kits tested. The combined use of the UHD multiplex and the Applied Biosystems' AmpFlSTR Yfiler kit resulted in 100% discrimination of all individuals within the sample set, which presages its potential to maximally augment currently available forensic casework markers. It could also find applications in human evolutionary genetics and genetic genealogy.