An approach to the chemosystematics of the zygophyllaceae

The Zygophyllaceae occur in arid zones and have been reported to contain, among other compounds, flavonoids and alkaloids. The flavonoids in representatives of three of the seven subfamilies have been studied and their distribution is discussed with respect to their chemosystematic significance. The aglycones identified were kaempferol, quercetin, isorhamnetin, herbacetin and herbacetin-8-O-methyl ether. Glycosidic patterns elucidated range from mono- to tri-glycosides, five of which are novel in plants. Alkaloids were also shown to be present, and the importance of those cited in the literature has been surveyed in relation to the chemosystematics of the Zygophyllaceae.     

Flavonoid aglycones from the leaf surfaces of someLabiatae species

The distribution of excreted flavonoid aglycones within the familyLabiatae was studied and differences were found, especially in the A-ring substitution patterns. Thus, 5,7-dihydroxy-6-methoxyflavones with substituted B-rings are characteristic of species ofSalvia (sect.Salvia),Rosmarinus andOcimum; 5,7-dihydroxy-6,8-dimethoxyflavones occur only inOcimum and 5,6-dihydroxy-7,8-dimethoxyflavones inThymus and related species. Members of the two subfamiliesLamioideae andNepetoideae produce exudate flavonoids, but some genera are devoid of these compounds. There is a correlation between the habitat where the plant grows and production of these compounds, the species from (semi-)arid habitats being those which generally accumulate external flavonoids.     

四川大头茶黄酮类化合物的聚酰胺薄膜层析分析

 四川大头茶是一种分布很广的常绿乔木,其次生代谢特征随地理分布的不同有很大的差异。运用聚酰胺薄膜层析和定量分析方法,分析了来自云南文山老君山、四川丹棱、四川兴文、四川缙云山、广西阳朔三岔河、广西阳朔三盘、广西贺县姑婆山的四川大头茶的黄酮类化合物。结果表明,不同地理种源的四川大头茶其黄酮类化合物的类型有很大的差异。根据黄酮类化合物的差异,可以把四川大头茶划分为中纬度、中海拔分布;低纬度、中海拔分布;低纬度、高海拔分布3种地理分布类型。     

Flavonoid patterns in Fagonia mollis-complex

Twenty samples of Fagonia mollis and F. tristis of different geographic distribution were investigated for their flavonoids. Kaempherol and isorhamnetin 3-rutinosides were the major flavonoids of F. mollis, while F. tristis contained, in addition, 8-O-methylherbacetin. The flavonoid patterns are discussed in correlation with the geographic distribution of both species.     

Flavonoid diversity and geographic endemism in Parthenium

The distribution of 34 flavonoids detected in the North American species of Parthenium indicates that flavonoid diversity and structural types are correlated with biological aspects of different species types. Widespread species occurring in a variety of habitat types are characterized by greater numbers of flavonoids, primarily as the result of flavonoid glycoside diversity; while species which are geographically isolated in limestone or gypsum habitats are characterized by a tendency to depauperate flavonoid patterns with major methylated aglycone components. The possibility that glycosylation is related to self-detoxification and preservation of toxic phenolic potential is discussed. It is shown that parallel chemical adaptations, similar to the well-known parallel morphological adaptations of unrelated species which coexist in certain habitats, may occur     

Flavones and anthocyanins from the leaves and flowers of Japanese Ajuga species (Lamiaceae)

Flavones and anthocyanins were isolated from the leaves and flowers of 14 Ajuga taxa (Lamiaceae), which are all native or naturalized in Japan. Of 13 flavones obtained from the leaves, 11 were characterized as apigenin, luteolin, 6-hydroxyluteolin and acacetin glycosides. Ten flavones were isolated from the flowers. Ten anthocyanins were isolated from the flowers. Six of these anthocyanins were identified as acylated delphinidin glycosides and four were shown to be acylated cyanidin glycosides. Japanese Ajuga taxa were chemotaxonomically discussed by their distribution patterns, especially foliar flavonoids.     

Significance of flavonoids in plant resistance and enhancement of their biosynthesis

The roles of flavonoids in plant defence against pathogens, herbivores, and environmental stress are reviewed and their significant contribution to plant resistance is discussed. The induction of flavonoids is of particular interest for gathering evidence of their roles. Tools are mentioned which may enhance flavonoid biosynthesis and accumulation. These include metabolic engineering and UV light. The induction of defence-related flavonoids is modified by other determining factors and competition between growth and secondary metabolism may exist. In an evolutionary context, stress-related oxidative pressure may have been a major trigger for the distribution and abundance of flavonoids. UV protection is one of their most significant, or even the most significant, functional role for flavonoids. The multi-functionality of these compounds, however, often complicates the interpretation of experimental results but, overall, it supports the importance of flavonoids.     

Flavonoids of the annual Muhlenbergia

Whole plant flavonoids were characterized from 152 populations representing 15 species of the annual Muhlenbergia. Flavonoids are predominantly based on luteolin and tricin. Glycosides are linked at position 6 C-glycosyl and 7 O-glycosyl. There is considerable variation in flavonoid patterns within and among species. Phenetic analyses of flavonoid data support recognition of three closely related groups in these 15 species of Muhlenbergia.     

Chemical evidence from the flavonoids relevant to the classification of Mains species

The phenolic compounds of the leaf and bark of Malus species have been examined. The dihydrochalcone phloridzin and a range of flavonoids occur in all barks, but eight compounds were found in only a limited number of species and their distribution shows a relationship with the taxonomy of Malus , providing useful additional characters. The various proposed classifications of Malus species are discussed in the light of this evidence and that of Rehder is found to be in best agreement except for his placing of M'. florentina which, by its chemistry, is clearly related to the section Docyniopsis. The geographical distribution of the distinctive phenolics suggests a wide spreading of early Malus probably from south-east Asia as far as North America and a later diversification confined almost entirely to Eurasia. The different phenolic patterns are discussed and related to proposed phytogenies of Malus.     

Contribution Biochimique à la Systématique de l''Ordre des centrospermales

A chemosystematic survey of flavonoids have been made in 55 centrospermous species. On the basis of both the experimental results and published data, the evolutionary significance of distribution patterns of proanthocyanidins, anthocyanidins, C-glycoflavones, flavonols and flavones is discussed. The Nyctaginaceae and Didiereaceae appear to be particularly primitive families, while Caryophyllaceae, Aizoaceae, Cactaceae, Amaranthaceae and Chenopodiaceae are the most advanced of the order.     

绞股蓝种群次生代谢产物的动态及其生态学意义

利用植物生理生态学方法,研究了自然条件下不同绞股蓝Ｇｙｎｏｓｔｅｍｍａｐｅｎｔａｐｈｙｌｌｕｍ种群中黄酮类化合物和绞股蓝皂甙的动态特征及其生态学意义。结果表明：（１）同一种群的茎,叶片和枝中黄酮类化合物的绞股蓝皂甙的动态不同,在生活史的不同阶段,种群中这两类次生代谢物受茎和叶片的影响的动态不同。     

Flavonoid and anthocyanin patterns and the systematic relationships in Collomia

Analyses of extracts among populations of the 14 species of Collomia revealed the occurrence of 13 mono-, di- and triglycosides based on the flavonoids, acacetin, kaempferol, patuletin and quercetin. The glycosides included those having arabinose, galactose, glucose and rhamnose as mono-, bio- or triosides at the 3-, 5-, 3,7- or 7-position. Analyses of floral extracts from ten species revealed the occurrence of two anthocyanins, cyanidin and delphinidin 3-(p-coumarylglucosyl)-5-glucoside. Nearly all the species express distinctive flavonoid patterns, although the differences are based on relatively minor changes in position or type of glycosidic substitution. Use of the minimum biosynthetic step distance (MBSD), an index of similarity, revealed that a mean of 5.6 steps separated the 14 species. The four perennial species of section Collomiastrum showed a high degree of similarity and differed consistently from species of the two annual sections Courtoisia and Collomia by lacking quercetin-5-glucoside and kaempferol-3-arabinosylgalactoside. In contrast, flavonoid patterns among species within sections Courtoisia and Collomia showed a relatively low degree of similarity. The dissimilarity between C. diversifolia and C. heterophylla (section Courtoisia) is consistent with their divergent patterns of pollen morphology and ecological distribution. Three groups of species within section Collomia were defined generally by shared patterns of flavonoids, which are correlated to some degree with floral, pollen and vegetative morphology.     

The responsiveness of the <Emphasis Type="Italic">IAA2</Emphasis> promoter to IAA and IBA is differentially affected in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Arabidopsis</Emphasis> roots and shoots by flavonoids

The structural features of flavonoids which are involved in the modulation of auxin distribution in Arabidopsis thaliana were evaluated. An auxin-inducible promoter IAA2 fused to a reporter gene (GUS) was used to monitor the tissue responsiveness to auxins. The following aspects were investigated: 1) the influence of flavonoids (quercetin, naringenin, kaempferol, myricetin and isorhamnetin) on the distribution of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) in roots and leaves, 2) differences in flavonoid uptake into roots and shoots depending on flavonoid concentration in the medium, and 3) influence of structurally different flavonoids on the gravitropic response and growth of roots. The same flavonoids differently affected IAA and IBA distribution in leaves and roots. There were several structural requirements for the flavonoids which resulted in the changes of auxin response/distribution. Great differences between the ability of shoots and roots to take up quercetin were showed. Also, flavonoids influenced gravitropism and root growth of Arabidopsis seedlings in a structure-dependent manner.     

Negatively charged flavones and tricin as chemosystematic markers in the palmae

A survey of 125 species of the Palmae revealed a complex pattern of flavonoids in the leaf. C-Glycosylflavones, leucoanthocyanins and tricin, luteolin and quercetin glycosides were common, being present in 84, 66, 51, 30 and 24% of the species respectively. Apigenin and kaempferol were recorded in only a few species and isorhamnetin only once. Eighteen flavonoids were identified: the 7-glucoside, 7-diglucoside and 7-rutinoside of both luteolin and tricin, tricin 5-glucoside, apigenin 7-rutinoside, quercetin 3-rutinoside-7-galactoside, isorhamnetin 7-rutinoside, orientin, iso-orientin, vitexin, isovitexin and vitexin 7-O-glucoside. Many of the C- and O-flavonoid glycosides were present as the potassium bisulphate salts and negatively charged compounds were detected in 50% of the species. The distribution patterns are correlated with the taxonomy of the family in several ways. Thus, the Phoenicoideae and Caryotoideae have distinctive flavonoid patterns, there is evidence to support the separation of the subfamilies Phytelephantoideae and Nypoideae, and tricin is a useful marker at tribal level. At the generic level, Cocos is clearly separated from Butia, and other Cocoseae and Mascarena and Chamaedorea form well defined groups within the Arecoideae. A numerical analysis of these biochemical data, together with morphological characters, produces a new classification which suggests that the flavonoid data may have more systematic value than is indicated when they are applied to the traditional classification.     

Systematic aspects of flavonoid biosynthesis and evolution

The Botanical Review - The use of flavonoids in evaluating contemporary taxonomic systems has relied almost exclusively on the distributional patterns of these compounds among plant groups thought...     

Chemotaxonomy, variation and geographical distribution of the Empetraceae

Thirty-one flavonoids (and related phenolics) were found in leaves of the six species in the three genera of Empetraceae (90 populations studied) and five further pigments in fruits of Empetrum. Affinity with the Ericaceae is supported by the occurrence of the 3-galactosidesof gossypetin, malvidin, delphinidin, cyanidin and peonidin. The distribution of leaf flavonoids agrees with both the recognition of three genera and species-delimitation in Ceratiola and Corema. In Empetrum , the flavonoids differ modally in the three species usually accepted, thus confirming data on fruit colour and breeding systems, and suggesting that the genus comprises one species with about three subspecies at diploid and tetraploid levels. The black fruits of most Northern Hemisphere plants contain malvidin, petunidin and delphinidin, while the red fruits of almost all Southern Hemisphere populations ( E. rubrum ) contain cyanidin and peonidin and provide a rare example of the association of cyanidin (instead of delphinidin) with the wild-type allele.
In leaf flavonoid content the diploid E. nigrum is much closer to its presumed tetraploid derivative E. eamesii than to the diploid E. rubrum , which differs most from E. eamesii. Flavonoid patterns and breeding system distinguish most E. rubrum populations from those isolated in Tristan da Cunha-Gough Island. The phytogeographical importance of the phytOGhemical results is discussed.     

Exudate flavonoids of eight species of Ceanothus (Rhamnaceae)

Leaf glands of Ceanothus species excrete a lipophilic material that contains a variety of flavonoids. Most of these are aglycones, but some glycosides were also observed. Seven out of eight species exhibit flavonols, whereas flavones are excreted by only one species. Four species produce flavanones and dihydroflavonols; one excretes a remarkable quantity of flavonol glycosides. The exudate flavonoids thus form different patterns that might be characteristic for different Ceanothus species.     

02428×合系35 的RIL群体糙米总黄酮与总生物碱含量的遗传分析

测定了水稻02428与合系35杂交培育的222个RIL（重组自交系）及其亲本的发芽糙米和糙米总黄酮和生物碱含量,对其进行遗传分析和探讨了发芽糙米和糙米中总黄酮、生物碱的含量变化。结果表明,RIL群体发芽糙米和糙米中总黄酮、生物碱呈现广泛的遗传变异,糙米总黄酮含量略高于发芽糙米,但两者均呈正态分布,类似于数量性状的分布特征。RIL群体发芽糙米生物碱含量是糙米的1.5倍,且两者呈偏态分布;为功能水稻的遗传及品种选育提供一定的理论依据。     

Flavonoid diversification in Achillea ptarmica and allied taxa

More than 50 collections of 12 species forming the A. ptarmica group have been analysed for their leaf flavonoids. C-Glycosylflavones (iso-orientin and derivatives, vicenins and lucenins) were found to be the main components, whereas flavonol 3-O-glycosides (based on quercetin and kaempferol) and flavone 7-O-glycosides (based on luteolin and diosmetin) were of restricted distribution. Infraspecific variability regarding C-glycosylflavones was observed in most of the taxa investigated. By contrast, flavonol 3-O-glycosides appeared to be stable characters and were sometimes accumulated instead of C-glycosylflavones. In addition to the flavonoids, the geographical distribution patterns and the possible origin of the A. sibirica in Eastern Asia are briefly discussed.     

A review of the genus Graellsia BoisS. including Draba L.section Helicodraba Schultz (Brassicaceae)

A collection from the High Atlas of Morocco drew attention to similarities between Draba hederifolia Coss., a Moroccan endemic, and Graellsia a genus from S. W. Asia. The morphology, leaf flavonoids, trichomes, chromosomes and distribution of these plants are discussed and a new systematic account of Graellsia incorporating Draba hederifolia is given.