核质互作型雄性不育的机理

雄性不育性,其中一种是由于核基因和胞质基因共同作用决定的,故称为核质互作型雄性不育性. 这种雄性不育性的遗传物质基础是细胞质中胞质基因发生了突变,也就是Pr~+(能育)突变成Pr~-(不育).核基因Rf(能育)突变rf(不育).基因组合Pr~-(rf rf). 胞质基因与核基因如何互作而使雄性不育呢?学者们研究得比较深入的还是玉米雄性不育性遗传.核基因在玉米的第一对染色体上位点是23,为隐性遗传.胞质基因有的是在线粒体上.线粒体的化学成分有单链环状DNA,据有人研究,有mRNA,还有rRNA.他们相互关系的模型如图1. 线粒体蛋白M是保证线粒体结构的正常蛋白质;Ps是线粒体上合成M的结构基因;pr~+是     

利用生物技术创建主要作物雄性不育杂交育种和制种的技术体系

雄性不育技术在作物杂种优势利用和杂交种生产中发挥着重要作用。基于核质互作雄性不育的“三系法”与光温敏核不育的“两系法”已经在水稻等主要作物的杂交制种中获得了广泛应用,但是存在着资源利用效率低、育性不稳定、易受外界环境影响等诸多问题。近三十年来,利用生物技术创建不同类型的植物雄性不育系取得了一系列突破性进展。主要针对玉米、水稻、小麦三大作物的基因工程雄性不育技术的最新进展进行总结,特别详细地描述了本实验室最近研究创制的玉米多控不育技术体系,以期为相关研究和产业化应用提供技术参考。     

在杂交作物分子育种中利用普通核雄性不育的几个可能途径

由一对隐性基因控制的普通核雄性不育性遗传方式能够满足对植物最佳雄性不育系选育的要求,是水稻等作物杂种优势利用的极好遗传工具。如果能解决其不育系繁殖问题,将优于现有的其他杂种优势利用方式。克隆出普通核雄性不育性的可育基因,通过叶绿体转化,将核雄性不育性可育基因向普通核雄性不育株细胞质转移,创造普通核雄性不育株的保持系;通过种子成熟后表达的启动子;和以位点特异性重组技术为基础的基因开关以及化学诱导启动子的利用,都可能繁殖出100％不育株率的普通核雄性不育系,创造普通核雄性不育性利用的新途径,对植物杂种优势利用产业有十分重要的意义。     

水稻育性调控的分子遗传研究进展

杂交水稻为世界粮食安全做出了重要贡献。细胞质雄性不育和光/温敏不育分别是三系和两系杂交稻生产利用的遗传基础,而(亚)种间杂种不育则是杂交稻生产中要克服的主要技术瓶颈。因此,水稻育性调控是杂交水稻生产技术的关键,也是研究植物核质互作和物种生殖隔离等基础科学问题的重要模型。我国植物遗传学家在阐明杂交水稻育性调控的分子遗传基础领域做出了重要贡献。本文回顾了我国杂交水稻的发展历程,系统总结了杂交水稻生产涉及的细胞质雄性不育与恢复、光/温敏不育与育性转换、杂种不育与亲和性的遗传基础和分子作用机制,探讨了我国杂交水稻生产存在的问题,指明了水稻杂种优势利用的发展方向。     

我国发现的几种作物核不育基因及其在遗传育种研究中的价值

我国发现小麦显性雄性不育基因之后,又在水稻、谷子、亚麻上发现了显性雄性不育基因,并且还发现一个隐性基因控制的光敏感核不育水稻。这些核不育材料是宝贵的自然资源,在遗传育种研究中有重要价值。一、显性核不育基因及其应用显性核不育突变是一种罕见的自然现象,迄今人们只在棉花、马铃薯、小麦、油菜、水稻、谷子、亚麻等少数作物上发现过。太谷核不育小麦的发现和研究工作的深入,使育种工作者对显性核不育基因重要性的认识空前地提高了,它启发人们有意识寻找和鉴定新的核不育材料。     

水稻雄性不育系及雄性不育突变体筛选研究进展

 为了获得新细胞质源的水稻雄性不育系及雄性不育突变体,以解决目前杂交水稻生产上所面临的不育系来源单一的问题,人们采用了常规育种、诱变育种、组织培养和离体诱变等方法,其中离体筛选尤显其优势性,但也有不少问题有待解决,如能通过离体培养定向地筛选出雄性不育系及雄性不育突变体,无疑将大大提高工作效率。此外,对影响离体筛选雄性不育突变体的因素进行了探讨。     

在杂交作物分子育种中利用普通核雄性不育的几个可能途径

由一对隐性基因控制的普通核雄性不育性遗传方式能够满足对植物最佳雄性不育系选育的要求,是水稻等作物杂种优势利用的极好遗传工具。如果能解决其不育系繁殖问题,将优于现有的其他杂种优势利用方式。克隆出普通核雄性不育性的可育基因,通过叶绿体转化,将核雄性不育性可育基因向普通核雄性不育株细胞质转移,创造普通核雄性不育株的保持系;通过种子成熟后表达的启动子;和以位点特异性重组技术为基础的基因开关以及化学诱导启动子的利用,都可能繁殖出100%不育株率的普通核雄性不育系,创造普通核雄性不育性利用的新途径,对植物杂种优势利用产业有十分重要的意义。     

水稻雄性不育系及雄性不育突变体筛选研究进展

为了获得新细胞质源的水稻雄性不育系及雄性不育突变体,以解决目前杂交水稻生产上所面临的不育系来源单一的问题,人们采用了常规育种,诱变育种,组织培养和离体诱变等方法,其中离体筛选尤显其优势性,但也有不少问题有待解决,如能通过离体培养定向地筛选出雄性不育系及雄性不育突变体,无疑将大大提高工作效率,此外,对影响离体筛选雄性不育突变体的因素进行了探讨。     

空间环境诱发玉米细胞质雄性不育突变体的遗传分析

从返回式卫星"实践八号"搭载的08-641和18-599两份玉米自交系后代选育出3份雄性不育突变体,在不同地点、不同年份、不同季节进行种植观察,鉴定其育性表现,通过测交、反交及回交对不育性状的遗传特性进行分析。结果表明:3份不育突变材料均能稳定遗传,属可遗传的细胞质雄性不育类型。恢保关系测定和特异引物PCR扩增结果显示,3份不育材料均属玉米C型细胞质雄性不育类型,但3份不育材料在恢保关系上存在一定差异,推测它们可能分别属于玉米C型细胞质雄性不育的不同亚组。这些不育材料的发现,丰富了雄性不育胞质的遗传基础,在玉米不育化制种中具有一定应用价值。     

太空诱变玉米核不育材料花粉败育的细胞学观察(简报)

玉米是最早利用雄性不育系生产杂交种的作物之一。在玉米T型细胞质雄性不育杂交种遭受毁灭性病害侵袭之后,科学家认识到利用细胞质雄性不育制种存在潜在的遗传脆弱性,从此试图通过多种途径来创造新的雄性不育．并对雄性不育材料的遗传多样性进行研究。空间诱变育种是80年代于我国发展起来的新技术,在农作物品种改良和种质创新上已初见成效。[第一段]     

Transfer of wild abortive cytoplasmic male sterility through protoplast fusion in rice

Wild abortive cytoplasmic male sterility has been extensively used in hybrid seed production in the tropics. Using protoplast fusion between cytoplasmic male sterile and fertile maintainer lines; we report here, transfer of wild abortive cytoplasmic male sterility to the nuclear background of RCPL1-2C, an advance breeding line which also served as maintainer of this cytoplasm. In total, 27 putative cybrids between V20A and RCPL1-2C and 23 lines between V20A and V20B were recovered and all of them were sterile. DNA blots prepared from the mitochondrial DNA of the cybrid lines from both the sets were probed with orf155 that is known to exhibit polymorphism between the mitochondrial DNA of the male-sterile and fertile maintainer lines. Hybridization of orf155 to 1.3 kb HindIII-digested mitochondrial DNA fragment of the cybrids showed transfer of mitochondrial DNA from wild abortive cytoplasmic male-sterile line to the maintainers, viz. RCPL 1-2C and V20B. Expression of male sterility was confirmed by the presence of sterile pollen grains and the lack of seed setting due to selfing in all the cybrid lines. These cybrids, on crossing with respective fertile maintainers set seeds that in turn, produced sterile BC1 plants. DNA blots from HindIII-digested mitochondrial DNA of these BC1 plants when probed with orf155 again exhibited localization of orf155 in wild abortive cytoplasm-specific 1.3 kb HindIII-digested mitochondrial DNA fragments. This demonstrated that the cytoplasmic male sterility transferred through protoplast fusion retained intact female fertility and was inherited and expressed in BC1 plants. Fusion-derived CMS lines, on pollination with pollen grains from restorer, showed restoration of fertility in all the lines. The results demonstrate that protoplasts fusion can be used for transferring maternally inherited traits like cytoplasmic male sterility to the desired nuclear background which can, in turn, be used in hybrid seed production programme of rice in the tropical world.     

RFLP Analysis for Mitochondrial Genome of CMS-Rice

Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) was used to analyze mitochondrial (mt) genome of cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) rice. Differences were observed among mitochondrial genomes of the sterile line (A) and maintain line (B) of nine types of CMS rice; Mitochondrial genomic differences were also detected between A and B in many functional gene regions. Even the materials with the same nucleic background have differences in their mtDNA. This provides molecular evidence for the cytoplasmic heterogeneity and the CMS mechanism research.     

Development of Anther- defective Cytoplasmic Male Sterile Line from Interspecific Hybridization Between Dongxiang Wild Rice and Cultivated Rice and Preliminary Observations on Its Derivatives

Exploring novel source of cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) is essential to stablize the productivity of hybrid rice. Dongxiang wild rice ( Oryza rufipogon Griff. ) has been recorded as the northest distributed wild rice in China that is resistant to several biotic or abiotic stresses. A male sterile line M01A defective of anther was identified in the F3 population from an interspecific cross between Dongxiang wild rice and cultivated rice ( Oryza sativa L. ssp. indica ). Crosses and successive backcrosses were made between M01A and a variety of breeding materials and 19 progeny families were obtained. Among the families, some were defective of anthers, and some have twisted and degenerated anthers without microsporogenesis or with a few typical aborted pollen. These resuits implicate that the male sterility of M01A was genetically regulated by the interaction between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. Only one cross produced male-fertile hybrid in which the paternal parent contains a part of the genome of Dongxiang wild rice, which implies that Dongxiang wild rice itself could be the source of the fertility restorer to M01A.     

大豆细胞核雄性不育基因研究进展

雄性不育是指植物雄蕊不能正常生长和产生有活力花粉粒的现象。利用雄性不育突变体开展杂交育种工作,是快速提高作物单产的有效途径。目前,通过杂种制种已大幅度提高了水稻(Oryza sativa L.)、玉米(Zea mays L.)和小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)等作物的产量。大豆(Glycinemax(L.)Merr.)作为自花授粉作物,通过人工去雄生产杂交种子不仅困难而且经济上不可行。由于适用于杂交种生产的不育系资源短缺,目前大豆还没有实现大规模杂种优势利用。因此,快速实现大豆杂种优势利用迫切需要鉴定稳定的大豆雄性不育系统。本文总结了大豆细胞核雄性不育(genic male sterility, GMS)突变体及不育基因研究进展,同时结合拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)、水稻和玉米中已报道的细胞核雄性不育基因,从反向遗传学的角度,为大豆核雄性不育基因的鉴定提供依据。     

水稻雄性不育突变体ms102的鉴定和基因定位

水稻(Oryza sativa)隐性核雄性不育突变体是第三代杂交水稻技术的核心。为了挖掘优质雄性不育突变体, 该研究通过筛选优质籼稻黄华占(HHZ)的甲基磺酸乙酯(EMS)诱变突变体库, 获得1个雄性不育突变体ms102 (male sterility mutant 102)。该突变体营养生长正常, 但花药不开裂, 花粉败育。细胞学分析表明, 突变体花药绒毡层不能正常降解, 导致小孢子发育异常; 遗传分析表明, 该突变体的不育表型由1个已报道编码酰基转移酶的DPW2基因突变造成。研究获得了1个隐性核雄性不育突变体, 进一步证实了DPW2基因在水稻花药发育中的功能。     

Mitochondrial DNA modifications associated with cytoplasmic male sterility in rice

Summary Mitochondrial DNA was isolated from fertile and cytoplasmic male sterile lines of rice. Restriction analysis showed specific modifications in the male sterile cytoplasm. In addition to the major mitochondrial DNA, three small plasmid-like DNA molecules were detected by agarose gel electrophoresis in both cytoplasms. An additional molecule was specifically found in the sterile cytoplasm. These mitochondrial DNA modifications support the hypothesis of the mitochondrial inheritance of the cytoplasmic male sterility in rice.     

Small mitochondrial DNA molecules of wild abortive cytoplasm in rice are not necessarily associated with CMS

Summary Mitochondrial DNA was isolated from leaf tissue of both the cytoplasmic male sterile line of Indica rice variety V41, which carries wild abortive (WA) cytoplasm, and from the corresponding maintainer line. In addition to the main mitochondrial DNA, four small plasmid-like DNA molecules were detected in both the male sterile and fertile lines. Restriction analysis of total mitochondrial DNA from the male sterile and fertile lines showed DNA fragments unique to each. Our findings suggest that the four small mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) molecules are conserved when WA cytoplasm is transferred into different nuclear backgrounds. However, there is no simple correlation between the presence/ absence of small mitochondrial DNA molecules and the expression of WA cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS).     

红菜薹新型细胞质雄性不育系的转育研究

以新型甘蓝型油菜（Brassica napus L.）细胞质雄性不育系（Eru CMS）为不育源,通过远缘杂交结合回交的方法,并运用组织培养、单株选择、异地加代种植的手段成功地将该不育基因转育到了红菜薹上。经检测所得的红菜薹（Brassica campestris L.ssp.chinensis L.var.utilis Tsen et Lee.）不育系苗期遇低温叶片不黄化,不育性稳定,蜜腺正常,不育度和不育株率均为100%。     

BT型细胞质雄性不育水稻及其三系的线粒体DNA研究

用RAPD技术对BT型水稻胞质雄性不育系秀A及其保持系秀B、恢复系湘晴以及杂种F1代的线粒体DNA进行了比较分析。结果表明不育系与其保持系间存在显著差异;不育系与其F1之间mtDNA也存在差异。在引物OPJ－08的扩增产物中,秀A扩增出一条分子量为800bp的多态性片段,在引物OPK－10的扩增产物中,杂种F1扩增出一条分子量为900bp的片段。把这两片段回收、克隆并制备探针,OPJ－08800的Southern杂交结果显示不育系与其F1杂交图谱存在多态性;OPK－10900的Suthern杂交结果显示不育系与其保持系同存在差异。推测这两片段与育性可能有一定的联系。     

细胞质雄性不育水稻幼穗和花药的呼吸酶活性研究

研究珍汕97A和珍汕97B的雌雄蕊原基形成期、花粉母细胞形成期和花粉母细胞减数分裂期的幼穗及单核期、二核期和三核期的花药中呼吸代谢三羧酸循环（TCA）的苹果酸脱氢酶（MDH）和异柠檬酸脱氢酶（IDH）及戊糖途径（PPP）的磷酸葡萄糖脱氢酶（G6PDH）、磷酸葡萄糖酸脱氢酶（6PGDH）和5一磷酸核糖异构酶（RSPI）的活性。结果表明：可育花药的5种酶活性皆高于同期不育花药;而幼穗中,TCA途径中的MDH和IDH在不育系与保持系之间无差异,PPP途径的G6PDH和6PGDH及R5PI则保持系高于不育系。这说明不育系中PPP发生的变化早于TCA途径,PPP途径的改变可能与小孢子败育有着更为直接的关系。