青霉菌聚半乳糖醛酸酶基因在毕赤酵母中的表达及酶学性质研究

筛选得到一株能分解果胶的青霉菌(Penicillium sp.),使用简并引物PCR和TAIL-PCR方法从该菌中克隆了一个聚半乳糖醛酸酶基因pgp1.pgp1基因全长1 225 bp,包含2个内含子,其cDNA全长1 104 bp,编码367个氨基酸和一个终止密码子,前18个氨基酸为信号肽序列.将pgp1基因连接pPIC9载体,在巴斯德毕赤酵母表达系统中进行了异源表达.在3L发酵罐水平,培养基中聚半乳糖醛酸酶活力达到700 U/mL.酶学性质测定表明,重组酶蛋白PGP1的最适pH为5.0,在pH4.0 -6.0下处理1h后,剩余酶活力超过90％;最适温度为38℃,以聚半乳糖醛酸为底物,PGP1的Km=(1.172±0.169)mg/mL,Vmax=(0.061±0.002) mg/min/mL.     

宏基因组来源果胶酸裂解酶在毕赤酵母中的表达及应用

果胶酸裂解酶可用于含果胶废水的处理、纸浆漂白以及棉麻纺织品的生物精炼等。基于高通量宏基因组测序技术,从富含果胶土壤宏基因组中挖掘得到一个果胶酸裂解酶基因pela。将pela连接表达载体pPIC9转化毕赤酵母Pichia pastoris GS115。在3 L发酵罐水平,甲醇诱导10 h后,培养基中果胶酸裂解酶活力达到10.8 U/mL。重组PELA的最适温度为45℃,最适pH为9.0,在pH 7.5~11.0具有良好的稳定性。PELA的比活力为244.12 U/mg,以聚半乳糖醛酸为底物时催化反应的Km和Vmax分别为0.26 mg/mL和488.40 μmol/min·mg。EDTA及金属离子Cd2+、Zn2+、Mn2+、Cu2+、Fe3+能够高度抑制酶的活性,1 mmol/L Ca2+和2 mmol/L K+对酶活力有促进作用。将重组PELA作用于苎麻纤维4 h后,纤维质量损失率达到9.2%,苎麻纤维分散度和白度都明显提高。结果表明从宏基因组来源的果胶酸裂解酶PELA在苎麻脱胶中具有良好的应用潜力。     

重组菌产碱性果胶酯裂解酶酶学性质研究

利用盐析-透析-色谱流程建立快速高效纯化工程菌E.coli JM109(pHsh PL)所产碱性果胶酯裂解酶(PL)的方法,纯化后酶达到电泳纯,比酶活为1079U/mg.重组菌所产PL酶促反应适宜的pH为9～10,适宜温度为50～66 ℃,与酶基因来源野生菌所产PL相比,重组菌所产PL适宜pH范围有所扩大,并保持了野生菌PL的热稳定性.通过金属离子种类、浓度及存在时间对PL酶活力影响考察发现:在考察的离子中除Mg2 对酶活有较好的促进作用外,其余对重组菌PL均有抑制作用,其中Fe2 对酶活力抑制作用最强.该酶的Km值为20.93 mg/L,Vmax为105.3 μmol/min,反应活化能Ea为21.74 kJ/mol.对重组菌所产PL热稳定动力学进行分析,发现有底物情况下的失活常数kd(0.02 min-1)小于无底物情况下的失活常数kd(0.0342 min-1),说明当酶与底物结合形成复合物时对酶活具有保护作用.利用HPLC-ESI-MS对重组菌所产PL酶解产物进行测定发现,产物含有不饱和二聚半乳糖醛酸(m/z 350.82)和不饱和三聚半乳糖醛酸(m/z 527.04),同时测定结果中没有发现不饱和半乳糖醛酸单体(m/z 175),可以初步推测重组菌PL不能以不饱和二聚半乳糖醛酸和不饱和三聚半乳糖醛酸为底物进一步裂解.     

麻类脱胶高效菌株果胶裂解酶基因克隆与表达

【目的】克隆麻类脱胶高效菌株Dickeya sp.DCE-01的果胶裂解酶基因并进行原核表达,对表达产物进行纯化和酶学性质研究。【方法】根据该菌株全基因组序列预测的果胶裂解酶基因Q59419设计引物,PCR扩增后将该基因连接到pEASY-E1和pACYCDuet-1载体上,导入E.coli BL21(DE3)进行表达。选择酶活力高的阳性克隆子进行大量诱导表达后,采用超滤和Sephadex G-100凝胶层析两步法纯化出果胶裂解酶,研究其酶学性质。【结果】克隆到果胶裂解酶基因pel(GenBank登录号:JX964997),其序列全长1 128 bp,编码375个氨基酸。pACYCDuet-1-pel-BL表达胞外果胶裂解酶活力最高,发酵液粗酶活达298.8 IU/mL。其最适反应温度为50°C,最适pH为9.0;保温1 h,酶活稳定温度≤45°C,稳定pH为9.0?10.0。酶催化作用依赖于Ca2+,其最适作用浓度为2 mmol/L;Zn2+、Ca2+和NH4+促进酶活力,Fe3+和Pb2+严重抑制酶活力;聚半乳糖醛酸钠为该酶的最适底物。【结论】从麻类脱胶高效菌株中发掘到碱性果胶裂解酶基因,其表达产物在生物质加工过程中具有重要工业化应用前景。     

真菌果胶酶的分子生物学研究进展

近10年来国外在果胶酶分子生物学研究上取得了重大进展,从11个属的真菌克隆了50个以上的基因并测序。对果胶酶基因的结构、功能、调控、录译后加工等方面进行了深入探讨。已克隆的果胶酶基因以多聚半乳糖醛酸酶(PG)基因和果胶裂解酶(PL)基因为主,也有果胶酯酶(PE)基因和鼠李半乳糖醛酸酶(RHG)基因,大多有内含子。前体蛋白一般有N信号肽和糖基化位点。果胶酶一般受果胶、低浓度的(01%)D半乳糖醛酸等诱导,而受较高浓度(1%)的半乳糖醛酸、抗体、某些抗菌素抑制。     

内生真菌Shiraiasp.Slf 14中菊粉酶基因的克隆、表达及包涵体复性

为了实现内生真菌Shiraia sp.Slf 14菊粉酶基因在大肠杆菌中的高效表达,建立有效的包涵体复性技术,获得有活性的重组菊粉酶,本研究通过提取Shiraia sp.Slf 14的总RNA,反转录合成cDNA,设计PCR引物扩增出菊粉酶基因,将其克隆至pET-22b(+)载体后转入E.coli BL21(DE3),利用SDS-PAGE法检测IPTG诱导表达后重组蛋白的表达情况,并进一步检测了包涵体复性及重组酶酶活情况,最终成功获得了相对分子量为62.07 kD的重组蛋白,成功复性包涵体,复性率为25.23%,重组菊粉酶活力为6.84 U/m L。本研究为活性重组菊粉酶的获得及包涵体复性提供了新的方法和依据。     

黄瓜Cu/Zn-SOD基因克隆及可溶性表达和纯化

[目的]克隆黄瓜Cu/Zn-SOD基因,并利用大肠杆菌进行可溶性表达、纯化及活性测定。[方法]采用Trizol法提取黄瓜表皮的总RNA,然后设计特异性引物,通过RT-PCR技术克隆获得黄瓜Cu/Zn-SOD基因。该基因与p GEX2T载体相连后,转化大肠杆菌BL21(DE3),摸索可溶性表达方法。利用GST亲和层析方法纯化目标蛋白,SOD酶活性测定采用邻苯三酚法。[结果]成功地克隆了全长为459 bp的黄瓜Cu/Zn-SOD基因,编码152个氨基酸。Protein Blast分析表明其结构域中分别包含Cu2+、Zn2+结合位点,为典型的Cu/Zn-SOD酶。目标蛋白可溶性表达条件是16℃、0. 1 mmol/L IPTG诱导20 h。SDS-PAGE分析表明GST亲和层析成功地获得重组黄瓜Cu/Zn-SOD。活性测定表明两次纯化的蛋白样品SOD酶活力分别为2 328. 9 U/m L、2 144. 7 U/m L。[结论]从黄瓜表皮中克隆获得Cu/Zn-SOD基因,该基因在大肠杆菌系统中获得可溶性表达,纯化后的重组蛋白具有较高的SOD酶活力。     

真菌果胶酶的分子生物学研究进展

近１０年来国外在果胶酶分子生物学研究上取得了重大进展,从１１个属的真菌克隆了５０个以上的基因并测序。对果胶酶基因的结构、功能、调控、录译后加工等方面进行了深入探讨。已克隆的果胶酶基因以多聚半乳糖醛酸酶（ＰＧ）基因和果胶裂解酶（ＰＬ）基因为主,也有果胶酯酶（ＰＥ）基因和鼠李半乳糖醛酸酶（ＲＨＧ）基因,大多有内含子。前体蛋白一般有Ｎ－信号肽和糖基化位点。果胶酶一般受果胶、低浓度的（０．１％）Ｄ－半乳糖醛酸等诱导,而受较高浓度（１％）的半乳糖醛酸、抗体、某些抗菌素抑制。     

苦荞FtPCS基因克隆、表达及酶活性初步分析

该研究以Pb~(2+)诱导的苦荞(Fagopyrum tataricum)叶片转录组数据为基础,通过RT-PCR克隆,获得苦荞植物络合素合酶(Phytochelatins,PCs)基因(FtPCS);采用无缝克隆构建原核表达载体pET28a-PCS,并通过反向-HPLC结合DTNB[5,5′-二硫代双(2-硝基苯甲酸)]柱后衍生的方法,对纯化的FtPCS重组蛋白在Pb~(2+)存在条件下的催化活性进行初步分析,为进一步揭示FtPCS基因在苦荞重金属富集和解毒过程中的机制奠定基础。结果表明:苦荞FtPCS基因组序列全长5 456bp,包括8个外显子和7个内含子;FtPCS基因ORF序列全长1 485bp,编码494个氨基酸,预测分子量为55.10kDa。可溶性分析表明,苦荞FtPCS基因在E.coli BL21Star(DE3)中以包涵体的形式表达,采用梯度透析复性并结合钴离子螯合层析的方法获得纯化的FtPCS重组蛋白,复性的FtPCS蛋白具有催化GSH生成PC化合物的活性,而且低浓度的Pb~(2+)对其催化活性具有激活作用。     

嗜热子囊菌原变种Thermoascus aurantiacus var.aurantiacus热稳定几丁质酶的克隆表达及活性研究

研究通过RT-PCR和Tail-PCR技术从嗜热子囊菌原变种Thermoascus aurantiacus var.aurantiacus中克隆了一个几丁质酶同源基因。该基因全长1,253bp,包含一个由1,197个碱基构成的开放阅读框,编码398个氨基酸。序列比对分析表明,该基因编码蛋白属于糖苷水解酶18家族的几丁质酶。利用基因重组的方法构建酵母分泌型表达载体,并转化毕赤酵母。在甲醇的诱导下,重组蛋白得到了高效表达,第6天的表达量最高,达到0.433g/L,酶活力为28.96U/mg,同时对表达的几丁质酶进行了纯化,SDS-PAGE检测该蛋白的分子量为43.9kDa。该几丁质酶的最适反应温度为60℃,最适反应pH值为8.0,70℃处理30min仍有45%的相对酶活,具有较好的热稳定性及工业应用价值。     

cDNA cloning and molecular analysis of papaya small GTP-binding protein, pgp1

In the course of papaya EST collection, one clone (pRA4-3) encoding partial sequence of papaya small GTP-binding protein gene, pgp1, was obtained. Based on the sequence information of pRA4-3, the entire coding region of pgp1 was cloned using the 3'RACE PCR technique. ORF of pgp1 is 636bp long and deduced molecular weight of the protein is 23,311. Phylogenetic analysis showed that PGP1 belongs to YPT/RAB group of the small GTP-binding protein and is a homologue of RAB2. Southern analysis showed that there are several pgp1-related genes in papaya genome. Northern analysis showed that pgp1 was expressed equally in stems of seedlings that were grown under light and dark conditions. This result shows that PGP1 is not involved in the phytochrome-mediated signal transduction as an auxin signal transducer in stems of papaya seedlings.     

Immunophilin-like TWISTED DWARF1 modulates auxin efflux activities of Arabidopsis P-glycoproteins

The immunophilin-like protein TWISTED DWARF1 (TWD1/FKBP42) has been shown to physically interact with the multidrug resistance/P-glycoprotein (PGP) ATP-binding cassette transporters PGP1 and PGP19 (MDR1). Overlapping phenotypes of pgp1/pgp19 and twd1 mutant plants suggested a positive regulatory role of TWD1 in PGP-mediated export of the plant hormone auxin, which controls plant development. Here, we provide evidence at the cellular and plant levels that TWD1 controls PGP-mediated auxin transport. twd1 and pgp1/pgp19 cells showed greatly reduced export of the native auxin indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). Constitutive overexpression of PGP1 and PGP19, but not TWD1, enhanced auxin export. Coexpression of TWD1 and PGP1 in yeast and mammalian cells verified the specificity of the regulatory effect. Employing an IAA-specific microelectrode demonstrated that IAA influx in the root elongation zone was perturbed and apically shifted in pgp1/pgp19 and twd1 roots. Mature roots of pgp1/pgp19 and twd1 plants revealed elevated levels of free IAA, which seemed to account for agravitropic root behavior. Our data suggest a novel mode of PGP regulation via FK506-binding protein-like immunophilins, implicating possible alternative strategies to overcome multidrug resistance.     

PGP4, an ATP binding cassette P-glycoprotein, catalyzes auxin transport in Arabidopsis thaliana roots

Members of the ABC (for ATP binding cassette) superfamily of integral membrane transporters function in cellular detoxification, cell-to-cell signaling, and channel regulation. More recently, members of the multidrug resistance P-glycoprotein (MDR/PGP) subfamily of ABC transporters have been shown to function in the transport of the phytohormone auxin in both monocots and dicots. Here, we report that the Arabidopsis thaliana MDR/PGP PGP4 functions in the basipetal redirection of auxin from the root tip. Reporter gene studies showed that PGP4 was strongly expressed in root cap and epidermal cells. PGP4 exhibits apolar plasma membrane localization in the root cap and polar localization in tissues above. Root gravitropic bending and elongation as well as lateral root formation were reduced in pgp4 mutants compared with the wild type. pgp4 exhibited reduced basipetal auxin transport in roots and a small decrease in shoot-to-root transport consistent with a partial loss of the redirective auxin sink in the root. Seedlings overexpressing PGP4 exhibited increased shoot-to-root auxin transport. Heterologous expression of PGP4 in mammalian cells resulted in 1-N-naphthylthalamic acid-reversible net uptake of [3H]indole-3-acetic acid. These results indicate that PGP4 functions primarily in the uptake of redirected or newly synthesized auxin in epidermal root cells.     

Cloning and Characterization of the Microspore Development-Related Gene BcMF2 in Chinese Cabbage Pak-Choi (Brassica campestris L. ssp. chinensis Makino)

For the sake of providing some important information relevant to the study of the molecular mechanism of genic male sterility in plants, gene differential expression in flower buds at different developmental stages, as well as in rosette leaves, florescence leaves, and scapes was analyzed using cDNA amplified fragment length polymorphism (cDNA-AFLP) in the genic male sterile A and fertile B line of Chinese cabbage pak-choi. Following amplification of 125 pairs of primer combinations, 11 differential fragments were obtained, of which eight were from the B line and the other three were from the A line. Of 11 differential fragments, four were verified by Northern hybridization that were expressed preferentially in fertile flower buds. Results of GenBank BLAST showed that one fragment was with unknown function,whereas the other fragments have strong nucleotide sequence similarities with the polygalacturonase (PG)gene, the pectinesterase (PE) gene, and the polygalacturonase inhibitory protein (PGIP4) gene. Only fulllength cDNA from the differential fragment BcMF-A18T16-1 was amplified by rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) and Northern analysis showed that this fragment was expressed only in medium and largesized flower buds of the B line. The full-length cDNA, designated as BcMF2 (Brassica campestris Male Fertile 2), was 1 485 bp long and was composed of a 1 263-bp open reading frame, which had 83% nucleotide similarity to a PG gene from Arabidopsis encoding polygalacturonase. Analysis of the basic structure of the protein revealed that it had one polygalacturonase active site (RVTCGPGHGLSVGS) at 256th site of amino acids and was classified as being a member of family 28 of the glycosyl hydrolases. The role of the BcMF2 gene on microspore development is discussed in the present paper.     

Cloning and Characterization of the Microspore Development-Related Gene BcMF2 in Chinese Cabbage Pak-Choi （Brassica campestris L. ssp. chinensis Makino）

For the sake of providing some important information relevant to the study of the molecular mechanism of genic male sterility in plants, gene differential expression in flower buds at different developmental stages, as well as in rosette leaves, florescence leaves, and scapes was analyzed using cDNA amplified fragment length polymorphism (cDNA-AFLP) in the genic male sterile A and fertile B line of Chinese cabbage pak-choi. Following amplification of 125 pairs of primer combinations, 11 differential fragments were obtained, of which eight were from the B line and the other three were from the A line. Of 11 differential fragments, four were verified by Northern hybridization that were expressed preferentially in fertile flower buds. Results of GenBank BLAST showed that one fragment was with unknown function, whereas the other fragments have strong nucleotide sequence similarities with the polygalacturonase (PG) gene, the pectinesterase (PE) gene, and the polygalacturonase inhibitory protein (PGIP4) gene. Only fulllength cDNA from the differential fragment BcMF-A 18T 16-1 was amplified by rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) and Northern analysis showed that this fragment was expressed only in medium and largesized flower buds of the B line. The full-length cDNA, designated as BcMF2 (Brassica campestris Male Fertile 2), was 1 485 bp long and was composed ofa 1 263-bp open reading frame, which had 83% nucleotide similarity to a PG gene from Arabidopsis encoding polygalacturonase. Analysis of the basic structure of the protein revealed that it had one polygalacturonase active site (RVTCGPGHGLSVGS) at 256th site of amino acids and was classified as being a member of family 28 of the glycosyl hydrolases. The role of the BcMF2gene on microspore development is discussed in the present paper.     

具血型转换功能的咖啡α-半乳糖苷酶基因的克隆与表达

从大粒种咖啡(Coffea liberica)和中粒种咖啡(Coffea canephora)中分离克隆到了α-半乳糖苷酶（α-D-galactosidase）cDNA的开放阅读框架即编码区,分别记为Gal-D与Gal-Z,长度与已发表的小粒种咖啡cDNA编码序列相同均为1 089 bp,同源性与已发表的小粒种咖啡cDNA编码序列相比分别为98.7%和99.27%。 将克隆到的Gal-D与Gal-Z用巴斯德毕赤氏酵母Pichia pastoris表达载体pPICZαA（分泌甲醇诱导型）和pGAPZαA（分泌组成型）成功地构建了如下酵母表达载体：pPICZαA/Gal-Z,pPICZαA/Gal-D和pGAPZαA/Gal-D,并转入酵母宿主菌GS115进行了发酵表达研究。实验得出工程菌株pPICZαA/Gal-D / GS115的重组表达产物酶活最高可达48.22（U/mL）,对发酵产物进行了SDS-PAGE电泳,得到一条清晰的主条带。     

甜菜夜蛾谷氧还蛋白SeGrx原核表达、纯化及酶学性质分析

【目的】谷氧还蛋白(glutaredoxin, Grx)是生物体内依赖硫醇的抗氧化酶,在生物氧化胁迫和细胞凋亡等许多重要的生命活动中发挥作用。本研究旨在测定甜菜夜蛾Spodoptera exigua谷氧还蛋白家族成员SeGrx1的基因序列以及酶催化反应特性,为揭示其在昆虫体内功能奠定基础。【方法】以前期获得的甜菜夜蛾转录组数据为基础,采用RACE-PCR技术克隆甜菜夜蛾Grx1基因cDNA全长序列。将甜菜夜蛾Grx1基因的ORF序列连接至pET-16b原核表达载体,转化至大肠杆菌Escherichia coli BL21菌株中,IPTG诱导融合蛋白表达后用镍柱和Superdex75/200分子筛纯化;采用荧光酶标仪测定纯化的SeGrx1的活性及酶促反应动力学参数。【结果】甜菜夜蛾SeGrx1基因(GenBank登录号: MK318813) cDNA全长738 bp,其中5′非编码区长40 bp,3′非编码区长347 bp,开放阅读框(ORF)全长351 bp,编码116个氨基酸,预测蛋白的相对分子量为12.57 kD,活性位点为CPYC,为双巯基谷氧还蛋白。SeGrx1中心由4个平行和反向平行的β-strand混合组成,外围被5个α螺旋包围。成功构建pET-16b-SeGrx1重组质粒并在大肠杆菌中高表达,经过诱导和纯化条件的优化,获得纯度在95%以上的SeGrx1目的蛋白。以人类谷氧还蛋白hGrx1为标准,SeGrx1比活力为0.577 U/mg pro,最大反应速度V_max为20.5 U/mg pro,米氏常数Km为14.3 nmol/L。【结论】本研究成功地在体外大量表达了甜菜夜蛾谷氧还蛋白SeGrx1,并且获得了它的酶促动力学参数,为进一步挖掘谷氧还蛋白的生物学功能,探索其在害虫防治中的应用提供了基础。