Oxygation Enhances Growth, Gas Exchange and Salt Tolerance of Vegetable Soybean and Cotton in a Saline Vertisol

Impacts of salinity become severe when the soil is deficient in oxygen. Oxygation (using aerated water for subsurface drip irrigation of crop) could minimize the impact of salinity on plants under oxygen-limiting soil environments. Pot experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of oxygation (12% air volume/volume of water) on vegetable soybean (moderately salt tolerant) and cotton (salt tolerant) in a salinized vertisol at 2, 8, 14, 20 dS/m ECe. In vegetable soybean, oxygation increased above ground biomass yield and water use efficiency (WUE) by 13% and 22%, respectively, compared with the control. Higher yield with oxygation was accompanied by greater plant height and stem diameter and reduced specific leaf area and leaf Na+ and Cl-concentrations. In cotton, oxygation increased lint yield and WUE by 18% and 16%, respectively, compared with the control, and was accompanied by greater canopy light interception, plant height and stem diameter. Oxygation also led to a greater rate of photosynthesis, higher relative water content in the leaf, reduced crop water stress index and lower leaf water potential. It did not, however, affect leaf Na+ or Cl- concentration. Oxygation invariably increased, whereas salinity reduced the K+ : Na+ ratio in the leaves of both species. Oxygation improved yield and WUE performance of salt tolerant and moderately tolerant crops under saline soil environments, and this may have a significant impact for irrigated agriculture where saline soils pose constraints to crop production.     

Aerated subsurface irrigation water gives growth and yield benefits to zucchini, vegetable soybean and cotton in heavy clay soils

Inadequate oxygen concentration in the root zone is a constraint to plant performance particularly in heavy, compacted and/or saline soils. Sub-surface drip irrigation (SDI) offers a means of increasing oxygen to plant roots in such soils, provided irrigation water can be hyper-aerated or oxygenated. Hydrogen peroxide (HP) at the rate of 5 litre ha⁻¹ at the end of each irrigation cycle was injected through SDI tape to a field-grown zucchini (courgette) crop (Cucurbita pepo) on a saturated heavy clay soil in Queensland, Australia. Fruit yield, number and shoot weight increased by 25%, 29% and 24% respectively due to HP treatment compared to the control. Two pot experiments with vegetable soybean (Glycine max) and cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) compared the effectiveness of HP and air injection using a Mazzei air injector (a venturi), throughout the irrigation cycle in raising crop yield in a heavy clay soil kept at saturation or just under field capacity. Fresh pod yield of vegetable soybean increased by 82–96% in aeration treatments compared with the control. The yield increase was associated with more pods per plant and greater mean pod weight. Significantly higher above ground biomass and light interception were evident with aeration, irrespective of soil water treatment. Similarly cotton lint yield increased by 14–28% in aeration treatments compared with the control. The higher lint yield was associated with more squares and bolls per plant which accompanied greater above ground biomass and an increase in root mass, root length and soil respiration. Air injection and HP effected greater water use, but also brought about an enhancement of water use efficiency (WUE) for pod and lint yield, and increased leaf photosynthetic rate in both species but had no effect on transpiration rate and stomatal conductance per unit leaf area. Aeration-induced enhanced root function was arguably responsible for greater fruit set and yield in all three crops, while in vegetable soybean greater canopy cover, radiation interception and total vegetative biomass were responsible for additional yield benefit. Increased aeration of the root zone in heavy clay soils employing either air injection or HP proved beneficial to SDI irrigated crops, irrespective of the soil water conditions, and can add value to grower investments in SDI.     

黄土旱塬冬小麦返青期断根对根冠比、水分利用及产量的影响

采用适当的农艺措施来影响根系生长以提高作物水分利用效率是节水农业研究的一项重要内容。通过田间试验研究了旱作冬小麦‘长武135’(Triticum aestivum cv. Changwu135)返青期切断部分侧生根对根冠比、水分利用效率及产量的影响。与不断根处理相比,冬小麦切断部分侧根后,极显著地减少了表层的根量,花期时断根和不断根小麦在0~20 cm土层根量分别249.70和307.52 g·m^-2,100 cm以上总根量分别为305.53和368.73 g·m^-2。断根比不断根处理根呼吸速率下降了25.57%。断根也抑制了小麦的群体数量,断根和不断根处理单位面积的穗数分别为590.33和646.33 m^-2,但断根显著增加了千粒重,断根和不断根分别为45.99和41.47 g,收获指数也有一定提高。断根对籽粒产量没有显著影响,但断根后土壤含水量显著增加,水分消耗减少。以生物量计算的水分利用效率和以产量计算的水分利用效率分别提高了32.52%和29.98%。因此,在旱地农业中,通过返青期人工断根措施削减根系降低根系对同化产物的消耗和减少耗水量来达到提高冬小麦水分利用效率的方法,是可行的。但今后还需对断根措施作进一步研究,以期实现产量和水分利用效率的同步提高。     

根修剪对黄土旱塬冬小麦(Triticum aestivum)根系分布、根系效率及产量形成的影响

通过田间试验研究了不同时期根修剪处理对冬小麦（Triticum aestivum）根系大小与分布、根系效率、水分利用效率及产量形成的影响。设置4个根修剪处理：越冬期小剪根（WS）、越冬期大剪根（WB）,返青期小剪根（GS）、返青期大剪根（GB）,未剪根小麦作为对照（CK）。结果表明,到花期时,各根修剪处理小麦的在0～120cm总根量均显著小于对照。与对照相比各根修剪处理主要是显著地减少了上层土壤中的根量。但WS和GS两小剪根处理和对照相比在中层土壤中有较大的根量;花后各处理小麦旗叶的气孔导度和蒸腾速率均显著大于对照。这说明根修剪处理减少了小麦表层的根量,从而削弱了表土干旱信号对作物与外界气体交换的抑制作用。花期时各根修剪小麦的净光合速率均显著高于对照,而单位面积上的根呼吸速率均显著小于对照,根修剪处理提高了小麦的根系效率,使更多的光合产物用于籽粒生产,从而提高了小麦的收获指数。根修剪还提高了小麦的水分利用效率,其中WS、WB、GS处理的水分利用效率显著高于对照。但是GB处理的水分利用效率却没有显著提高。因此,本研究进一步证明了由不同年代品种得到的推测,认为在旱地农业中,通过遗传育种或采用适当农艺措施优化根系分布,既可以减少生长前期作物对水分的过度消耗,又能够削弱花后表土过度干旱对作物生长抑制作用,同时降低根系对同化产物的消耗,对作物产量及水分利用效率的提高具有积极的作用。     

共生期土壤水分对麦棉套种冬小麦比叶重、WUE和产量的影响

在麦棉套种的条件下,研究了共生期土壤水分对冬小麦旗叶比叶重(LSW)、水分利用效率(WUE)和产量的影响,并对旗叶干物质衰减速率(DM DR)、叶绿素含量和旗叶的籽粒贡献率做了测定.试验结果表明,共生期土壤水分条件明显影响了比叶重的下降速度,土壤水分高时比叶重的下降速度较小.不同土壤水分条件的旗叶水分利用效率(LWUE)在共生期均经历了先上升后下降,接近成熟期又上升3个阶段.在共生后期,土壤含水量高的冬小麦具有较高的比叶重和叶绿素含量,但其产量和产量水平水分利用效率(YWUE)则显著下降(P<0.01).     

Effects of biochar from slow pyrolysis of papermill waste on agronomic performance and soil fertility

The amendment of two agricultural soils with two biochars derived from the slow pyrolysis of papermill waste was assessed in a glasshouse study. Characterisation of both biochars revealed high surface area (115 m² g^?1) and zones of calcium mineral agglomeration. The biochars differed slightly in their liming values (33% and 29%), and carbon content (50% and 52%). Molar H/C ratios of 0.3 in the biochars suggested aromatic stability. At application rates of 10 t ha^?1 in a ferrosol both biochars significantly increased pH, CEC, exchangeable Ca and total C, while in a calcarosol both biochars increased C while biochar 2 also increased exchangeable K. Biochars reduced Al availability (ca. 2 cmol (+) kg^?1 to <0.1 cmol (+) kg^?1) in the ferrosol. The analysis of biomass production revealed a range of responses, due to both biochar characteristics and soil type. Both biochars significantly increased N uptake in wheat grown in fertiliser amended ferrosol. Concomitant increase in biomass production (250% times that of control) therefore suggested improved fertiliser use efficiency. Likewise, biochar amendment significantly increased biomass in soybean and radish in the ferrosol with fertiliser. The calcarosol amended with fertiliser and biochar however gave varied crop responses: Increased soybean biomass, but reduced wheat and radish biomass. No significant effects of biochar were shown in the absence of fertiliser for wheat and soybean, while radish biomass increased significantly. Earthworms showed preference for biochar-amended ferrosol over control soils with no significant difference recorded for the calcarosol. The results from this work demonstrate that the agronomic benefits of papermill biochars have to be verified for different soil types and crops.     

根区水肥空间耦合对冬小麦生长及产量的影响

利用管栽试验研究了根区不同湿润方式（整体湿润、上湿下干、上干下湿）、施肥方式（整体施肥、上层施肥、下层施肥）及其耦合对冬小麦不同生育期生长及产量的影响.结果表明：下层施肥方式显著降低了分蘖期冬小麦的株高和叶面积,而不同湿润方式对分蘖期株高和叶面积的影响不显著,拔节期水肥同区方式的株高大于水肥异区方式,表现出协同耦合效应.上干下湿方式和下层施肥方式显著降低了根系干物质量、地上部干物质量和总干物质量,上层施肥方式有利于增加冬小麦生物量,而上湿下干方式与施肥处理对地上部干物质量和总干物质量的耦合效应明显.水肥同区处理的根冠比高于水肥异区处理;上干下湿方式的水分利用效率显著高于整体湿润和上湿下干方式,水肥同区处理的水分利用效率高于水肥异区处理,但下层施肥方式的水分利用效率较低.与上干下湿方式相比,上湿下干和整体湿润方式的冬小麦单穗粒数分别增加了41.7%和61.9%,上层施肥和整体施肥方式的单穗粒数高于下层施肥方式,上湿下干方式与施肥处理对小麦产量及产量构成因素（除千粒重外）的水肥耦合效应明显.不同水肥处理主要通过影响单穗粒数来影响冬小麦产量.     

夏休闲期复种油菜对旱地土壤水分和小麦产量的影响

以冬小麦收获后高留茬休闲地为对照,连续4年在陇东黄土旱塬设6个油菜播种期,研究了休闲期作物覆盖对土壤水分及后作冬小麦产量与水分利用效率的影响.结果表明：不同播种期夏休闲期土壤贮水量差异显著(P＜0.05),其中8月5日播种油菜的土壤蓄水效率为58.5%,产量和水分利用效率较对照提高7.5%和5.9%.平均而言,夏休闲期复种油菜后作小麦干旱年份增产16.1%,平水年份增产6.8%.夏休闲期复种油菜是西北旱地小麦抗旱增产的有益途径.     

全膜微垄沟穴播对春小麦土壤水热环境的影响及其光合和产量效应

减弱春季寒旱生境限制是提高甘肃中东部旱地春小麦产量的关键要素之一。本研究于2016—2018年在甘肃中部半干旱旱作区开展大田试验,以‘陇春35号’为供试品种,设置全膜微垄沟穴播(PRF)、全膜覆土穴播(PMS)和露地穴播(CK)3个处理,测定春小麦不同生育期0～300 cm土层的土壤含水量、0～25 cm土壤温度、叶片生物量、叶片叶绿素(SPAD)、光合速率、蒸腾速率和作物产量,从土壤水热-冠层发育-产量角度揭示PRF处理对土壤水热环境、水分利用效率(WUE)和产量的影响。结果表明: 与CK相比,PRF和PMS处理0～25 cm土层的土壤温度在苗期分别提高2.8和2.5 ℃,灌浆-成熟期分别降低1.4和0.9 ℃;0～300 cm土壤贮水量在播前-苗期分别增加59.7和41.8 mm;0～300 cm耗水量在苗期-灌浆期分别提高46.1和39.8 mm。与PMS处理相比,PRF处理的小麦苗期温度提高0.3 ℃,灌浆-成熟期降低0.5 ℃;播前-苗期0～300 cm土壤贮水量增加18.0 mm,拔节-成熟期耗水量提高13.0 mm。基于对土壤水热条件的优化,PRF和PMS处理的叶片生物量、SPAD值、苗期-灌浆期叶片净光合速率、蒸腾速率均显著高于CK,且PRF处理均显著高于PMS处理。PRF处理比PMS处理和CK分别增产9.1%和36.5%,WUE分别提高5.9%和30.8%。因此,PRF处理能提高苗期地温,降低灌浆-成熟期地温,促进春小麦苗期-灌浆期的耗水,提高了春小麦叶片SPAD值和生物量,增强春小麦苗期-灌浆期旗叶的光合功能,从而实现增产和水分高效利用,而且这一优势在欠水年份(2016和2017年)更加明显。     

土壤水分对返青期断根冬小麦补偿效应的影响

通过盆栽试验研究了不同土壤水分条件下返青期断根冬小麦的补偿效应.结果表明,断根小麦的早期生长受到抑制,叶面积在返青 拔节期间显著下降,到开花期能恢复至对照水平.高水分条件下断根小麦拔节期的叶绿素荧光参数包括表观光合电子传递速率、实际光化量子产量、光化学淬灭系数、非光化学淬灭值均显著大于对照,开花后单茎干物质积累为0.81 g,显著大于对照（0.56 g）,花后干物质积累系数比对照提高了38.79%,断根小麦根量虽有所下降但差异不显著;低水分条件下断根小麦的叶绿素荧光参数和花后干物质积累与对照之间没有显著差异,但断根小麦的根系生物量（7.83 g·pot^-1）显著小于对照（9.77 g·pot^-1）.土壤水分对断根小麦的地上生物量和籽粒产量的补偿效应没有显著影响.断根处理的冬小麦在两种土壤水分条件下均显著降低了耗水量,在整个生育期,高水分条件下冬小麦断根处理可节水2 000 ml左右,水分利用效率为1.97 g·kg ^-1,显著大于对照的1.70 g·kg ^-1;低水分条件下也可节水1 500 ml左右,水分利用效率虽有所提高,但未达到显著性差异.     

Physiological mechanisms contributing to the increased water-use efficiency in winter wheat under deficit irrigation

Deficit irrigation in winter wheat has been practiced in the areas with limited irrigation water resources. The objectives of this study were to (i) understand the physiological basis for determinations of grain yield and water-use efficiency in grain yield (WUE) under deficit irrigation; and (ii) investigate the effect of deficit irrigation on dry matter accumulation and remobilization of pre-anthesis carbon reserves during grain filling. A field experiment was conducted in the Southern High Plains of the USA and winter wheat (cv. TAM 202) was grown on Pullman clay loam soil (fine mixed thermic Torretic Paleustoll). Treatments consisted of rain-fed, deficit irrigation from jointing to the middle of grain filling, and full irrigation. The physiological measurements included leaf water potential, net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs), and leaf area index. The rain-fed treatment had the lowest seasonal evapotranspiration (ET), biomass, grain yield, harvest index (HI) and WUE as a result of moderate to severe water stress from jointing to grain filling. Irrigation application increased seasonal ET, and ET increased as irrigation frequency increased. The seasonal ET increased 20% in one-irrigation treatments between jointing and anthesis, 32-46% in two-irrigation treatments, and 67% in three- and full irrigation treatments. Plant biomass, grain yield, HI and WUE increased as the result of increased ET. The increased yield under irrigation was mainly contributed by the increased number of spikes, and seeds per square meter and per spike. Among the irrigation treatments, grain yield increased significantly but the WUE increased slightly as irrigation frequency increased. The increased WUE under deficit irrigation was contributed by increased HI. Water stress during grain filling reduced Pn and Gs, and accelerated leaf senescence. However, the water stress during grain filling induced remobilization of pre-anthesis carbon reserves to grains, and the remobilization of pre-anthesis carbon reserves significantly contributed to the increased grain yield and HI. The results of this study showed that deficit irrigation between jointing and anthesis significantly increased wheat yield and WUE through increasing both current photosynthesis and the remobilization of pre-anthesis carbon reserves.     

CO2浓度增加对半干旱区春小麦生产和水分利用效率的影响

为了解CO₂浓度升高条件下春小麦生产和水分利用效率(WUE)的响应特征,在典型半干旱区定西,利用开顶式气室(OTC)试验平台开展了CO₂浓度增加模拟试验.试验设对照(390 μmol·mol^-1)、480 μmol·mol^-1和570 μmol·mol^-1 3个CO₂浓度.结果表明: CO₂浓度升高使春小麦冠层空气温度小幅上升,10 cm深处的土壤环境温度下降;CO₂浓度增加对春小麦各器官生物量和总生物量都有明显促进作用,在480和570 μmol·mol^-1浓度下,地上干物质量平均增长20.6%和41.5%,总干物质量平均增长19.3%和39.6%.生物量增加主要是由茎叶干物质量增加所致,与生育中期物质生产能力明显增强有关;在两种CO₂浓度处理下,植株根冠比分别降低7.3%和11.8%,CO₂浓度增加对春小麦地上部分干物质积累的贡献大于地下部分;CO₂浓度升高主要通过影响穗粒数来影响最终产量,在480和570 μmol·mol^-1浓度下,小麦产量分别增加了8.9%和19.9%;大气CO₂浓度升高对春小麦光合作用影响的长期效应不明显,随CO₂浓度升高,光合速率显著提高,蒸腾速率降低,蒸发蒸腾量减小.随CO₂浓度升高,叶片、群体和产量3个水平的WUE都增加,其中群体水平的WUE增幅最大,产量水平的WUE增幅最小.     

CO2浓度增加对半干旱区春小麦生产和水分利用效率的影响

为了解CO₂浓度升高条件下春小麦生产和水分利用效率(WUE)的响应特征,在典型半干旱区定西,利用开顶式气室(OTC)试验平台开展了CO₂浓度增加模拟试验.试验设对照(390 μmol·mol^-1)、480 μmol·mol^-1和570 μmol·mol^-1 3个CO₂浓度.结果表明: CO₂浓度升高使春小麦冠层空气温度小幅上升,10 cm深处的土壤环境温度下降;CO₂浓度增加对春小麦各器官生物量和总生物量都有明显促进作用,在480和570 μmol·mol^-1浓度下,地上干物质量平均增长20.6%和41.5%,总干物质量平均增长19.3%和39.6%.生物量增加主要是由茎叶干物质量增加所致,与生育中期物质生产能力明显增强有关;在两种CO₂浓度处理下,植株根冠比分别降低7.3%和11.8%,CO₂浓度增加对春小麦地上部分干物质积累的贡献大于地下部分;CO₂浓度升高主要通过影响穗粒数来影响最终产量,在480和570 μmol·mol^-1浓度下,小麦产量分别增加了8.9%和19.9%;大气CO₂浓度升高对春小麦光合作用影响的长期效应不明显,随CO₂浓度升高,光合速率显著提高,蒸腾速率降低,蒸发蒸腾量减小.随CO₂浓度升高,叶片、群体和产量3个水平的WUE都增加,其中群体水平的WUE增幅最大,产量水平的WUE增幅最小.     

密度、施肥对旱地春小麦产量、水分利用效率和籽粒养分含量的补偿效应

为了探明旱作条件下无机营养对作物产量和水分利用效率的补偿效应,我们在宁南黄土高原半干旱地区开展了为期两年的春小麦密度与肥料试验。通过4种播种密度和5种肥力水平的综合研究结果表明,在不同处理的籽粒产量和水分利用效率排序中,播种密度为500粒／m^2时,以施肥量90kg／hm^2N和135kg／hm^2P2O5处理的产量和水分利用效率为最大。与不施肥的对照相比,增施肥料与籽粒产量和水分利用效率的提高成显著的正相关关系,相关系数分别达到0．959和0．894,而播种密度则与产量和水分利用效率的相关性不显著。增施肥料虽然能够提高可育小花数,但随着播种密度的增大,穗粒数和千粒重反而呈下降趋势,表明可育小花数对肥料水平反应敏感,而穗粒数和千粒重主要受播种密度的影响。施肥能够促进春小麦根系的生长发育,特别是促进浅层根量的增加,增强了作物的水分养分吸收。另外,不同种类肥料配施的结果表明,单施P肥或者N、P、K配合施用,可使春小麦产量分别提高44．6％和55．4％。N、P、K配合施肥还能够提高品质,使籽粒中的P、N、K含量分别提高18．5％、18．4％和8．1％。上述研究结果说明,控制播种密度、改善土壤肥力对于促进旱地春小麦高效利用有限水分具有明显的补偿效应。     

Einfluß von Lipidfraktionen mikrobieller Herkunft auf die Wasserausnutzung in der biologissechen Stoffproduktion von Kulturpflanzen

Effects of exogenous applied lipids being of microbial origin on the water use efficiency (WUE) and the biomass production have been studied in pot and field experiments using crop plants. Lipid mixtures extracted from the cells of Candida maltosa EH 15 increased the WUE (9…16%) and the grain yield (÷x = 10%) of the wheat and barley plants under dry conditions. The fatty acid fraction separated from the lipid mixtures also improved the WUE especially under stress (20…100%) and the biomass production. The phosphatide fraction emulsified with sulfonate containing solvents was not physiologically active.     

Grain Yield and Water Use Efficiency in Extremely-Late Sown Winter Wheat Cultivars under Two Irrigation Regimes in the North China Plain

Wheat production is threatened by water shortages and groundwater over-draft in the North China Plain (NCP). In recent years, winter wheat has been increasingly sown extremely late in early to mid-November after harvesting cotton or pepper. To improve water use efficiency (WUE) and guide the extremely late sowing practices, a 3-year field experiment was conducted under two irrigation regimes (W1, one-irrigation, 75 mm at jointing; W2, two-irrigation, 75 mm at jointing and 75 mm at anthesis) in 3 cultivars differing in spike size (HS4399, small spike; JM22, medium spike; WM8, large spike). Wheat was sown in early to mid-November at a high seeding rate of 800–850 seeds m⁻². Average yields of 7.42 t ha⁻¹ and WUE of 1.84 kg m⁻³ were achieved with an average seasonal evapotranspiration (ET) of 404 mm. Compared with W2, wheat under W1 did not have yield penalty in 2 of 3 years, and had 7.9% lower seasonal ET and 7.5% higher WUE. The higher WUE and stable yield under W1 was associated with higher 1000-grain weight (TGW) and harvest index (HI). Among the 3 cultivars, JM22 had 5.9%–8.9% higher yield and 4.2%–9.3% higher WUE than WM8 and HS4399. The higher yield in JM22 was attributed mainly to higher HI and TGW due to increased post-anthesis biomass and deeper seasonal soil water extraction. In conclusion, one-irrigation with a medium-sized spike cultivar JM22 could be a useful strategy to maintain yield and high WUE in extremely late-sown winter wheat at a high seeding rate in the NCP.     

灌水时间对冬小麦生长发育及水肥利用效率的影响

研究秸秆还田后不同越冬前灌水时间(11月10日、11月25日、12月10日)和春季灌水时间(3月5日,返青期;4月5日,拔节期)对冬小麦生长发育、干物质运转及水肥利用效率的影响.结果表明： 越冬前灌水时间主要影响冬前和拔节期群体大小,而春灌时间对冬小麦成穗数、产量、干物质运转和水肥利用效率的影响较大,而且越冬前灌水时间对冬小麦产量构成的影响与春灌时间密切相关.在春季返青期灌水条件下,越冬前灌水时间越早,成穗数和产量越高;在拔节期灌水条件下,随越冬前灌水时间的推迟,成穗数和产量呈先升高再降低的趋势,而穗粒数逐渐增加,千粒重受影响较小.水分利用效率、养分吸收量和肥料利用率均随越冬前灌水时间的推迟而降低,随春季灌水时间的推迟而升高.因此,在秸秆还田足墒播种条件下,将越冬前灌水时间适当提前,可以塌实土壤,促进冬小麦冬前分蘖,增加群体大小;配合拔节期增量灌水,可以控制早春无效分蘖,提高成穗率,稳定粒重,提高水肥利用效率,实现节水高产高效栽培.     

不同种植方式对花生土壤微生物生物量及活性的影响

在大田条件下,采用随机区组设计研究了春播覆膜（CBFM）、春播露地（CBLD）、麦田套种（MT）、麦田套种露地对照（MTLD）、夏播覆膜（XBFM）和夏播露地（XBLD）6种花生种植方式对土壤微生物生物量碳、活跃微生物生物量和土壤呼吸的影响.结果表明： 花生生育期和种植方式均显著影响土壤微生物生物量及活性.从始花期开始,随着生育进程的推进,土壤微生物生物量碳、活跃微生物生物量和呼吸速率逐渐升高,到结荚期达到最大值,随后下降.露地栽培花生提高了土壤微生物生物量碳和土壤呼吸速率,但是降低了活跃微生物生物量,对土壤养分的转化和吸收不利;覆膜花生提高了活跃微生物生物量,促进土壤养分的分解和有效化;麦田套种花生比同期播种的露地对照花生提高了土壤微生物生物量碳、活跃微生物生物量和土壤呼吸速率,固结养分较多,不利于花生生长.     

Water and Nutrient Use Efficiency in Diploid, Tetraploid and Hexaploid Wheats

Three diploid (Triticum boeoticum, AA; Aegilops speltoides, BB and Ae. tauschii, DD), two tetraplold (T. dlcoccoides,AABB and T. dicoccon, AABB) and one hexaploid (T. vulgare, AABBDD) varieties of wheat, which are very important in the evolution of wheat were chosen in this study. A pot experiment was carried out on the wheat under different water and nutrient conditions (i) to understand the differences in biomass, yield, water use efficiency (WUE), and nutrient (N, P and K) use efficiency (uptake and utilization efficiency) among ploldles in the evolution of wheat; (ii) to clarify the effect of water and nutrient conditions on water and nutrient use efficiency; and (iii) to assess the relationship of water and nutrient use efficiency in the evolution of wheat. Our results showed that from diploid to tetraploid then to hexaploid during the evolution of wheat, both root biomass and above-ground biomass increased initially and then decreased. Water consumption for transpiration decreased remarkably, correlating with the decline of the growth period, while grain yield, harvest index, WUE, N, P and K uptake efficiency, and N, P and K utilization efficiency increased significantly. Grain yield, harvest index and WUE decreased in the same order: T.vulgare ＞ T. dicoccon ＞ T. dicoccoides ＞ Ae. tauschii ＞ Ae. speltoides ＞ T. boeoticum. Water stress significantly decreased root biomass, above-ground biomass, yield, and water consumption for transpiration by 47-52%, butremarkably increased WUE. Increasing the nutrient supply increased wheat above-ground biomass, grain yield,harvest index, water consumption for transpiration and WUE under different water levels, but reduced root biomass under drought conditions. Generally, water stress and low nutrient supply resulted in the lower nutrientuptake efficiency of wheat. However, water and nutrient application had no significant effects on nutrient utilization efficiency, suggesting that wheat nutrient utilization efficiency is mainly controlled by genotypes. Compared to theother two diploid wheats, Ae. squarrosa (DD) had significant higher WUE and nutrient utilization efficiency, Indicating that the D genome may carry genes controlling high efficient utilization of water and nutrient. Significant relationships were found between WUE and N, P and K utilization efficiency.     

半干旱区立式深旋耕和有机无机肥配施对饲用玉米水分利用效率和产量的影响

合理的耕作和施肥管理措施是提高黄土高原半干旱区饲用玉米产量和水分利用效率的关键。本研究于2017—2019年在甘肃省农业科学院定西试验站开展大田试验,设置了传统旋耕+有机无机肥配施(TOF)、深旋耕+有机无机肥配施(DOF)和立式深旋耕+有机无机肥配施(VROF)3个处理,并以传统旋耕+单施无机肥(TF)为对照,测定了饲用玉米干物质量、土壤含水量、产量,计算了土壤耗水量、水分利用效率和经济效益等指标,探究不同处理对饲用玉米产量、水分利用效率和经济效益的影响。结果表明: 与其他处理相比,VROF花期0～300 cm土层土壤贮水量降低了16.9～79.9 mm,干旱年份花前耗水量增加了9.7～22.4 mm、花后耗水量增加了11.0～19.8 mm,总土壤耗水量提高了8.6%～12.4%;立式深旋耕+有机无机肥配施能够促进饲用玉米生育期耗水,使得成熟期干物质量增加3.9%～13.4%,株高、穗长、穗粒数、百粒重和双穗率也明显增加,秃顶长显著降低,籽粒产量增加4.3%～51.5%、生物产量增加4.3%～25.7%,籽粒和生物量水分利用效率分别提高2.7%～36.9%和3.6%～13.5%,单位总产值增加5.1%～32.9%、纯收益提高6.9%～80.5%。可知,立式深旋耕结合有机无机肥配施能够调控饲用玉米生育期耗水,使饲用玉米干物质积累、株高、百粒重等农艺和经济性状指标明显增加,显著提升产量和水分利用效率,并提高总产值和纯收益,是适宜于西北黄土高原半干旱区饲用玉米种植的抗旱增产增效技术。