一个猕猴群的饲养日粮及其评价

在医学和生物学的某些研究中,猿猴被视为珍贵的实验动物。近几十年来,国内外均已建立了许多猿猴饲养场。我们从1959年开始了猕猴(Mecaca mulatta)大群驯养工作,现将其饲养日粮情况报道如下。     

我国几种猕猴属动物肠道寄生虫的调查

笔者自1981—1987年间,通过尸体剖检、肉眼查找虫体和镜检虫卵三方法,在本所养猴场对来自云南、四川、湖北等市县产的猕猴、(Macaca mulatta)、熊猴(M.assamensis)、豚尾猴(M.nemestrina)、红面猴(M.arcto-ides)、毛耳猕猴(M.Mulatta lasiota)等五种猕猴属动物体内所获得的肠道寄生虫的资料,简报如下。 根据标本分析的结果,共获得寄生虫13种,多为人畜共患的旧种,其中包括原虫(Protoza)2种,吸虫(Trem-atodes)1种,绦虫(Cestodes)2种,线虫(Nematodes)7种和粉螨(Acarus)1种:分隶于5纲,11科,13属。其分布及感染率见表1。 在整理过程中,发现有些寄生虫在某些非人灵长类动物中未见记载过,现记录于下:     

海南南湾猴岛景区内猕猴与游客接触行为的研究

在世界范围内,观赏和投喂野生猿猴是最常见的野生动物旅游形式之一。其中游客与动物的关系越来越成为动物学、人类学和社会学学者研究关注的热点。游客在娱乐的过程中,存在被猿猴威胁甚至咬伤等问题。对人猴接触行为的客观分析,是提高旅游服务管理和保障游客安全的必要措施。本研究记录了2012-2014年海南南湾猴岛景区内游客与猕猴的接触行为,并分析了景区医务室近两年的游客就诊记录,主要探讨：（1）哪些游客会参与人猴接触,及其游客的认识误区;（2）哪些猕猴会频繁参与人猴接触;（3）哪些原因会引发人猴接触行为。本文旨在了解景区内游客与猿猴的互动关系,探讨游客受伤原因及其解决办法,为完善野生动物旅游的健康发展提供基础资料。     

猕猴的妊娠出血

灵长类动物是有月经周期的动物,极大多数的猿猴妊娠后即停止月经。但是,猕猴妊娠期间可有阴道出血现象,往往与月经周期的阴道出血现象相混,造成繁殖配种和月经周期在统计上出现困难,甚至给某些有关生殖的试验造成混乱。为与月经血相区别,故称这种出血为妊娠出血。妊娠出血的生理基础是什么?有什么特点?这对猕猴饲养繁殖及有关生殖生理的研究是必须弄清的问题,现就一些有关的资料及观察情况介绍如下:     

人工饲养中国猕猴中SRV、STLV和BV的流行病学调查

非人灵长类动物是十分重要的生物医学资源。由于与人类在生理生化、免疫、遗传等方面近似,猕猴是重要的非人灵长类实验动物之一。然而,猕猴作为自然宿主,易感染D型逆转录病毒(simian type D retrovirus,SRV)和T淋巴细胞白血病病毒(simian T lymphotropic virus,STLV)这两种逆转录病毒,并可能会影响AIDS猕猴动物模型等的研究结果。猴B病毒(ceropithecine herpesvirus1,BV)对猕猴及动物从业人员均有危害。云南省拥有较大规模的中国猕猴繁殖种群。基于以上原因,建立SPF级别的中国猕猴种群十分必要。该文应用PCR技术筛查了人工饲养种群中411只中国猕猴的SRV、STLV和BV感染流行情况。结果表明:SRV、STLV和BV的阳性感染率分别为19.71%(81/411)、13.38%(55/411)和23.11%(95/411)。同时比较分析了不同性别及年龄组中国猕猴的病毒感染情况。该研究将有助于建立SPF级别的中国猕猴繁殖种群。     

猕猴胚胎发育的初步观察

有关猕猴(Macaca mulatta)胚胎发育的研究在国内尚未报道过。现将我们所收集的标本做初步研究,结果报告如下: 一、材料和方法 材料:共计24个标本,其中不同胎龄者10例,雌雄各半,最小约45天,最大约150天;妊娠期165天左右的初生仔猴14例,雄性8例,雌性6例。由于标本均来自本所养猴场,故可较确切地估计胎龄,其误差在±5天之内。全部受试标本用10％福尔马林水溶液固定。     

我国猕猴体内寄生虫调查报告

猿猴类生活于热带,亚热带森林地区,行群居生活,因此容易感染各种寄生虫病(Wardle,1952;Ruch,1959)而且猴群亦有进入人类生活圈的机会,许多寄生虫病是人猴共有的。研究猿猴寄生虫对防治猴病,保障猴群健康有重要作用（Лапнн,1963;Kaufmann,1971）,同时,应用猴子作为人类寄生虫的实验模型(Valerio,1971;Pryor,1970),亦极有意义。最早应用猿猴作为实验动物,就是应用猴子作实验性疟疾的研究。近年来,应用幼年猴进行疟疾的实验治疗和免疫学的研究,屡见报道。而且其它人体寄生虫应用猴子作试验的也并不少见。关于我国所产猕猴猴体寄生虫的调查（尹文直,1973）材料不多,尚未见有完整的报告。为了能充分利用猴子这一宝贵的实验动物,进行寄生虫学的研究,我们将1960年到1979年中,从野外捕捉的十一批猕猴所进行的猴体寄生虫调查。     

中华凤头燕鸥

中华凤头燕鸥(Thalasseus bernsteini),原名黑嘴端凤头燕鸥。自1863年被首次命名之后,一直鲜为人知。仅有少数标本采自印度尼西亚、马来西亚、菲律宾、泰国及我国的山东烟台、青岛和福建福州(Collar et al. 2001)。1937年夏, 21只标本采自青岛外海岛屿(Shaw 1938)。这是中华凤头燕鸥在20世纪最后一次确切的记录。此后长达63年之久,该鸟似乎失去了踪迹。基于标本采集的地点和时间分布,鸟类学家们推测该鸟应在山东和福建沿海繁殖,在印度尼西亚、马来西亚、菲律宾、泰国等周边的南中国海越冬。由于缺乏确切的资料,IUCN将中华凤头燕鸥列为极危物种,而我国则将它列为国家Ⅱ级重点保护动物。2000年夏,中华凤头燕鸥在马祖列岛被台湾鸟类摄影家重新发现,有8只成体混群在大约2 400只大凤头燕鸥(T.bergii)中繁殖。2004年8月,浙江自然博物馆鸟类研究小组在浙江韭山列岛省级自然保护区发现了另一繁殖群体,有约20只中华凤头燕鸥混群在4 000只左右的大凤头燕鸥中繁殖。2006年,在澎湖列岛繁殖的大凤头燕鸥群中也发现了1对中华凤头燕鸥。马祖列岛繁殖群体由于屡受大陆渔民捡蛋等干扰,种群数量逐年下降。由于实施了严格的保护措施,2006年始数量逐渐回升,2008年繁殖个体数量最大时达到17只。近年由于猛禽等干扰因素,繁殖屡遭挫折,种群数量再次下降。韭山列岛繁殖群由于遭受渔民捡蛋,繁殖连年失败。     

猕猴觅食策略的地域性差异

本文通过1年连续野外观察（2015年12月至2016月11月）,对比研究了广东省内伶仃—福田国家级自然保护区野生群和台山上川岛猕猴省级自然保护区内半野生投食群的猕猴觅食策略异同,分析了食物数量和食物营养对猕猴觅食行为的影响,探讨了猕猴对生境变化的应对策略及其适应机制。研究结果表明,野生群和半野生群猕猴均偏好取食低灰分果实。另外,比起取食较少的果实,半野生群猕猴主要取食的果实具有低含水量和低蛋白等特点。全年来看,野生群猕猴偏好取食分布数量多的果实;半野生群猕猴食果频率月间波动受环境果实量影响,符合能量最大化理论。野生群和半野生群猕猴采食乔木树叶的行为均不受乔木数量的影响;而且两者采食所有生活型植被的叶的行为不受叶营养的影响。本研究表明猕猴会根据环境的食物资源数量和质量调整其觅食策略,具有对不同生活环境灵活适应的能力。     

近年来乌梁素海疣鼻天鹅种群数量变化及原因分析

为查清内蒙古乌梁素海湖泊湿地疣鼻天鹅(Cygnus olor)繁殖期和秋季迁徙前期种群数量,2014至2017年采用路线统计法和样点统计法对其进行精确计数统计,结合近十余年来的文献数据和监测记录,探讨了种群数量的变化及原因。结果显示,2015至2017年春季繁殖成鸟数量依次为84只、92只、80只,基本稳定;2014至2017年,秋季种群数量依次为411只、302只、281只、153只,逐年减少;近几年适宜繁殖地和觅食地面积不断缩小、天敌偷袭、捡蛋和投毒等因素影响亚成鸟和幼鸟的生存。根据文献和保护区监测数据,1996至2004年种群数量逐年增多,与自然保护区的建立、严禁捡蛋和没收猎枪有关,而2005至2013年因干旱缺水、水域被开发利用、芦苇(Phragmites australis)和宽叶香蒲(Typhalatifolia)面积扩增、水质恶化、富营养化加重等原因种群数量下降。研究表明,近几年乌梁素海被过度开发利用,人为干扰频繁,影响疣鼻天鹅正常繁殖栖息;栖息地的科学管理和严禁捡蛋及投毒行为,对该种群的生存及增长至关重要。     

Hematological and serum biochemical effects of nursing on the mother in cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis)]

The effects of nursing on maternal hematological and serum biochemical values were analyzed in cynomolgus monkeys reared in indoor cages at Tsukuba Primate Center. In our breeding system, infants are usually separated from their mothers at the age of 121 to 180 days. Mother monkeys of such infants were studied hematologically and biochemically (Group B), as were mother monkeys who happened to have nursed their infants past 181 days after parturition (Group A). During the period with their infants, mother monkeys in the latter group showed lower white blood cell counts (WBC) and higher red blood cell counts (RBC), hematocrit values (Ht) and blood urea nitrogen concentrations (BUN) than the mother monkeys who had been separated from their infants. Also, serum calcium concentrations (Ca) were decreased with prolonged nursing periods, indicating that lactation by the mother monkey probably continues even for a period from 181 days to about one year after parturition if she nurses her infant. Lactation during this period may accelerate hematogenesis and protein metabolism in the mother monkey.     

Trade-off between reproduction and moult – a comparison of three Fennoscandian pied flycatcher populations

Organisms that reproduce at high latitudes are assumed to have evolved several adaptations to the short summer. For birds, and especially for long-distance migrants, there is a time constraint because both reproduction and moult must be completed before autumn migration. It has therefore been assumed that birds at northern latitudes must initiate their moult during reproduction more often than birds at low latitudes. To investigate how passerine birds breeding at different latitudes allocate their time between reproduction and moult, we compared timing of these activities during three consecutive breeding seasons in three widely separated populations of the pied flycatcher Ficedula hypoleuca. Our results show that the frequency of individuals with moult-breeding overlap, and moult initiation in relation to breeding stage, varied considerably among populations and years. In all three populations, female moult initiation was restricted to the late nestling period. The males had a more pronounced moult-breeding overlap than the females, but its duration was similar in all three study areas. Thus, there was no evidence for a more pronounced moult-breeding overlap at high compared with low latitudes. These results suggest that pied flycatchers sometimes accept a moult-breeding overlap, but that the time gained by having too extensive an overlap between reproduction and moult does not outweigh the associated costs. Long-distance migrants breeding at northern latitudes apparently experience a trade-off between reproduction and somatic investment during moult. We therefore suggest that a pronounced moult-breeding overlap is not a typical strategy used by long-distance migrants to adjust to the short breeding season at northern latitudes. Received: 7 May 1998 / Accepted: 24 August 1998     

Effects of forest fragmentation on the physiological stress response of black howler monkeys

Habitat loss and fragmentation can create severe environmental problems for forest species, and may ultimately lead to local population extinction. One mechanism that might play a role in this process is the physiological stress response of individuals, because animals that experience chronic stress might show reduced rates of reproduction and survival. In this study, we investigated whether black howler monkeys Alouatta pigra inhabiting forest fragments experienced greater physiological stress than those in continuous forest. Faecal cortisol metabolite levels were compared between monkeys inhabiting fragmented and continuous forests in Southern Mexico. The sex of the animals was taken into consideration, while activity patterns and aggressive events were also recorded to examine differences in behaviour and sociality. A chemiluminescent enzyme immunoassay was utilized to determine faecal cortisol metabolite levels. Our results showed that cortisol metabolite levels were higher in howler monkeys from forest fragments, and that they vary through time. Patterns of locomotion also differed between forest types, as monkeys from fragments travelled at higher frequencies, while monkeys from continuous forests performed more of their movements within tree crowns. There was no difference in the frequency of feeding, resting and social interactions between fragmented and continuous forest monkeys. Higher faecal cortisol metabolite levels in fragmented areas are likely the result of suboptimal environments and could have long-term adverse effects on monkey health, fertility and survival. We propose that faecal cortisol metabolite measurements can be a useful conservation tool for monitoring populations of long-lived species subsisting under suboptimal conditions.     

Social control of reproduction in banded mongooses

Recent theoretical work suggests that the distribution of reproduction, or degree of reproductive skew, in animal societies depends crucially on (1) whether dominant individuals can fully control subordinate reproduction, and (2) how subordinate reproduction affects the fitness of dominants. I investigated these two factors in cooperatively breeding banded mongooses, Mungos mungo. Female packmates entered oestrus together and were closely guarded by dominant males. These males were aggressive to subordinate males who attempted to mate, but females still managed to mate with males other than their mate guard. Older females were guarded and mated a few days before their younger packmates, yet all females usually gave birth on the same day, suggesting that older females may have a longer gestation period. Moreover, older females carried more fetuses. Overall, ca. 83% of adult females conceived in each breeding attempt and 71% carried to term. These results indicate that, among males, dominant individuals did not have full control over the mating attempts of subordinates (since they could not fully control the mating behaviour of the females they guarded), while among females there was little or no attempt to prevent subordinates from breeding (at least, prior to parturition). Two within-group infanticides by males suggested that some control over reproduction may be exercised postpartum. Per capita survivorship of young in the den increased with the number of females who gave birth. Thus, dominant females may benefit from subordinate reproduction, providing a possible explanation for the lack of reproductive suppression among females in this species. Copyright 2000 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour.     

Some aspects related to conception of the Japanese monkey (Macaca fuscata)

The season of birth, age of the first parturition, gestation period, and vaginal bleeding and mating after conception were surveyed with Japanese monkeys (Macaca fuscata). The analyses of the former two items were dependent on the birth records in the Ohirayama troop collected from 1957 to 1973, and the analyses of the latter two items were dependent on data obtained by a 48-hour mating in a laboratory. Birth in the Ohirayama troop converged into the months from March to July, especially from April to June. The age of the first parturition was three years and 11 months at the earliest, and nine years and two months at the latest. The monkeys giving their first birth at the age of five or thereabouts were most frequently observed (68.6%), and most of the monkeys had their first parturition from about the age of four years to about the age of six years. The gestation period calculated from 17 cases, which was defined as the period from the first day of a 48-hour mating to the day before parturition, was 173 ± 6.9 days ranging from 161 to 188 days. In 25 out of 28 cases, the vaginal bleeding was observed after conception. It began slightly later (between 16 and 24 days after mating) than the forecasted time of the next menstrual hemorrhage, and usually lasted longer than bleeding of the usual menses. Each of three female monkeys caged together with a male monkey 30 days after conception was observed to have copulated, and the male was observed to have ejaculated.     

Density-dependent reproduction in the European rabbit: a consequence of individual response and age-dependent reproductive performance

Density dependence of reproduction has generally been proposed to be caused by habitat heterogeneity and by the individual response of reproductive output. However, a further mechanism might generate density dependence of average reproductive rates. High density situations might be associated with a high proportion of first-season breeders which often show a principally lower reproductive performance. We tested for the existence of the latter mechanism as well as for density-dependent individual changes of reproductive effort in a population of European rabbits living in a homogeneous grassland habitat. The study was conducted over a period of eleven years. Overall, a strong relationship between mean reproductive rates and the breeding density of females was apparent. All necessary conditions for the presence of a density-dependent effect caused by age-dependent reproduction were fulfilled: Fluctuations of breeding density were paralleled by variations in the proportion of one-year-old females. These one-year-old, first-season breeders showed a consistently lower reproductive performance than older females, which might be caused by their lower body mass and their lower social rank. However, we also found strong evidence for density-dependent response of individual reproductive effort: Individual changes in fecundity over successive years were explained by changes in the breeding density of females. The results suggest that density dependence of reproduction in European rabbits is due to an interaction of age-dependent reproductive performance together with short-term fluctuations in breeding density, and a density-dependent, individual based response of reproductive rates. We further conclude that the lower reproductive performance of first-season breeders in age-structured animal populations may contribute substantially to interannual, and under particular circumstances to density-dependent variations of mean reproductive rates.     

圈养马来穿山甲的怀孕期

马来穿山甲(Manis javanica)为极度濒危物种,已报导该物种的怀孕期长度差异较大,需要更多的直接观察案例来确定其怀孕期长短。广西林业科学研究院穿山甲人工救护与繁育基地通过室内圈养方式驯养穿山甲,记录了14例马来穿山甲产仔情况:其中圈养前野外受孕、场内产仔9例;野外受孕、圈养死亡的母体1例;不确定受孕情况母兽产仔1例;圈养条件下交配怀孕并产仔3例,其中2例是母兽进场后第2次产仔。根据初步观察结果,估计马来穿山甲孕期为5~6个月。     

Natural environmental conditions and collaborative efforts provide the secret to success for sand tiger shark Carcharias taurus reproduction in aquaria

Sand tiger sharks are an iconic large shark species held in aquaria worldwide. They rarely reproduce under managed care, with only seven aquaria reporting limited and sporadic success. For the first time in the Americas, a full-term young was born in an aquarium. The young was the result of breeding among a group of sharks purposefully brought together in 2016 for reproduction. Sharks were maintained in natural seawater and exposed to natural light and seasonal temperature fluctuations similar to their in situ counterparts. Decreased food consumption associated with breeding season and gestation was observed. Gestation time estimated from breeding observations and parturition was 321 days. Although the neonate was stillborn, this was a significant achievement. The husbandry details described within will be useful for other aquaria striving to support the reproduction of sand tiger sharks.     

Breeding vervet monkeys in a closed environment

A breeding group of vervet monkeys produced 95 offspring over five years. Fetal wastage for 114 pregnancies was 16.7%. Uterine sizes were recorded for 103 pregnancies in various stages of gestation. This enabled diagnosis of pregnancy, estimation of stage of gestation, and prediction of parturition to within two weeks. Detailed observations were made on dental eruption, pelage development, and growth of 57 infants.     

Factors Affecting Date of Implantation,Parturition, and Den Entry Estimated from Activity and Body Temperature in Free-Ranging Brown Bears

Knowledge of factors influencing the timing of reproduction is important for animal conservation and management. Brown bears (Ursus arctos) are able to vary the birth date of their cubs in response to their fat stores, but little information is available about the timing of implantation and parturition in free-ranging brown bears. Body temperature and activity of pregnant brown bears is higher during the gestation period than during the rest of hibernation and drops at parturition. We compared mean daily body temperature and activity levels of pregnant and nonpregnant females during preimplantation, gestation, and lactation. Additionally we tested whether age, litter size, primiparity, environmental conditions, and the start of hibernation influence the timing of parturition. The mean date of implantation was 1 December (SD = 12), the mean date of parturition was 26 January (SD = 12), and the mean duration of the gestation period was 56 days (SD = 2). The body temperature of pregnant females was higher during the gestation and lactation periods than that of nonpregnant bears. The body temperature of pregnant females decreased during the gestation period. Activity recordings were also used to determine the date of parturition. The parturition dates calculated with activity and body temperature data did not differ significantly and were the same in 50% of the females. Older females started hibernation earlier. The start of hibernation was earlier during years with favorable environmental conditions. Dates of parturition were later during years with good environmental conditions which was unexpected. We suggest that free-ranging pregnant brown bears in areas with high levels of human activities at the beginning of the denning period, as in our study area, might prioritize investing energy in early denning than in early parturition during years with favorable environmental conditions, as a strategy to prevent disturbances caused by human.