武汉东湖隐藻门植物的分类学研究

隐藻门植物在各种淡水水体中很常见,其中卵形隐藻、啮蚀隐藻在国内被多次报道过。但是由于缺乏分类学的资料,国内关于隐藻门植物的报告并不完全准确,其类群也常常被忽视。我们在2009年6月到2010年3月间,不定期从武汉东湖的各个区域采集水样,共鉴定隐藻门植物4属8种：卵形隐藻、啮蚀隐藻、蛋白核隐藻、四蛋白核隐藻、马索隐藻、反曲弯隐藻、犀角织隐藻、具尾逗隐藻。其中四蛋白核隐藻和犀角织隐藻为中国新记录。作为具尾逗隐藻的异名,尖尾蓝隐藻此前也曾在国内被报道。     

中国鼓藻目新资料

本文报道浙江省东钱湖和西湖鼓藻目8个属的1个新种、3个新变种、20个中国新记录种及变种。     

中国沿海甲藻两个新记录属——艉杆藻属和易碎藻属

艉杆藻属Ensiculifera Balech和易碎藻属Fragilidium Balech的营养细胞和孢囊在中国沿海还未被记录过,作者在中国东海发现了它们的孢囊并通过萌发建立了株系,在光镜和电镜下研究了其细胞形态。一种艉杆藻的孢囊为圆形,直径22μm,双层壁,孢囊体内充满淡绿色的颗粒,有一个鲜艳的红色体,孢囊外壁覆盖着2μm长的有机质短刺;营养细胞上壳圆锥形,下壳圆形,细胞平均长17.7μm,宽12.5μm,甲板方程式为po,x,4′,3a,7″,5c,4s,5′′′,2′′′′。墨西哥易碎藻Fragilidium mexicanum Balech的孢囊为圆形,直径54–60μm,孢囊内充满淡白色的颗粒物以及淡褐色的原生质体,有一个鲜艳的黄色体,萌发孔圆形,偏在孢囊的一侧;营养细胞平均长45.3μm,宽42.8μm,甲板方程式po,5′,7″,10c,7s,7″′,2″″,1P。一种易碎藻的孢囊为圆形,直径45μm,孢囊内充满淡白色的颗粒物以及淡褐色的原生质体,黄色体不明显,细胞壁较厚,2–3μm,无色,萌发孔圆形,偏在孢囊的一侧。细胞平均长41.6μm,宽35.3μm,甲板方程式po,5′,7″,7″′,2″″,1P。对该种艉杆藻的转录间隔区(ITS)、2种易碎藻的小亚基(18S)序列进行了测定并建立了系统发育树,它们的系统发育位置和形态学分类相吻合。     

具尾蓝隐藻(Chroomonas caudata Geitler)研究──Ⅱ.藻蓝蛋白(Phycocyanin)的初步分析

初步分析了具尾蓝隐藻（ChroomonascaudataGeitler）的藻蓝蛋白,其吸收光谱为一双峰曲线,两个吸收峰分别为590nm和640nm。按A．N．Glazer等关于隐藻藻蓝蛋白分型的意见,具尾蓝隐藻的藻蓝蛋白属于Ⅱ型PC－645。     

具尾蓝隐藻(Chroomonas caudata Geitler)研究──Ⅱ.藻蓝蛋白(Phycocyanin)的初步分析

初步分析了具尾蓝隐藻的藻蓝蛋白,其吸收光谱为一双峰曲线,两个吸收峰分别为５９０ｎｍ放６４０ｎｍ,按Ａ．Ｎ．Ｇｌａｚｅｒ等关于隐藻藻蓝蛋白分型的意见具尾蓝隐菏的藻蓝蛋白属于Ⅱ型ＰＣ－６４５。     

中国气生绿藻的新纪录属——细链藻属(Leptosira)

在对上海市树附生藻类的调查中,发现了我国一气生绿藻新纪录属——细链藻属Leptosira Borzi 1883。对该属及该属的一个新纪录种的主要形态学特征及生境特征进行了详细描述。     

具尾蓝隐藻(Chroomonas caudata Geitler)研究──Ⅱ.藻蓝蛋白(Phycocyanin)的初步分析

初步分析了具尾蓝隐藻(Chroomonas caudata Geitler)的藻蓝蛋白,其吸收光谱为一双峰曲线,两个吸收峰分别为590nm和640nm。按A.N.Glazer等关于隐藻藻蓝蛋白分型的意见,具尾蓝隐藻的藻蓝蛋白属于Ⅱ型PC－645。     

几种不同碳、氮源对隐甲藻生长及二十二碳六烯酸产量的影响

目的：找出有利于隐甲藻生长和二十二碳六烯酸（DHA）积累的碳、氮源。方法：利用不同碳、氮源培养隐甲藻,收集藻体后提取脂肪酸并甲酯化,然后利用毛细管气相色谱法进行分析。结果：最适的单一碳、氮源分别为葡萄糖、酵母粉,在此培养条件下隐甲藻培养72h后的生物量（干重）和DHA产量分别为3．90和0．642g／L。结论：葡萄糖、酵母粉分别作为碳、氮源时更有利于隐甲藻的生长和DHA的积累。     

不同光照条件下米氏凯伦藻和东海原甲藻生长的温度生态幅

米氏凯伦藻和东海原甲藻是我国东南沿海地区赤潮的主要优势种。为定量获取米氏凯伦藻和东海原甲藻生长的温度生态幅,根据3个光照水平(28.32,75.06,111.66μmol m~(-2)s~(-1))条件下4个温度水平(18,22,25,28℃)对米氏凯伦藻和东海原甲藻生长特性的室内培养实验结果,并结合Shelford耐受性定律建立了基于温度的米氏凯伦藻和东海原甲藻比生长率的耐受性模型,最后根据前期的研究成果分别获取了米氏凯伦藻和东海原甲藻生长的最适温度、适温范围及耐受温度范围。结果表明,无论是米氏凯伦藻还是东海原甲藻,在相同培养光照条件下,在设定的温度水平范围内,分别存在一个适宜米氏凯伦藻和东海原甲藻的最适生长温度T_(opt),且当T≤T_(opt)时,米氏凯伦藻和东海原甲藻细胞密度和比生长率随着温度的升高而显著增大;而当T≥T_(opt)时,米氏凯伦藻和东海原甲藻细胞密度和比生长率随着温度的升高而显著减小。随着培养光照强度的升高,米氏凯伦藻和东海原甲藻细胞密度和比生长率均呈现"先升后降"的变化趋势。建立的藻类生长温度耐受性模型与谢尔福德耐受定律较为吻合,定量获取米氏凯伦藻在3个光照水平(28.32,75.06,111.66μmol m~(-2)s~(-1))下的最适生长温度分别为22.48,22.37,22.33℃;适温范围分别为17.93—27.03,17.82—26.92,17.78—26.88℃;耐受温度范围分别为13.38—31.58,13.27—31.47,13.23—31.43℃;东海原甲藻在3个光照水平(28.32,75.06,111.66μmol m~(-2)s~(-1))下的最适生长温度分别为22.10,21.99,21.93℃;适温范围分别为17.59—26.61,17.48—26.5,17.42—26.44℃;耐受温度范围分别为13.08—31.12,12.97—31.01,12.91—30.95℃。     

武汉东湖铜锈环棱螺种群变动和生产量的初步观察

本文报道了东湖环棱螺的种群密度、年龄结构、种群增长率和生物量、生产量、P/B系数及其在不同湖区中的季节变化;用指数生长模型计算种群增长率。以累计总增长的方法估算种群生产量。研究结果表明,水果湖区铜锈环棱螺年平均生物量为554.37克·米-2,累计生产量为604.99克·米-2·年-1,P/B系数为1.09;郭郑湖区平均生物量为286.74克·米-2,生产量为308.99克·米-2·年-1,P/B系数为1.08。本文还对影响铜锈环棱螺的种群变动和生产量的生态因子作了扼要的分析。       

武汉东湖颗粒悬浮物的结构与元素组成

本研究于1989-1990对武汉东湖营养水平不同的二个湖区的颗粒悬浮物的干物质结构和元素组成进行了分析。综合平均值表明,浮游动物的现存量约为浮游植物的1/4,浮游动物群落以小型的原生动物和轮虫占优势。从年平均值来看,浮游生物的干重占颗粒悬浮物干物质的2.5-7.6%,浮游生物碳量占颗粒悬浮物碳量的4.0-9.8%;颗粒悬浮物的碳/氮比与一般浮游植物的比值相似,但明显大于多数浮游动物;颗粒悬浮物的碳与干物重之比约为一般浮游生物的3/4;颗粒悬浮物的灰分含量约为45%,显着高于除硅藻以外的其它浮游生物。从数量上来看,有机碎屑是东湖生态系统颗粒悬浮物最重要的组成部分,而活体浮游生物只占颗粒悬浮物很小的一部分(<10%);这意味着在东湖来自以浮游植物为核心的食物网的有机碎屑的形成速率显着大于有机碎屑的矿化速率。       

PHYLOGENETIC POSITION OF KOLIELLA (CHLOROPHYTA) AS INFERRED FROM NUCLEAR AND CHLOROPLAST SMALL SUBUNIT rDNA

The phylogenetic position of Koliella , a chlorophyte characterized by Klebsormidium type cell division, was inferred from analyses of partial 18S rDNA and partial 16S rDNA. Parsimony and distance analyses of separate and combined data sets indicated that the members of Koliella belonged to Trebouxiophyceae, and high decay indices and bootstrap values supported this affinity. However, the genus appeared to be polyphyletic. Koliella spiculiformis , the nomenclatural type of the genus, was allied with Nannochloris eucaryota and the "true" chlorellas ( Chlorella vulgaris , C. lobophora , C. sorokiniana , and C. kessleri ). The close relatives of Koliella longiseta (≡ Raphidonema longiseta ) and Koliella sempervirens appeared to be Stichococcus bacillaris and some species traditionally classified in Chlorella that were characterized by the production of secondary carotenoids under nitrogen-deficient conditions. This clade was also supported by the presence of a relatively phylogenetically stable group I intron (1506) in the 18S rRNA gene. Because of the presence of Klebsormidium type cell division, some authors regarded the members of Koliella as closely related to charophytes. Molecular analyses, however, did not confirm this affinity and suggested that a Klebsormidium type cell division is homoplastic in green plants.     

HALIMEDA HUMMII SP. NOV., HALIMEDA CRYPTICA V. ACERIFOLIA VAR. NOV. (CAULERPALES,CHLOROPHYTA), AND ADDITIONAL RECORDS OF HALIMEDA SPECIES FROM: PUERTO RICO1

A new species, Halimeda hummii, and a new variety of Halimeda cryptica Colinvaux and Graham both originally collected from the edge of the continental shelf on the southwest coast of Puerto Rico are newly described. The new species is irregular in its segment morphology and is the smallest species of Halimeda presently known. Halimeda cryptica var. acerifolia from deep water possesses distinctive segments resembling maple leaves. Halimeda copiosa Goreau and Graham and typical H. cryptica are also collected in deep water and are newly recorded from Puerto Rico.     

OBSERVATIONS ON LICHENIZED AND FREE-LIVING PHYSOLINUM (CHLOROPHYTA,TRENTEPOHLIACEAE)1

Lichenized Physolinum Printz and free-living Physolinum from a dimly lit cave were studied from fresh collections and cultures, preserved specimens fixed in situ, and cultures that had persisted for 5 years in an environmental chamber. The branched filamentous association consists of a phycobiont and a characteristic ascomycetous mycobiont of one layer that completely ensheathes the algal partner. Epiphytic blue-green algae commonly occur attached to the mycobiont. The phycobiont, Physolinum monilia (De Wildem.) Printz, produces thick-walled, green spiny cells, some of which enlarge and contact the sheathing mycobiont cells; the phycobiont and mycobiont may then develop into new lichenized filaments. The hyaline mycobiont cells extend haustoria bound by the fungus wall deeply into the phycobiont chloroplasts. The epiphytes, Synechocystis-like colonies, are firmly attached to the outer walls of the mycobiont and are associated with several-celled extensions of the fungus beyond the apical phycobiont cells. Free-living Physolinum monilia filaments are branched and moniliform; the search-containing uninucleate cells are spherical to pyriform and have walls of cellulose. Each cell has a single massive chloroplast with plastoglobuli among tightly packed thylakoids. Except for their larger cells, P. monilia filaments appear to be identical to the phycobiont of lichenized Physolinum.     

TEMPERATURE RESPONSES AND EVOLUTION OF THERMAL TRAITS IN CLADOPHOROPSIS MEMBRANACEA (SIPHONOCLADALES,CHLOROPHYTA)1

Temperature tolerances and relative growth rates were determined for different isolates of the tropical to warm temperate seaweed species Cladophoropsis membranacea (C. Agardh) Boergesen (Siphonodadales, Chlorophyta) and some related taxa. Most isolates of C membranacea survived undamaged at 18° C for at least 8 weeks. Lower temperatures (5°–15°C) were tolerated for shorter periods of time but caused damage to cells. All isolates survived temperatures up to 34° C, whereas isolates from the eastern Mediterranean and Red Sea survived higher temperatures up to 36°C. Growth occurred between 18° and 32° C, but an isolate from the Red Sea had an extended growth range, reaching its maximum at 35°C. Struvea anastomosans (Harvey) Piccone & Grunow, Cladophoropsis sundanensis Reinbold, and an isolate of C. membranacea from Hawaii were slightly less cold- tolerant, with damage occurring at 18°C. Upper survival temperatures were between 32° and 36° C in these taxa. Temperature response data were mapped onto a phylogenetic tree. Tolerance for low temperatures appears to be a derived character state that supports the hypothesis that C. membranacea originated from a strictly tropical ancestor. Isolates from the Canary Islands, which is near the northern limit of distribution, are ill adapted to local temperature regimes. Isolates from the eastern Mediterranean and Red Sea show some adaptation to local temperature stress. They are isolated from those in the eastern Atlantic by a thermal barrier at the entrance of the Mediterranean.     

湖北宜昌寒武系水井沱组古杯化石上蓝菌类及其微型钻孔

湖北宜昌下寒武统水井沱组灰岩中富含大量壳体化石,主要包括腕足动物以及少量古杯化石。研究发现部分古杯化石表面保存丰富的微生物个体及其微型钻孔,同时发现有的微型钻孔内原位保存微生物个体,这种保存方式表明微生物体与微型钻孔之间具有直接联系。微生物体呈丝管状,空心,弯曲程度不等,横切面呈圆形,直径约7—10μm,长度可达500μm。钻孔直径15—25μm,横截面为圆形。微钻孔保存在古杯板间室(intersept)内,大多与板间室侧表面平行,少数与板间室侧表面斜交。形态研究表明这些微生物体可能为钻孔蓝菌类Endoconchialata。古杯骨骼上发现的这些微型钻孔及其原位保存的蓝菌类化石的研究对理解前寒武纪-寒武纪界线附近发现的微型钻孔化石的成因和生物属性有重要启示。     

EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON GERMINATION OF RHIZOCLONIUM RIPARIUM (SIPHONOCLADALES,CHLOROPHYTA) AKINETES AND ZOOSPORES1

The temperature requirements for germination by reproductive initials of Rhizoclonium riparium (Roth) Harv., a filamentous green alga, were investigated in laboratory culture. Akinetes and zoospores were produced by exposing aging cultures to high temperatures (40°C). Germination proceeded rapidly and followed a typical bell-shaped response curve, with germination optima between 15 and 20°C. These findings follow the trend found in related algae, i.e. reproductive initials are produced under stressful conditions.     

湖北省斑腿蝗科(直翅目)新属和新种

报道了采自湖北省的斑腿蝗科蝗虫1新属和3新种,即神农秃蝗属Shennongipodisma gen.nov.,宽顶神农秃蝗Shennongipodisma lativertex sp. nov.、兴山小蹦蝗Pedopodisma xingshanensis sp.nov.和橙股小蹦蝗Peodopodisma rutifemoralis sp.nov..模式标本保存于陕西师范大学动物研究所和湖北黄冈师范学院生物系.     

湖北郧西蓝田金丝猴新材料及其时代意义

本文记述一具较完整的蓝田金丝猴（Rhinopigthecus lantianensis）颌骨,产自湖北省陨西县,层位属汉水流域Ⅳ级附地,与蓝田公王岭和郧县人类化石地点的时代相当,早更新世。下颌体和下颊齿明显地高和大于中更新世的丁氏川金丝猴（Rhnopithecus roxellanae tingianus）,形态上也显示出早期金丝猴的特色,具有明显的时代意义,与蓝田金丝猴共生的动物群体性质为南、北种类混合的动物群,不同于与丁氏川金丝猴共生的大熊猫－剑齿象动物群,它的发现扩大了蓝田金丝猴的地理分布,表明秦岭一带是研究金丝猴起源与进化的重要地区。