沈阳市大气微生物的研究Ⅳ．大气真菌粒数中值直径及粒度分布

本研究用ＡＮＤＥＲＳＥＮ生物粒子采样器在沈阳市对大气真菌粒数中值直径及粒度分布进行了一年的观测。结果表明,沈阳市大气真菌粒子年平均粒数中值直径为３．９μｍ。四季中,大气真菌粒数中值直径夏季较大,为４．２μｍ;冬季较小,为３．６μｍ。不同地点中,造纸厂大气真菌粒数中值直径较小,为３．４μｍ;其余９个地点的大气真菌粒数中值直径在３．８～４．２μｍ之间变化。一天中的１３：００～１６：００为大气真菌粒数中值直径的高峰时,１９：００为低谷时。大气真菌粒子的粒度分布为单峰型,高峰在第４级,峰值为３１．５％;＜８．２μ     

黄山风景区夏季空气微生物分布特征初步研究

用自然沉降法测定了黄山风景区夏季旅游旺季14个景点的空气微生物浓度,并研究其种属构成和分布特征.结果表明:黄山风景区夏季空气细菌平均值为0.41×104 CFU/m3,真菌平均值为0.34×104 CFU/m3,总菌平均值为0.75×104CFU/m3,真菌占总茵的百分比为45.9%,黄山风景区空气已受到不同程度的微生物污染;对不同采样点的空气细菌和真菌进行了初步鉴定,空气细茵共有6属,其中优势细菌属为芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)、葡萄球茵属(Staphylococcus)、微球菌属(Micrococcus)和假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas),分别占总细菌的37.7%、17.2%、10.1%、9.8%;真菌除无孢茵群外共有5属,其中优势菌属为芽枝霉属(Cladosporium)、无孢菌群(Mycelia sterilia)、青霉属(Penicillium)和交链孢霉属(Alternaria),分别占总真菌的40.4%、35.0%、5.6%、4.3%;空气微生物浓度的分布具有时空特征,这不仅与黄山风景区特有的地形地貌以及气候特征有关,还受到游客活动、动植物等因素的影响.     

空气中微生物的分布规律研究

目的研究空气中微生物的分布规律,为空气质量监测提供依据。方法采用平皿自然沉降法进行空气采样,培养后计数菌落。结果学校与医院、学校与餐饮娱乐场所空气微生物含量比较差异有统计学意义(P0.01或P0.05),医院和KTV在真菌含量上差异有统计学意义(P0.05);学校下午真菌含量与上午相比差异有统计学意义(P0.05),医院上午和下午、上午和晚上、下午和晚上的真菌含量差异都存在有统计学意义(P0.01或P0.05);不同海拔中,山脚与山腰、山顶与山腰真菌含量上差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。结论不同地点、不同时间段、不同海拔空气中微生物各有差异,空气微生物与空气质量相关。其中学校、医院、餐馆都存在一定的空气微生物感染的隐患。     

青岛市不同功能区冬季空气微生物群落代谢与多样性特征

选取青岛市5个功能区(市区街道、海滨区域、饮用水源地、垃圾填埋场和人工湿地污水处理系统),采用SAS ISO100空气浮游菌采样器于2013年冬季采集空气微生物样品,应用BIOLOG方法分析空气微生物群落代谢功能多样性,阐明群落代谢与环境相关性。结果表明,不同功能区空气微生物群落碳源代谢强度存在差异,代谢稳定时,海滨区域和饮用水源地样品平均光密度值(AWCD)分别为0.302、0.210,而人工湿地、市区街道及垃圾填埋场分别为0.063、0.025和0.034,海滨区域和饮用水源地空气微生物群落碳源代谢强度明显高于其他功能区。不同功能区空气微生物群落Shannon指数和Simpson指数接近,但海滨区域和饮用水源地Mc Intosh指数明显高于其他功能区。海滨区域和饮用水源地空气微生物群落碳源代谢类型丰富,代谢水平高,人工湿地、市区街道和垃圾填埋场碳源代谢类型单一,代谢水平低。5个功能区空气微生物群落碳源代谢差异呈现区域性,分异代谢差异的主要是羧酸类碳源。风速、温度、湿度等非生物因素对空气微生物群落碳源代谢具有不同程度影响,且不同功能区主导非生物因素存在差异。BIOLOG方法可以提供大量多维数据,能够分析样品间微生物群落碳源代谢差异,客观、全面表征空气微生物群落碳源代谢多样性特征,是研究空气微生物群落功能多样性较理想的方法之一。     

荒漠草原3种典型群落类型下土壤粒径分布与微生物量碳氮的关系

为了探讨不同群落类型的土壤粒径分布（PSD）与土壤微生物生物量（MB）的关系,以宁夏盐池荒漠草原3种典型群落类型（冰草、沙蒿、短花针茅）为研究对象,测定了不同群落2种生境（冠下、丛间）0~5、5~10和10~15 cm表土层土壤PSD和微生物量碳（MBC）、微生物量氮（MBN）含量变化,并分析了土壤颗粒组成中砂粒、粉粒和黏粒体积分数变化与土壤有机碳（SOC）、全氮（TN）和MBC、MBN间的关系。结果表明：（1）不同群落类型土壤粒径都呈“倒V”型分布趋势,但土壤退化最严重的沙蒿群落中100~500 μm粒径颗粒含量相对较多,与其他两种群落形成显著差异。（2）不同群落类型SOC、MBC、MBN含量均随土层深度的增加而降低,同土层SOC、MBN含量均表现为冠下明显大于丛间,表现出“肥岛效应”,且0~5 cm土层差异显著（P＜0.05）。（3）对土壤粒径组成与土壤SOC、MBC、MBN间相关性研究表明,在土壤SOC、MBC和MBN含量较高的冰草、短花针茅群落类型中,0.01~2、2~50和50~100 μm土壤粒径的颗粒含量也高,SOC、MBC和MBN含量与＜100 μm的粉粒含量呈正相关关系;在沙蒿群落类型中粒径为100~250和250~500 μm的土粒含量增高,导致其SOC、MBC和MBN含量较低,表明不同群落类型对土壤理化结构产生影响的同时,对微生物生物量也有显著的影响。     

北京市夏季空气微生物群落结构和生态分布

着重研究北京市夏季空气微生物的群落结构和生态分布特征。结果表明 :北京市夏季空气中革兰氏阳性菌明显多于革兰氏阴性菌 ,约占 70 %～ 85 % ,其中阳性球菌占总数的占 35 %～ 4 5 %。 3个功能区 (文教区、交通干线和公园绿地 )共发现 30属空气细菌 ,其中革兰氏阳性菌 2 0属 ,革兰氏阴性菌 10属。优势细菌属为微球菌属 (Micrococcus)、芽孢杆菌属 (Bacillus)、葡萄球菌属 (Staphylococcus)和假单胞菌属 (Pseudomonas)。 3个功能区共出现 10属空气真菌 ,优势菌属枝孢属 (Cladosporium)、链格孢属 (Alternaria)、无孢菌 (nonsporing)、青霉属 (Penicillium)和曲霉属 (Aspergillus) ,其中枝孢属是绝对优势菌属 ,占总数的4 8.2 %。空气细菌浓度交通干线和文教区明显高于公园绿地 ,而空气真菌浓度公园绿地和文教区明显高于交通干线。空气细菌浓度一日中 13:0 0时较低 ,0 9:0 0时和 17:0 0较高     

动态光散射法测定病毒载体基因治疗产品的平均粒径及粒径分布

目的:建立病毒载体基因产品的粒径及分布的测定方法。方法:采用马尔文Zetasizer Nano ZS型纳米粒度仪,以氯化钠注射液作为稀释剂对样品进行适当稀释后,用手动测量方式进行测定。结果:测定的60 nm标准纳米粒子平均粒径为61.24±0.68nm,多分散指数(polydispersity index,PDI)为0.020±0.012 nm。重组人新型P53腺病毒注射液测定6次,平均粒径为122.42±1.80 nm,相对标准偏差(RSD)为1.4%;PDI值为0.056±0.014 nm,RSD为25.1%。重组人新型P53腺病毒注射液于37℃存放时,平均粒径和PDI值随时间延长有显著增加。至28天时,平均粒径增加到130.50,PDI值增加到0.265。结论:动态光散射法快速、简便、准确,可用于病毒载体基因治疗产品的粒径及分布的检测。     

兰州市空气微生物群落的碳代谢特征及功能多样性研究

应用Biolog ECO技术和RDA分析研究了兰州市不同功能区,即风景区(Scenic Area,SA)、交通干线(Main Traffic Line,MTL)、公共服务区(Public Service Area,PSA)、文教区(Culture and Education Area,CEA)空气微生物群落代谢功能多样性及其与环境因子的相关性。结果表明,不同功能区的AWCD值在培养192 h后进入稳定期,对碳源总体利用能力呈现显著的区域性差异,SAPSACEA≈MTL。受环境因素影响,Mc Intosh指数差异明显,SA和PSA物种均一度较高。兰州市空气微生物相对利用率较高的碳源类型是酯类、氨基酸类及醇类,与主成分1显著相关的碳源有10种,其中氨基酸类是导致兰州市空气微生物群落代谢功能区域性差异的主要分异类型。环境因子与空气微生物群落代谢功能密切相关,温度、风速是不同功能区存在差异的主导因子。     

旅游区空气负离子分布特征及其开发利用研究

空气负离子具有杀菌、降尘、清洁空气和对人体多种疾病具有抑制、缓解和辅助治疗作用,是重要的生态旅游资源。采用美国Alphalab公司生产的AIC1000型空气离子测量仪,对各旅游景区的空气离子含量进行调查测定表明,山岳型旅游区的瀑布下、溪流河谷地带以及海滨、湖滨旅游区空气负离子浓度高,空气质量特优,是建设品氧谷,开展生态旅游的最佳场所。在溶洞洞穴内和高海拔旅游区,空气负离子浓度也高。旅游区空气负离子浓度夏秋季节高,冬春季节低,同时与天气变化也有关系。为了在生态旅游中更好地利用空气负离子资源,在旅游区游道设计,生态休闲度假地选址和生态品氧谷建设等方面,要充分开发空气负离子资源。在城市或大型旅游接待中心,喷泉则能显著提高周围环境中空气负离子浓度,改善空气质量。     

海南东寨港红树林土壤粒径分布的分形特征及其影响因素

应用分形理论分析了海南东寨港红树林土壤粒径分布的分形特征及其影响因素,海南东寨港土壤的分形维数为2．302—2．575,分形维数的大小与土壤中的粘粒、盐分、有机质、全氮含量呈显著正相关,外滩红树林土壤的分形维数低于中滩和内滩;随着土壤质地由砂壤土、轻壤土、中壤土、重壤土的变化,分形维数逐渐增大;从陆到海土壤分形维数逐渐减小。群落类型、土壤质地、滩位、含盐量、有机质、全氮含量等是影响海南东寨港红树林土壤分形维数的主要因子。     

Particle diameter of the airborne microorganisms over Beijing and Tianjin area

Summary This study was aimed at the detection of the Count Medium Diameter (CMD) of airborne bacterial and fungal particles with the Andersen's six-stage viable air-sampler at four sites over Beijing and Tianjin area. The results were as follows: in the first period (1984–1985) the CMDs annual average were 5.6, 6.6, 5.5, 7.1 µm at Xi-Dan, Feng-Tai, Tang-Gu and Huai-Rou respectively. The CMDs annual average of the airborne fungal particles were 3.9 µm at Feng-Tai and Xi-Dan. In the second period (1987–1988), the CMD annual average of airborne bacteria was 7.3, that of airborne fungi was 3.9 µm at Xi-Dan. At Huai-Rou, the CMD of airborne-bacteria was 7.1.     

7个林木大小多样性指数表达能力比较

林木大小多样性直接反映森林生态系统的健康与稳定, 客观恰当地表达大小多样性对于评价天然林或人工林的经济、生态、社会价值及其经营效果至关重要。本研究选用7个林木大小多样性指数, 其中4个与距离无关(Simpson大小多样性指数D_N、Shannon大小多样性指数H_N、断面积Gini系数GC和直径变异系数CV_d), 3个与距离有关(Simpson大小分化度指数D_T、Shannon大小分化度指数H_T和大小分化度均值指数$\bar{T}$), 通过6组模拟林分和4块实测林分比较分析了它们的表达能力。结果表明: 不考虑极端情况(极端情况为对比林分林木大小混交不同但林木直径构成完全相同), GC、CV_d、$\bar{T}$、D_T和H_T能客观恰当地表达不同径级分布林分的林木大小多样性差异, 其中CV_d区分能力最强, GC次之。若考虑极端情况, 只有$\bar{T}$、D_T和H_T能区分出不同大小混交程度林分的林木大小多样性差异。本研究认为CV_d和GC因计算简单, 易于实际应用, 在营林活动中可作为分析林木大小多样性的首选指数; $\bar{T}$因能识别不同大小混交程度林分的空间差异, 即对林分更新变化敏感, 适用于动态分析林分的结构特征。     

Collection,particle sizing and detection of airborne viruses

Viruses that affect humans, animals and plants are often dispersed and transmitted through airborne routes of infection. Due to current technological deficiencies, accurate determination of the presence of airborne viruses is challenging. This shortcoming limits our ability to evaluate the actual threat arising from inhalation or other relevant contact with aerosolized viruses. To improve our understanding of the mechanisms of airborne transmission of viruses, air sampling technologies that can detect the presence of aerosolized viruses, effectively collect them and maintain their viability, and determine their distribution in aerosol particles, are needed. The latest developments in sampling and detection methodologies for airborne viruses, their limitations, factors that can affect their performance and current research needs, are discussed in this review. Much more work is needed on the establishment of standard air sampling methods and their performance requirements. Sampling devices that can collect a wide size range of virus-containing aerosols and maintain the viability of the collected viruses are needed. Ideally, the devices would be portable and technology-enabled for on-the-spot detection and rapid identification of the viruses. Broad understanding of the airborne transmission of viruses is of seminal importance for the establishment of better infection control strategies.     

拉萨市不同季节空气微生物浓度及影响因素分析

【背景】空气微生物是城市生态系统的重要组成部分,其浓度对于监测城市空气质量、治理环境污染、预防疾病发生具有重要意义。【目的】研究拉萨市空气微生物分布特征,探讨气象因素和空气颗粒物对空气微生物分布特征的影响。【方法】基于荧光显微镜法分析了2019年10月–2020年10月不同季节空气微生物浓度及附着特征,结合气象因素和环境指标分析其影响因素。【结果】在荧光显微镜下,经过SYBR Green I染色的微生物呈亮绿色,规则椭圆状,大小在0.5-1.0μm之间,同时还观察到微生物附着在有机物和黑碳上的现象。拉萨市空气微生物浓度变化范围为3.10×10³-2.38×10⁴ cells/m³,冬季空气中2种存在形式的微生物(自由漂浮和附着颗粒物)浓度最高。自由漂浮微生物浓度在秋季最低,与冬季存在显著差异(P<0.05),不同季节颗粒附着微生物的浓度差异不显著。Spearman相关性分析表明,微生物浓度与气象因素无显著相关,但与空气中颗粒物浓度呈显著正相关(P<0.05)。【结论】拉萨市空气微生物浓度与全国其他城市相比处于...     

川西亚高山3个优势树种不同径级根系分解特征

采用埋袋法对川西亚高山3个优势树种(岷江冷杉、粗枝云杉和红桦)细根(≤2 mm)、中根(2～5 mm)和粗根(≥5 mm)质量损失率及碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)在经历生长季和非生长季之后释放特征进行研究.结果表明： 红桦质量残留率低于岷江冷杉和粗枝云杉.同一树种,质量残留率总体上随根系径级增加而增加.非生长季的质量损失率占全年质量损失率的52.1%～64.4%.红桦C释放率最高,岷江冷杉最低,且随根系直径的增粗,C释放率降低.岷江冷杉和粗枝云杉N释放模式为非生长季富集、生长季释放,而红桦反之.富集期间,径级越大,富集量越多.3个树种各径级根系P动态在非生长季和生长季皆表现为富集-释放模式,且岷江冷杉P富集程度显著高于粗枝云杉和红桦,但各径级之间差异总体不显著.根系径级对川西亚高山森林根系分解具有显著影响,而径级影响与树种和分解时期有一定关系.     

Accumulation of humic acid and fulvic acid during root humification of three diameters of two dominant subalpine trees in western Sichuan,China

Aims Plant roots store large amount of terrestrial carbon, but little is known about humus formation processes during the decomposing root litter. Compared with coarse roots, fine roots have greater nutrients, which may be favorable to humus formation. The objective of the study was to examine how root diameters affect their humus formation processes. Methods In this study, in order to examine the accumulation of humic acid and fulvic acid of three root diameter classes (0-2, 2-5 and 5-10 mm) of two subalpine tree species (Abies faxoniana and Picea asperata) on the eastern Qinghai-Xizang Plateau of China, a two-year field experiment was conducted using a litter-bag method. Air-dried roots of A. faxoniana and P. asperata were placed in litterbags and incubated at 10 cm of soil depth in October 11th, 2013. Duplicate litter bags were collected in May (late winter) and October (late in the growing season) of 2014 and 2015, respectively. Concentrations of humic acid and fulvic acid were measured, and net accumulations were calculated for different periods. Important findings The concentrations of humic acid and fulvic acid were significantly influenced by root diameter that humic acid and fulvic acid decreased with increase in root diameter. Root diameter had significant effects on the net accumulation of humic acid, but not for the accumulation of fulvic acid. However, there were no significant differences in both humic acid and fulvic acid between A. faxoniana and P. asperata roots. Regardless of tree species, humic acid degraded during the winter but accumulated during the growing season. After two years of decomposition, the net accumulations of humic acid in 0-2, 2-5 and 5-10 mm roots were 8.0, 10.8 and 7.6 g·kg^-1 for P. asperata and 15.2, 8.0 and 7.8 g·kg^-1 for A. faxoniana, respectively. Conversely, the degradation of fulvic acid in 0-2, 2-5 and 5-10 mm roots were 178.0, 166.0 and 118.0 g·kg^-1 for P. asperata and 170.0, 160.0 and 128.0 g·kg^-1 for A. faxoniana, respectively. Our results suggest that diameter-associated variations in substrate quality could be an important driver for root litter humification in this subalpine forest. Moreover, diameter effect is dependent on decomposition period in this specific area.     

沙尘暴对北京市空气细菌多样性特征的影响

亚洲沙尘暴携带着各类污染物质,严重影响下风向地区大气过程及生态系统和相关人群的健康。然而,沙尘天气对中国华北地区空气细菌群落及多样性特征影响的研究较少。以北京市为例,系统研究了沙尘暴对城市空气细菌多样性特征的影响。2015年4月,通过定点采样连续收集了一次沙尘暴及其前后4天的空气颗粒物样本,DNA提取、PCR扩增后进行16S rRNA基因高通量测序。共获得169122条高质量序列,生物信息学分析表明,北京市空气细菌物种多样性较高,沙尘暴不能引起细菌OTU数目的增加,但沙尘暴天气下细菌群落Pielou、Shannon和Simpson指数显著增加。菌群分类分析发现,北京市空气细菌由35个细菌门构成,其中变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)相对丰度最高,分别占总序列的32.76%、28.09%、25.46%和6.32%;芽单胞菌门(Gemmatimonadetes)和酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)次之,分别占序列总数的2.11%和1.81%,其他细菌门的相对丰度均低于1%。沙尘暴天气下,变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)、芽单胞菌门(Gemmatimonadetes)和酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)显著升高(P<0.05),分别由31.67%、5.74%、1.82%、1.51%升高至41.46%、10.98%、4.48%和4.26%;而放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)显著降低(P <0.05),分别由28.84%、27.10%降低至22.13%和12.35%。冷杆菌属(Psychrobacter),纤维单胞菌属(Cellulomonas),不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter),假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)和梭菌属(Clostridium)可能含有人类条件病原菌,其在沙尘暴天气中相对丰度下降,但绝对丰度会大幅增加。沙尘暴能降低人体免疫力,因此致病菌潜在健康风险可能显著增强。通过聚类分析和主成分分析发现,沙尘暴日与非沙尘暴日空气细菌群落差异较大,而沙尘暴前后群落结构差异较小。沙尘暴前后空气细菌群落α-多样性和β多样性均无显著差异,推测沙尘暴只能暂时影响空气细菌群落特征,不能显著改变其群落结构。本研究通过分析了沙尘暴侵袭下北京市空气细菌群落多样性特征及动态,为制定中国北方城市沙尘暴灾害预警措施和建立气传疾病的防控机制提供数据支持。     

Simulation study of territory size distributions in subterranean termites

In this study, on the basis of empirical data, we have simulated the foraging tunnel patterns of two subterranean termites, Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki and Reticulitermes flavipes (Kollar), using a two-dimensional model. We have defined a territory as a convex polygon containing a tunnel pattern and explored the effects of competition among termite territory colonies on the territory size distribution in the steady state that was attained after a sufficient simulation time. In the model, territorial competition was characterized by a blocking probability P_block that quantitatively describes the ease with which a tunnel stops its advancement when it meets another tunnel; higher P_block values imply easier termination. In the beginning of the simulation run, N=10, 20,…,100 territory seeds, representing the founding pair, were randomly distributed on a square area. When the territory density was less (N=20), the differences in the territory size distributions for different P_block values were small because the territories had sufficient space to grow without strong competitions. Further, when the territory density was higher (N>20), the territory sizes increased in accordance with the combinational effect of P_block and N. In order to understand these effects better, we introduced an interference coefficient γ. We mathematically derived γ as a function of P_block and N: γ(N,P_block)=a(N)P_block/(P_block+b(N)). a(N) and b(N) are functions of N/(N+c) and d/(N+c), respectively, and c and d are constants characterizing territorial competition. The γ function is applicable to characterize the territoriality of various species and increases with both the P_block values and N; higher γ values imply higher limitations of the network growth. We used the γ function, fitted the simulation results, and determined the c and d values. In addition, we have briefly discussed the predictability of the present model by comparing it with our previous lattice model that had been used to explain the territory size distributions of mangrove termites on the Atlantic coast of Panama.