SEXUAL DIMORPHISM OF SHELL SHAPE AND GROWTH OF VILLOSA VILLOSA (WRIGHT) AND ELLIPTIO ICTERINA (CONRAD) (BIVALVIA: UNIONIDAE)

Shell shape and growth of two unionacean species, Villosa villosaand Elliptio icterina, are analyzed with univariate and multivariatetechniques. The relationship of shape variables to size variablesis examined. Under the lognormal assumption, parametric testsof these allometric relationships are valid. Variables describingthe ventro-posterior region of the shell are shown to be thebest of those tested for discriminating between the sexes ofboth species regardless of statistical method. Neither speciesexhibits size sexual dimorphism. Shape sexual dimorphism ofV. villosa is constant during adult growth, but the more subtledimorphism of E. icterina changes as adults continue to grow. (Received 20 January 1986;     

短尾秀体溞的发育与生长

短尾秀体溞(Diaphanosoma brachyurum)是东湖6—9月的优势种群。作者在实验室恒温条件下,观察了它的发育与生长。这种溢的卵与胚胎发育时间随温度升高而缩短。卵与胚胎发育时间(D)与温度(T)间的迥归方程为: logD=2.0195-1.3784logT 短尾秀体溞的生长速度随龄数而变化,一般可分为3个时期:幼龄为高速生长期,成龄前期为中速生长期,后期则为缓慢生长期。在25℃时有4个幼龄,10个成龄;而在30、35℃时有3个幼龄,12或11个成龄。幼龄的脱皮频率远大于成龄。每个成龄期的平均龄期约为幼龄期的2倍以上,而同卵与胚胎发育的时间基本相等。龄期、寿命与温度呈反比。在25,30,35℃温度下,累计产卵数分别为65.63,69.09,51.77个。产卵率以25℃为最高(1.3421),30℃为其次(1.2856),35℃为最低(1.1488)。       

网角海绵目(Dictyoceratida)谱系发育与形态发生分析

采用形态和分子数据相结合的方法探讨网角海绵目谱系发育和骨骼形态发生问题。根据11个普通海绵种的18S rRNA序列,结合11个形态与结构特征以及生化和细胞学性状,对网角海绵目的系统发育关系进行综合分析。分子系统学分析表明,网角海绵目及角骨海绵科为单系类群,具有宽口型领细胞室的掘海绵科属于网角海绵目。表型数据显示,网角海绵目内的4个科(Dysideidae,Thorectidae,Irciniidae,Spongiidae)为单系类群。网角海绵目的单系性表明具有等级分化特征的海绵质骨架纤维为同源特征,而领细胞室类型的分化,即宽口型和二咽型领细胞室的分化,是在网角海绵内部类群分化的同时发生的。结合角海绵类及相关类群的化石记录和文中关于网角海绵谱系发育分析推测,早期网角海绵可能主要通过胶原纤维粘附外源碎屑颗粒来支撑内部骨架系统;网角海绵的演化向两个方向发展:①合成多种海绵质纤维取代外源物形成骨架系统(网角海绵和指角海绵);②合成硅质骨针取代外源颗粒构成海绵骨架(现代所有具有骨针的普通海绵)。     

SYMMETRY AND DEVELOPMENT OF BUTOMUS UMBELLATUS (BUTOMACEAE) AND LIMNOCHARIS FLAVA (LIMNOCHARITACEAE)

The prostrate rhizome of Butomus umbellatus produces branch primordia of two sorts, inflorescence primordia and nonprecocious vegetative lateral buds. The inflorescence primordia form precociously by the bifurcation of the apical meristem of the rhizome, whereas the non-precocious vegetative buds are formed away from the apical meristem. The rhizome normally produces a branch in the axial of each foliage leaf. However, it is unclear whether the rhizome is a monopodial or a sympodial structure. Lateral buds are produced on the inflorescence of B. umbellatus either by the bifurcation or trifurcation of apical meristems. The inflorescence consists of monochasial units as well as units of greater complexity, and certain of the flower buds lack subtending bracts. The upright vegetative axis of Limnocharis flava has sympodial growth and produces evicted branch primordia solely by meristematic bifurcation. Only certain leaves of the axis are associated with evicted branch primordia and each such primordium gives rise to an inflorescence. The flowers of L. flava are borne in a cincinnus and, although the inflorescence is simpler than that of Butomus umbellatus, the two inflorescences appear to conform to a fundamental body plan. The ultimate bud on the inflorescence of Limnocharis flava always forms a vegetative shoot, and the inflorescence may also produce supernumerary vegetative buds. Butomus umbellatus and Limnocharis flava exhibit a high degree of mirror image symmetry.     

TRIGONOBALANUS (FAGACEAE): TAXONOMIC STATUS AND PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS

The fagaceous genus Trigonobalanus as recently treated includes 3 species, two in Malaysia and Southeast Asia and a single species in Colombia, South America. Character analysis suggests that the genus as currently circumscribed is paraphyletic, without synapomorphies to unite the three species. Each of the three species is a morphologically distinct relict of a group that probably was ancestral to the modern genera Quercus and Fagus. Each of the three species also has at least one autapomorphy which is unique within Fagaceae. Analysis of cupule morphology in Fagaceae provides an interpretation of evolution in cupules which differs substantially from Forman's interpretation. We interpret trigonobalanoid cupules as indicative of an ancestral type of inflorescence within Fagaceae. This inflorescence type is a dichasial structure in which the outermost axes are cupular valves, but the degree of branching and subsequent number of fruits are variable. Following this model, a strict relationship exists between valve number and fruit number as seen in cupules of Trigonobalanus (valves = fruits + 1). Fossil evidence is consistent with our interpretation of the phylogenetic position of the trigonobalanoids. We propose to segregate the three species of Trigonobalanus as three monotypic genera; two of these require names which we provide here: Formanodendron and Colombobalanus.     

ANTHECIAL AND FOLIAR MICROMORPHOLOGY AND FOLIAR ANATOMY OF BRACHIARIA (POACEAE: PANICEAE)

In an examination of the generic boundaries of Brachiaria, ten anthecial patterns are recognized for the genus, eight for the first time. A smooth surface is proposed as the basic pattern from which the ornate patterns are produced. The laminar abaxial epidermis displays panicoid microcharacters. Foliar anatomy is the type associated with the C₄, PEP-carboxykinase photosynthetic pathway. However, no species groups are discernable and the variation within Brachiaria appears to be continuous.     

HARTIG NET STRUCTURE OF ECTOMYCORRHIZAE SYNTHESIZED BETWEEN LACCARIA BICOLOR (TRICHOLOMATACEAE) AND TWO HOSTS: BETULA ALLEGHANIENSIS (BETULACEAE) AND PINUS RESINOSA (PINACEAE)

Hartig net structure and ontogeny were compared in ectomycorrhizae synthesized between the broad host range fungus, Laccaria bicolor and two hosts, Betula alleghaniensis and Pinus resinosa. In B. alleghaniensis, the Hartig net was present in the epidermis of the three ectomycorrhizal types formed, fast-growing first-order laterals with proximal colonization, clavate second-order laterals, and nonclavate second-order laterals. Root hair-fungus interactions occurred in this association. In P. resinosa, the Hartig net developed in epidermal and cortical cell layers of monopodial and dichotomously branched first-order laterals. Short monopodial laterals exhibited a mantle only. Fungal hyphae in the Hartig net exhibited a complex labyrinthine mode of growth in ectomycorrhizae of both tree species.